Chapter 1.
Introduction
1.
2.
3.
4.
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Data communications
Networks
The Internet
Protocols and standards
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Data Communications
Data
Information presented in whatever form is agreed upon by the
parties creating and using the data
Data communication
Exchange of data between two devices
Via some form of transmission medium
Fundamental requirements of data communication
Delivery
Accuracy
Timeliness
Telecommunication: communication at a distance
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Five Components of Data Communication
Message: Information(data) to be communicated
Sender
Receiver
Medium: Physical path by which a message travels
Protocol: A set of rules that govern data communication
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Direction of Data Flow
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Simplex
Unidirectional
As on a one-way street
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Half-Duplex
Both transmit and receive possible, but not at the same
time
Like a one-lane road with two-directional traffic
Walkie-talkie, CB radio
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Full-Duplex
Transmit and receive simultaneously
Like a two-way street
Telephone
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Network Criteria
Network: A set of devices (nodes) connected by media links
To be considered effective and efficient, a network must
meet a number of criteria
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Type of Connection: Point-to-Point
Dedicated link between two devices
The entire capacity of the channel is reserved
Ex) Microwave link, TV remote control
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Type of Connection: Multipoint
More than two devices share a single link
Capacity of the channel is either
Spatially shared: Devices can use the link simultaneously
Timeshare: Users take turns
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Physical Topology
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Mesh
Dedicated point-to-point link to
every other nodes
A mesh network with n nodes
has n(n-1)/2 links. A node has
n-1 I/O ports (links)
Advantages: No traffic
problems, robust, security, fault
identification
Disadvantages: Difficult
installation/reconfiguration,
space, cost
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Star
Dedicated point-to-point link only to a central controller, called a hub
Hub acts as an exchange: No direct traffic between devices
Advantages: Less expensive, robust
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Bus
One long cable that links all nodes
tap, drop line, cable end
limit on the # of devices, distance between nodes
Advantages: Easy installation, cheap
Disadvantages: Difficult reconfiguration, no fault isolation
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Ring
Dedicated point-to-point link only with the two nodes on each sides
One direction, repeater
Advantages: Easy reconfiguration, fault isolation
Disadvantage: Unidirectional traffic
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Categories of Networks
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LAN
Usually privately owned
A network for a single office, building, or campus a few Km
Common LAN topologies: bus, ring, star
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MAN
Designed to extend to an entire city
Cable TV network, a companys connected LANs
Owned by a private or a public company
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WAN
Long distance transmission, e.g., a country, a continent, the whole
world
Enterprise network: A WAN that is owned and used by a single
company
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Internetworks
Internetwork (internet) : two or more networks are
connected by internetworking devices
Internetworking devices: router, gateway, etc.
The Internet: a specific worldwide network
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Internet Today
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Protocols
Protocol
A set of rules that govern data communication
For communication to occur, entities must agree upon a
protocol
Key elements of a protocol
Syntax: structure or format of data
Semantics: meaning of each section in the structure
Timing: when and how fast data should be sent
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Standards
Standards is essential in
Creating/maintaining open and competitive markets
Guaranteeing national/international interoperability
Two categories
De jure (by law) standards
De facto (by fact) standards
Proprietary standards: closed standards
Nonproprietary standards: open standards
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Standards Organizations
Standards are developed by
Standards committees
Forums
Regulatory agencies
Standards committees & forums
Standards committees are slow moving
Forums are made up of interested corporations
Forum are able to speed acceptance of a particular
technology
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Standards Committees
ISO
Voluntary international organization
ITU-T
Formerly, CCITT formed by UN
ANSI
Private non-profit corporation in the US
IEEE
The largest engineering society in the world
EIA
Non-profit organization in the US
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Internet Standards
Draft
RFC (Request for Comment)
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