Topic: Perception of higher institution teachers on the dynamics of AI

utilisation on the development of critical thought among undergraduates in

Anambra State.

Sociodemographic information

AGE Descriptive Statistics

N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation
age 410 28 60 37.07 7.165
Valid N (listwise) 410

Age Category
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid 20 - 30 years 56 13.7 13.7 13.7
31 - 40 years 244 59.5 59.5 73.2
41 - 50 years 80 19.5 19.5 92.7
51 - 60 years 30 7.3 7.3 100.0
Total 410 100.0 100.0

gender
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Male 233 56.8 56.8 56.8
Female 177 43.2 43.2 100.0
Total 410 100.0 100.0

[Link]
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Single 60 14.6 14.6 14.6
Married 260 63.4 63.4 78.0
Separated 26 6.3 6.3 84.4
Divorced 44 10.7 10.7 95.1
 Widowed 20 4.9 4.9 100.0
Total 410 100.0 100.0

YOE
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Less than 5 years 35 8.5 8.5 8.5
5 - 10 years 229 55.9 55.9 64.4
10 - 20 years 107 26.1 26.1 90.5
21 - 30 years 37 9.0 9.0 99.5
31 - 40 years 2 .5 .5 100.0
Total 410 100.0 100.0

RELIGION
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Christianity 302 73.7 73.7 73.7
Islam 46 11.2 11.2 84.9
Traditionalist 34 8.3 8.3 93.2
Other 28 6.8 6.8 100.0
Total 410 100.0 100.0

Frequency Table

Objective 1: Benefits of AI Use in Critical Thought Development

AI tools (e.g., ChatGPT, Gemini) help students develop stronger analytical

skills.
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Not sure 78 19.0 19.0 19.0
No 66 16.1 16.1 35.1
Yes 266 64.9 64.9 100.0
Total 410 100.0 100.0
 AI-assisted research allows students to engage with a wider range of
perspectives, deepening their critical analysis

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Not sure 84 20.5 20.5 20.5

No 60 14.6 14.6 35.1

Yes 266 64.9 64.9 100.0
Total 410 100.0 100.0

AI can serve as a useful "thought partner" to stimulate deeper reasoning

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Not sure 70 17.1 17.1 17.1
No 70 17.1 17.1 34.1
Yes 270 65.9 65.9 100.0
Total 410 100.0 100.0

AI reduces cognitive overload by automating routine tasks, allowing students

to focus on higher-order thinking
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Not sure 70 17.1 17.1 17.1
No 76 18.5 18.5 35.6
Yes 262 63.9 63.9 99.5
3 2 .5 .5 100.0
Total 410 100.0 100.0

Students who use AI for brainstorming produce more innovative and well-
structured ideas.
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Not sure 74 18.0 18.0 18.0
 No 58 14.1 14.1 32.2
Yes 278 67.8 67.8 100.0
Total 410 100.0 100.0

Objective 2: Negative Impacts of AI on Critical Thinking Development

AI-generated content discourages students from engaging in deep, original

thought.
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Not sure 50 12.2 12.2 12.2
No 60 14.6 14.6 26.8
Yes 300 73.2 73.2 100.0
Total 410 100.0 100.0

AI makes it harder to assess whether a student’s work reflects their own

critical thinking
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Not sure 44 10.7 10.7 10.7
No 92 22.4 22.4 33.2
Yes 274 66.8 66.8 100.0
Total 410 100.0 100.0

Many students accept AI outputs uncritically without verifying accuracy or

bias
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Not sure 30 7.3 7.3 7.3
No 58 14.1 14.1 21.5
Yes 322 78.5 78.5 100.0
Total 410 100.0 100.0

AI-generated answers promote surface-level learning rather than deep critical

engagement.
 Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Not sure 50 12.2 12.2 12.2
No 72 17.6 17.6 29.8
Yes 288 70.2 70.2 100.0
Total 410 100.0 100.0

AI tools reduce students’ motivation to engage in intellectual struggle, which

is essential for critical thought
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Not sure 38 9.3 9.3 9.3
No 50 12.2 12.2 21.5
Yes 322 78.5 78.5 100.0
Total 410 100.0 100.0

Objective 3: Barriers to Effective AI Integration for Critical Thinking

Development

Poor internet connectivity and inadequate technological infrastructure

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Not selected 72 17.6 17.6 17.6
Selected 338 82.4 82.4 100.0
Total 410 100.0 100.0

Lack sufficient training among Faculty member to effectively integrate AI into

teaching
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Not selected 148 36.1 36.1 36.1
Selected 262 63.9 63.9 100.0
Total 410 100.0 100.0

Students’ low digital literacy

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Not selected 200 48.8 48.8 48.8
Selected 210 51.2 51.2 100.0
Total 410 100.0 100.0

Resistance from traditional educators who prefer conventional teaching methods

over AI-enhanced learning.
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Not selected 110 26.8 26.8 26.8
Selected 300 73.2 73.2 100.0
Total 410 100.0 100.0

Concerns about data privacy and ethical implications

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Not selected 270 65.9 65.9 65.9
Selected 140 34.1 34.1 100.0
Total 410 100.0 100.0

Objective 4: Recommendations for Balanced AI Integration

AI tools should be introduced only after students have attempted critical

thinking tasks independently
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Not selected 152 37.1 37.1 37.1
Selected 258 62.9 62.9 100.0
Total 410 100.0 100.0

Universities should mandate "critical AI literacy" courses to teach

students how to evaluate AI outputs skeptically
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Not selected 92 22.4 22.4 22.4
Selected 318 77.6 77.6 100.0
Total 410 100.0 100.0
 Faculty training programs should emphasize pedagogical strategies for
using AI to enhance—not replace—critical thinking
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Not selected 94 22.9 22.9 22.9
Selected 316 77.1 77.1 100.0
Total 410 100.0 100.0

Assessments should be redesigned to measure higher-order thinking

skills that AI cannot easily replicate
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Not selected 164 40.0 40.0 40.0
Selected 246 60.0 60.0 100.0
Total 410 100.0 100.0

Institutions should develop ethical guidelines on AI use to prevent over-

reliance and academic misconduct
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Not selected 82 20.0 20.0 20.0
Selected 328 80.0 80.0 100.0
Total 410 100.0 100.0