ROOFI
NG
SYSTEMS
ROOF :
A roof is defined as the uppermost part of a building which is
constructed in the form of a framework to give protection to the
building against rain, heat, snow, wind etc. a basically consists of
structural elements provided at the top of building for the support of
roof coverings.
Requirements of roof:
It should be durable against the adverse effects of various agencies
such as wind ,rain, sun, etc.
It should grant the desirable insulation against sound and heat.
It should be structurally stable and sound.
It should be well drained.
It should have efficient water-proofing arrangement.
It should be fire resistant.
Choices of the type of roof depends on :
Climatic conditions
Shape of building
Availability of materials
Importance of building
Classification of roofs:
Pitched or sloping roofs.
Flat or terraced roofs.
Curved roofs.
Sloping
roofs
Flat roofs
Curved
Examples of sloped
roofs
Types of pitched roofs:
1. Single roofs
2. Double or purlin roofs
3. Trussed roofs
Single roof : In this type of roofs, the common rafters are provided to
each slope without any intermediate support.
Varieties of single roofs:
1. lean-to roof
2. Couple roof
3. Couple-close roof
4. Collar beam roof
5. Collar and scissors roof
lean-to roof:
In this type of roof, one wall is
carried up sufficiently higher
than the other one to give
necessary slope to the roof. The
rafters are suitably secured on the
wall-plates and eaves boards,
battens and roof covering.
A lean-to roof is generally used for
sheds, out houses attached to main
buildings, verandahs, etc. it is
suitable for a maximum span
2.40 m.
Couple roof:
In this type of roof, the
common rafters slope
upwards from the opposite
walls and they meet on a
ridge piece in the middle.
The common rafters are firmly
secured in position at both the
ends, one end being on the
ridge piece and the other on
the wall plate. It is suitable
for maximum span of 3.6 M .
Couple-close roof:
This roof is just similar to a
couple roof expect that the
legs of the common rafters
are connected by a tie
beam. The tie beam
prevents the tendency of
rafters to spread out and
thus the danger of
overturning of the walls is
avoided. The tie beam can
also be used as a ceiling
joist when required. A
couple-close roof can be
adopted economically up to
Collar beam roof:
This roof is a variation of a
couple close roof. The tie
beam is raised and placed
at a higher level. The tie
beam is then known as a
collar or a collar beam. A
collar beam roof is adopted
to economise the space and
to increase the height of a
room. The collar beam is
usually fixed at one-third
to one-half the vertical
height from the wall to
the ridge. The lower is the
Collar and scissor roof:
This roof is similar to the
collar beam roof except
that two collar beams
which are crossing each
other to present an
appearance of scissors.
Parts of pitched
roof
Roof
structure
Simple rafter roofSingle roof
Roof beams and
purlin r Roof
truss
DOUBLE ROOF OR PURLIN ROOF:
When the span exceeds above 2.4 M, the necessary size for the rafters
becomes uneconomical.
Hence, to reduce the size of rafters, the intermediate supports, called
the purlins, are introduced under the rafters.
Each rafter is supported at three points:
i. At bottom through wall plate
ii. At the top by the ridge beam
iii. At the centre by a purlin.
The effective span of the rafter is thus nearly halved and hence it
becomes much lighter than it would be, if spanned the whole length
from eaves to the ridge. Such a roof is known as the double or purlin
roof and it can be economically adopted up to a span of 4.80 M. it is
also sometimes referred to as the rafter and purlin roof.
DOUBLE ROOF OR PURLIN ROOF:
TRUSSED ROOFS:
When the span exceeds 4.8 m and
when there are no inside
supporting walls or partitions for
the purlins, the framed structures,
known as the trusses are used.
The spacing of trusses depends up
on:
i. Load on the roof
ii. Position of crosswalls
iii. Span
iv. Material of the truss
Components of trussed roofs are:
i. Rafter to support the roofing material
ii. Purlins to provide intermediate support to the
rafters
iii. Trusses to grant support to the ends of purlins.
Forms of roof trusses:
i. King - post truss
ii. Queen - post truss
iii. Mansard truss
iv. Truncated truss
v. Bel - fast truss
vi. Steel trusses
vii. Composite trusses.
King-post truss:
In this type of truss the central post known as a king-post forms a
support for the tie beam. The inclined members known as the struts
prevent the principal rafters from bending in the middle.
A king post truss is suitable for roofs of span varying from 5 M to 8 M.
Details of joints at the ends of a king-post:
Queen post truss:
This truss differs from a king-post
truss in having two vertical
members, known as the queen
post. The upper ends of the
queen posts are kept in position
by means of a horizontal
member,
a straining
This trussknow
differsasfrom
a king-post truss in
beam.
having two vertical members, known as
the queen post. The upper ends of the
queen posts are kept in position by means
of a horizontal member, know as a
straining beam. A straining sill is
introduced on the tie beam between the
queen posts to counteract the thrust of
struts. The additional purlin are supported
Queen post truss:
This truss differs from a king-post
truss in having two vertical
members, known as the queen
post. The upper ends of the
queen posts are kept in position
by means of a horizontal
member,
a straining
This trussknow
differsasfrom
a king-post truss in
beam.
having two vertical members, known as
the queen post. The upper ends of the
queen posts are kept in position by means
of a horizontal member, know as a
straining beam. A straining sill is
introduced on the tie beam between the
queen posts to counteract the thrust of
struts. The additional purlin are supported
Roof structure with roof
beams and purlins
Roof structure of roof truss
Coupled Roof
structure
Ridge and Eave details of timberoof
structure
Closed Coupled Roof structure
Collar
Roof
Load distribution in simple closed
couple roof
Connections Roof structure
Timber roof connectors
Timber roof connectors
Eave and wall plate details
Purlin
roof
Purlin, collar and struts roof
structure
Hipped roof
Roof truss
Closing g eave board details
Dormer windows for pitched
roofs
Mansard roof structure
Ro o f t
russe s
Designing a complete
roof truss
N=2
P-3 number of necessary
N- minimum
members
P-number of panel members
N=2P-3- complete
frame N>2P-3Redundant frame
N<2P-3Incomplete frame
Typical roof
trusses
flink
truss
Warren or Belgian
truss
Warren or Belgian
truss
Typical roof
trusses
Pitched roof trusses
SLOPED ROOF
COVERINGS
