CONSTRUCTION
SAFETY
PRESENTED BY :
MOHD FAZLI BIN ALIAS
( 14QKA13S2001-KAS 5B )
( OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH ) /
( AW-201 )
LECT :UMI HANI BINTI ABD. RAHMAN.
INTRODUCTION
The building operations and works of engineering construction
industries in Malaysia have made tremendous progress in recent
years and the increase in their activities have affected the general
publics safety and health. Construction sites create a risk not only
for the construction worker, but also for the public who move around
the site or who may live adjoins them. Examples of the hazards
created are: Changes to the surface level;
Excavations, holes and trenches;
Falling material and debris;
Plant and equipment;
Dust, vapours or other hazardous substances;
Noise;
Vibration; and l Movement of vehicular traffic
GENERAL DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS
1.
Every developer, main contractor, contractor and sub-contractor
shall have a written statement of his general policy with respect to
the safety and health at work of his employees and other persons
who are not his employees, who may be exposed to risks to their
safety and health. (Section 16, Occupational Safety and Health Act
1994)
2.
Every main contractor, contractor and sub-contractor shall develop
a safety and health manual that has provision for safe guarding the
safety and health of the public and his employees. (Section 15(2)
(a), Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994)
Developer
Building Contractor
GENERAL DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS
3. Every main contractor, contractor, and sub-contractor shall
make an arrangement during operation, handling, transport,
storage of plant and substance, to ensure the safety and health
to the employees and public. (Section 15(2)(b), Occupational
Safety and Health Act 1994)
4. Every developer, main contractor, contractor and sub-contractor
ensure that all workers are properly informed of the hazards of
their respective occupations and the precautions necessary and
adequately supervise to avoid accidents, injuries and risk to
health, and in particular that young workers, newly engaged
workers, illiterate and foreign workers. (Section 15(2)(c),
Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994
GENERAL DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS
5. Every developer, main contractor, contractor and subcontractor shall provide sufficient allocation for ensuring
that provisions to ensure the public and his employees
safety and health are implemented and maintained.
6. Every owner, developer, main contractor, contractor and,
sub-contractor shall take adequate steps to develop and
promote safety and health programs to ensure not only
the safety and health of his employees but also
members of the public.
GENERAL DUTIES OF EMPLOYEES
Every employee shall at work (a) take reasonable care for the health and take reasonable care for the
health and safety safety of himself and of other of himself and of other
persons; persons;
(b) co-Operate with the employer operate with the employer or person to
or person to enable prescribed duties or requirements are enable
prescribed duties or requirements are complied with; complied with;
(c) carry out any lawful order given carry out any lawful order given to
him and to him and obey the health and safety rules and procedures
obey the health and safety rules and procedures laid down by his
employer or by anyone authorised laid down by his employer or by
anyone authorised thereto by his employer; thereto by his employer;
GENERAL DUTIES OF EMPLOYEES
(d) report any unsafe or unhealthy report any unsafe or unhealthy
situation situation that comes to his attention, as that comes to his
attention, as soon as practicable to his employer or to the soon as
practicable to his employer or to the health and safety
representative; and health and safety representative; and
(e)
report any incident to his employer report any incident to his
employer or to anyone authorized thereto by the or to anyone
authorized thereto by the employer, or to his health and safety
employer, or to his health and safety representative, as soon as
practicable but representative, as soon as practicable but not later
than the end of the particular shift not later than the end of the
particular shift during which the incident occurred. during which the
incident occurred
GENERAL DUTIES OF ARCHITECTS,
ENGINEERS & DESIGNERS
1.
At the planning stage of any proposed building or civil engineering
works, specific consideration should be given, by those
responsible for the design and the construction, to the safety of the
workers and the public who will subsequently be affected by the
plant associated with the process of the erection of such
structures.
2. Architects, engineers and other professional persons, not
anything in the design that would necessitate the
unwarrantably dangerous structural procedures and undue
which could be avoided by design modifications, should
care.
to includ
use of
hazards,
exercise
GENERAL DUTIES OF ARCHITECTS,
ENGINEERS & DESIGNERS
3. Architects, engineers and other professional persons shoul exercise
with care not to include anything in the design that would
necessitate the use of unsafe construction procedures and create
undue hazards. These should be avoided by means of design
modifications where necessary.
4.
It is also of the greatest importance that engineers should take into
account the safety problems associated with the subsequent
maintenance of plant where this would involve hazards.
GENERAL DUTIES OF ARCHITECTS,
ENGINEERS & DESIGNERS
5. Safety and health facilities should be included in the design for such
work to be performed with the minimum of risk.
6. Measures should be taken to ensure that all the necessary safety
and health program are efficiently implemented and properly
maintained.
ARCHITECT
ENGINEERS
DESIGNERS
OBJECTIVE OF HOARDING
1.
The worksite should be fully barricaded by protective hoarding so
that the general public would be protected from work in progress.
The hoarding should be able to protect not only public from dangers
within the site but also act as barrier or security to prevent persons
from trespassing into the site.
2.
The hoarding should not be less than 1800mm in height and
continuous down to the ground. It should be properly designed and
constructed in accordance to the specification of the local authority
and should be maintained in good condition.
OBJECTIVE OF HOARDING
3. There should be an adequate safety distance between the worksite
and the hoarding.
4.
Where the distance from a public place to the building being
constructed is such that there is the likelihood of falling materials
striking pedestrian or vehicular traffic, a gantry should be required.
5.
During the erection of the hoarding, safe work procedures should
be followed to ensure safety of the public.
6.
No bills except warning signs should be allowed to be posted to
the hoarding.
HOARDING
LOCATION,DIMENSION &
SPECIFICATION OF HOARDING
LOCATION,DIMENSION &
SPECIFICATION OF HOARDING
LOCATION,DIMENSION &
SPECIFICATION OF HOARDING
LOCATION,DIMENSION &
SPECIFICATION OF HOARDING
ENTRANCE & EXIT INDICATOR
The entrance to and exit from the worksite should be
located in such a manner as to prevent danger and
inconveniences to the public. Proper security should be
maintained so as to prevent entry of unauthorized
persons and public into the worksite.
Suitable warning signs should be posted at conspicuous
positions.
Constructions Indicator
SAFETY PROCEDURES DURING
DISCONECTING UTILITIES
1. Approval from relevant authorities shall be obtained
before any work to disconnect utilities for example
electric cable or pipeline is carried out.
2. Disconnection of utilities should be carried out by
competent person.
DISCONNECTING
SAFETY MEASURES DURING
DEMOLITION WORKS & BLASTING
a) Point safety measures taken during preparatory work
Before demolition operations begin:
(1) adequate inspection should be made by designated person;
(2) if necessary to prevent danger, unstable parts of the structure
should be made secure; and
(3) all utilities should be effectively disconnected or shut off at or
outside the property line.
The danger zone around the structure should be adequately
fenced off or warning sign posted.
Before the commencement of demolition work, the structure
should be free from any toxic or hazardous substances (e.g
asbestos materials).
SAFETY MEASURES DURING
DEMOLITION WORKS & BLASTING
During demolition work, the contractors should:
(1) provide workers and public the appropriate information related to
safety and health hazards during demolition works;
(2) follow demolition sequence and method as provided by
demolition/structural engineer;
(3) ensure the site in a safe condition and in compliance with safety
and health plan requirements;
(4) provide workers with all the appropriate personal protective
equipment (PPE) related to safety and health risks they are exposed
to;
(5) take adequate steps to keep the debris or area being worked on
sufficiently moist to lay the dust.
Demolition Works
SAFETY MEASURES DURING
DEMOLITION WORKS & BLASTING
b) Describe and locate catch platform
During the demolition of the exterior walls of a structure originally
more than 12.2 metres high, catch platforms shall be provided along
the exterior, faces of such wall, where necessary, to prevent injury to
the public.
Such platform shall be designed by a Professional Engineer and
certified for safety prior to erection and use.
Such catch platform shall be maintained not more than 6 metres
below from which the exterior walls are being removed.
Catch platform shall not be used for storage of materials or be used
as working platforms or walkways.
Catch Platform
SAFETY MEASURES DURING
DEMOLITION WORKS & BLASTING
c) Explain safe method of disposing debris
Debris shall be handled and disposed off by a method, which will not
endanger workers and public safety and health.
Debris shall not be allowed to accumulate so as to constitute a
hazard.
Debris shall be kept sufficiently moist to lay the dust.
Wherever materials are dropped more than 6 metres to any point
lying outside the exterior walls of the building, an enclosed chute of
wood, or materials of equivalent strength shall be used.
Disposing Debris
SAFETY MEASURES DURING
DEMOLITION WORKS & BLASTING
d) Explain safety measures taken during site clearing
Felling of trees should be done by trained personnel to safeguard
public safety and to prevent damage to public property.
Where the site is located in the immediate vicinity of a build-up area,
hoarding should be erected with proper and adequate signs to
prevent unauthorized entry.
Arrangement should be made to prevent landslides, sinkhole and
flooding or other unstable ground condition. These arrangement
should conform to the requirements of relevant authorities.
All access and egress roads at the site should be maintained in safe
condition.
Site Clearing
BLASTING
SAFETY MEASURES DURING
EXCAVATION WORK
a) State safety procedures during excavating and piling
All public walkways, sidewalks and the thoroughfares bordering on
or running through any excavation site shall be provided with
substantial guard-rails or board fences. In addition, temporary foot
walks beyond the kerb shall be substantially constructed and
provided with protection on both sides
Where construction vehicles or plant use public thoroughfares,
notices or warning sign should be placed at all exist and entrance to
the work area to warn all person in the vicinity.
All work carried out on a road or highways shall have an approval of
the road controlling authority before any work starts. Temporary
warning sign shall be erected and traffic control exercised in
accordance with the requirements from other relevant authorities.
EXCAVATION WORKS
SAFETY MEASURES DURING PILING
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Pilings should be handled by trained personnel.
In view of the prevailing need to conserve the environment and
protection of public health, piling machinery that generate
excessive vibration, noise, smoke or other pollutants should not be
used in build-up areas.
All pile-driving equipment shall be inspected daily by a designated
person before the start of work and every defect shall be
immediately corrected before pile-driving commences.
Reasonably practicable measures shall be taken to warn persons
not to approach within 50 metres of a pile under test.
All mechanical equipment and plant should be well maintained
throughout the piling work.
PILLING WORKS
B) SAFETY ON PUBLIC WALKWAYS, SIDEWALKS AND
THOROUGHFARES BORDERING
All public walkways, sidewalks and the thoroughfares bordering on
or running through any excavation site shall be provided with
substantial guard-rails or board fences. In addition, temporary foot
walks beyond the kerb shall be substantially constructed and
provided with protection on both sides
Where construction vehicles or plant use public thoroughfares,
notices or warning sign should be placed at all exist and entrance to
the work area to warn all person in the vicinity.
All work carried out on a road or highways shall have an approval of
the road controlling authority before any work starts. Temporary
warning sign shall be erected and traffic control exercised in
accordance with the requirements from other relevant authorities.
Public Walkways
Substructure Work
Sub-structure for usual large-size building without a basement still contains
a lot of works within ground, such as:
[Link] of the pile cap which is at least 4 to 5 m below ground level
for large-size buildings.
[Link] of raft foundation for major core structures.
[Link] of ground columns
[Link] of ground beams tying up between caps or ground columns.
[Link] underground associated works such as manholes/drainage.
[Link] majority of these works are located quite deep down into ground,
excavation up to 5 to 6m deep is often required even without a basement
structure.
[Link] some cases especially in sloppy site, quite a significant amount of slope
work is required in associated with the sub-structure work.
[Link] the excavated void after completion of work.
Site safety for substructure
SAFETY MEASURES DURING SUPER
STRUCTURE CONSTRUCTION
a) Classify scaffold
) Every scaffold and every part thereof shall be of good construction,
of suitable and sound material and of adequate strength for the
purpose for which it is used.
) Every scaffold erector shall be registered with Department of
Occupational Safety and Health
) All scaffolds require bracing to help prevent them from collapsing. All
scaffolds, including independent scaffolds, should be secured tied,
or otherwise supported. More ties will be required if:(a) the scaffold is sheeted or netted due to the increased wind
loading;
(b) it is used as a loading platform for materials or equipment; or
(c) hoists, lifting appliances or rubbish chutes are attached to it.
SAFETY MEASURES DURING SUPER
STRUCTURE CONSTRUCTION
Every metal tube scaffold exceeding 40 metres in height and every
other scaffold exceeding 15 metres in height shall be constructed in
accordance with the design and drawings of a Professional
Engineer.
Scaffolds shall be inspected by a designated person:(a) before first use;
(b) after substantial alteration and after any event likely to have
affected their stability, for example after heavy rain or following
strong winds.
(c) at regular intervals not exceeding seven days.
Super Structure Constructions
SAFETY MEASURES DURING SUPER
STRUCTURE CONSTRUCTION
b) Understand safety net & peripheral net
Every safety net shall be attached to sufficient
anchorages or supports outside and beyond the area of
possible fall and supported at a height sufficient to
prevent dropping to any surface or object.
Where a scaffold is erected in an area where the
construction activities may pose hazards to pedestrian or
vehicular traffic in the form of falling objects, peripheral
nets should be used to envelope the scaffold.
SAFETY MEASURES DURING SUPER
STRUCTURE CONSTRUCTION
Every safety net or combination of safety nets shall be of
sufficient size, strength and must be provided to the area
of possible fall.
No safety net and peripheral net that is broken should be
installed.
Safety net and peripheral net shall be inspected by a
designated person before each installation.
Safety net, peripheral net and their supports shall be
inspected daily after each installation.
Safety Net
SAFETY MEASURES DURING SUPER
STRUCTURE CONSTRUCTION
c) Illustrate catch platform
Catch platforms should be erected along the exterior
faces of the exterior walls to prevent injury to the public
below.
Catch platforms may be constructed of material other
than wood provide such material is of equal strength and
does not otherwise lessen the security against falling
material. Building Operations And Works Of Engineering
Construction (Safety) Regulations, 1986)
All loose materials at elevated areas should be secured
so as to prevent them from being blown off the structure
by strong gusts of wind.
SAFETY MEASURES DURING USAGE OF
HOISTING EQUIPMENT
a) List safety measures during erection and dismantling.
) Erection of tower crane shall be carried during favorable weather
only.
) The sequence of erection should be done in accordance with
manufacturers instructions.
) The contractor should ensure that the foundation have been
certified by a Professional Engineer and ensure that concrete is
cured accordingly.
) A checklist which includes the manufacturers specifications,
recommendations and instructions for safe erection of the crane
should be adhered to in every detail. The check list should be
checked and filled up by the responsible person.
Erections Works
Dismantling works
SAFETY MEASURES DURING USAGE OF
HOISTING EQUIPMENT
b) Identify safety procedure during Jacking & Operation.
Jacking should be done only in accordance with the
manufacturers recommendations, and only competent
persons should be assigned to this task.
Jacking shall be done during favorable weather only.
All jacking safety device, working ropes and jacking
system should be checked by a competent person prior
to jacking.
Following each jacking, all fastenings should be
checked.
Jacking & Operations
SAFETY MEASURES DURING USAGE OF
HOISTING EQUIPMENT
c) Indicate safe location of Crane.
Where a crane is not controlled from the ground, but from an
elevated cab, hand signaling or voice communications should be
established between the operator and a trained signalman on the
ground.
The weights of materials to be lifted should be specified, and
responsibility assigned for checking loads. Overloading shall not be
allowed.
operating zone of two or more cranes should not overlap, unless
vertically offset to avoid collision. Priority of operation should be
established.
Loads should never be left suspended without control.
The power supply should be cut off and locked out by the operator
when he leaves the cab.
Safe Location of Crane
Safe Location of Crane
CONCLUSION
The construction industry has become pragmatic, sober and somber
in their expectations. We need to address its weaknesses,
particularly the safety aspect, for it to be more resilient. The stigma
of the construction industry as dirty, difficult and dangerous (3-D)
has to be eliminated as this will jeopardise the industrys image. Our
greatest challenge is time. We noted that the construction industry
may help create wealth and hence benefit through production and
best practices. The best practices among construction players,
especially with respect to safety and health, should be shared
among small and medium contractors. Contractors could also
contribute and regulate their respective company by practicing selfregulation so that the burden of enforcement agencies and the
government could be minimised. Construction players could also
play their roles by disseminating their experience knowhow,
successful models and stepby-step approach.
CONCLUSION
There is much that can be achieved with concerted effort from the
CIDB and the government on safety and health. Construction players
should lend their hand to assist the government through enforcement
agencies towards building a Malaysian construction industry that is
more sustainable and resilient in the future.
