GMX has created magnetic fluid conditioning devices that capture the full power of magnetohydrodynam ics and

put it to work for you. It begins with the magnets themselves. The heart of all GMX products are super high-powered ceramic magnets. Originally developed by the U.S. government for NASA's Space Program, these high-tech, lightweight, compact magnets pack thousands of gauss of magnetic pull into a small space. And they don't wear out or require outside power! In fact, over a normal human life span, the magnets lose an insignificant amout of their original strength! While this basic technology has been used for many years in industrial applications, the compact new magnets allow the advantages of GMX magnetic fluid conditioning to go into private residences... even cars and trucks. But the magnet isn't everything. Unless magnetic fluid conditioning devices are designed to take advantage of the principles of magnetohydrodynamics, they are worthless. The products of GMX --the leader in this technology--are not only properly designed, they are designed better than any other products of their kind. There are three resons for this: 1. Contact Time: The amount of time a fluid is in contact with the magnetic field as it runs through a pipe is called its "contact time." The amount of contact time is indicated by the length of the pipe that is exposed to the magnetic field. The more contact time, the more effective the conditioning. Some magnetic fluid contioners give the fluids only a half-inch of contact time. On a normal residential system, GMX has a full 8 inches of contact time. That's a major difference. 2. Focus The focus of the energy field is another essential factor. A magnetic fluid conditioning unit must be focused properly on the fluid that runs through the pipe. If the water or fuel is not squarely within the focal range of the magnetic field, conditioning will either not take place, or its effects will be diminished. Our computer-designed products perfectly focus energy where it should be for optimal results. 3. The Magnet's Strength All GMX magnetic fluid conditioning products are made with grade 8 ceramic magnets, developed by NASA. Ceramic magnets are the only material known to man to hold a permanent magnetic charge throughout a human's lifetime. In 125 years, these lose less than 3 percent of their power.

Magnetohydrodynamics, an overview: The Effects of Magnets on Fluids

The Problem: The Scale Buildup Dilemma Water is one of the world's best solvents. In fact, we refer to it as the "universal solvent." Given enough time, it will dissolve any organic or inorganic material. It surrounds foreign particles, such as minerals, entrapping them in what scientists refer to as "complexes." That's why water usually has a high mineral content. These dissolved minerals are not a part of the water itself. They are "captives" that the water has surrounded and is carrying along with it. The number of mineral complexes in water determines how "hard" the water is. The more minerals it carries, the harder it is considered to be. When water is stored, heated or evaporates, the complexes it carries are broken up and the dissolved minerals are set free. These liberated minerals (most of which are calcium carbonate or magnesium) conglomerate in sediments that line the insides of pipes, appliances, water heaters, and other surfaces with which the water comes in contact. Over time, more and more minerals build up on the sediment layer, causing it to grow progressively thicker. There is a name for these caked-on mineral deposits: scale. The limestone that forms the Swiss Alps and Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula is basically scale. Lime scale is a very hard substance, and removing it from plumbing fixtures and appliances is a difficult task. Most of the water that is piped into homes and other buildings in North America and many other countries contains a significant amount of hardness minerals. This is both good and bad. It's good because the right amount of minerals has healthful benefits and makes water taste better. It' s bad because some of these dissolved minerals are converted to scale when the water goes into a home or building and is stored, heated, or evaporates. It's a wellknown fact that letting hard lime scale build up in the plumbing fixtures and appliances in your home is like pouring money down the drain. The solution? There are several, but only one that makes sense. To date, the most common solution is the traditional water softener, which takes a portion of the hardness minerals out of the water and replaces them with sodium. Water thus treated is not recommended for drinking because of the high sodium content. Water softeners are also expensive to buy and operate, and can cause environmental problems. Also, they do not stop scale buildup problems. Other scale buildup remedies, such as acid washes and chemical additives have even greater drawbacks, including the risk of contamination and the fact that they wear out the surfaces they contact.

What, then, is the acceptable way to combat scale buildup? The answer lies in a complex word for a fairly simple physical phenomenon: magnetohydrodynamics. Simply stated, magnetohydrodynamics is what happens when water passes through a properly focused magnetic field. The magnetic field breaks up some of the complexes that are carried in the water, freeing the captive mineral particles. Once free, these particles act as crystallization centers, giving the surrounding mineral molecules in the water something to "stick" to, rather than forming new layers of scale on the inside of plumbing and appliance surfaces. As these crystallization centers attract mineral molecules, they form circular platelets, which remain in the water rather than attaching themselves to surfaces and causing scale buildup. (Above untreated water magnified 1100 times. Below water from the same sample after treatment magnified 1100 times. Note the crystallization of the minerals in the treated sample.) . The net effect of all this is that the hardening minerals are changed from a scale like an ice cube to a powder like a snowflake. This process of keeping minerals in the water rather than letting them precipitate out in the form of scale when heating or evaporation takes place is known as magnetic fluid conditioning. It is not a new process. Nor is it unproven. Patents for treating water with magnetics appeared back in the 1950s. Even back then, when magnets were far weaker than they are today, the effects were remarkable. The treated water behaved as if it were "softer," with less mineral content, and scale buildup was significantly reduced. Magnetic fluid conditioning caught on first in the eastern world, where other water softening methods and equipment were not commonly available. Highly favorable reports soon began filtering back from China, Russia, Poland, Bulgaria, and other eastern countries about water that was being treated with magnetics not only for residential use, but also for agricultural, commercial, and industrial use. In the developed countries of the western world, where chemical and other water softening systems were well entrenched, magnetic fluid conditioning took longer to gain acceptance. But its benefits were too dramatic to remain obscure for long. Systematic research from

respected institutions began to be conducted, quantitative methods were developed to evaluate the effectiveness of magnetic water conditioning devices, and the findings revealed overwhelmingly positive effects. In 1973, for example, the United States Government confirmed that magnetic fluid conditioning is an effective means of controlling scale. A study by National Technical Information Services for the United States Air Force revealed that magnetized water will not form scale on heating surfaces; that properly designed and installed magnetic units will prevent the formation of costly scale buildup. A good thing got even better with the development and availability of a new generation of extremely powerful, permanent magnets. These ceramic magnets are a hundred times more powerful than the old-fashioned steel magnets. They are also more durable and are permanent. In fact, once a ceramic magnet is magnetized, it never needs recharging. Nor does it require an energy source to keep it magnetized. These magnets maintain their strength so completely that they are used in nuclear submarines to ensure accuracy in subpolar navigation. This is one reason why GMX can offer its customers a lifetime warrantee. Fuel: Incomplete Combustion Water is not the only fluid that can benefit from magnetohydrodynamics. Subjecting gasoline and diesel fuel to a magnetic field results in more complete combustion of that fuel. Magnetically treated fuel has a tendency to attract oxygen molecules when mixed with air in a combustion cylinder. The result is a more efficient and complete combustion of the fuel throughout the entire chamber, generating more energy from the same amount of fuel, and reducing environmentally harmful hydrocarbon emissions. Whether it's water for your home, office, or swimming pool, or fuel for your vehicles, magnetohydro- dynamics makes a positive difference. Magnetic fluid conditioning is a technology that is here to stay.

MAGNETIC WATER CONDITIONER AND BACKGROUND ON MAGNETIC WATER TREATMENT

[BENEFITS] [THE CONTROVERSY] [THE SCIENCE] [CONVENTIONAL WATER TREATMENT METHODS] [MAGNETIC WATER TREATMENT] [SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS] [INSTALLATIONS] [REFERENCES] INTRODUCTION A tremendous amount of deterioration occurs in plumbing fixtures and various domestic and industrial equipment as a result of water and other fluids in these systems causing corrosion and scale build-up. Therefore, the search for more efficient water treatment technologies, and particularly for methods Which do not require the use of chemical additives, an important discovery was made: treating fluids with a properly engineered magnetic field is effective in preventing the formation of scales and encrustations in many systems. Algae, that normally grow on coolers in the open air and in swimming pools, die rapidly under the effect of the magnetic treatment. However, these are only a few of the discovered benefits available with this method. Benefits Include: *Elimination of scales which build up due to high temperatures *Control of encrustations on equipment *Reduction of salt deposits in piping systems *Improvement of the bactericidal functions of disinfectants *Acceleration of reagent (chemical additive) diffusion *Increase in the efficiency of ion exchange resin (water softening) *Intensification of coagulation and crystallization processes * Removal of fine particles in the purification of recycling waste water *Easier extraction of valuable metals from ores by flotation concentrate * Acceleration of the solidification of certain cements *Increase in the density and strength of casting molds Magnetically treated water, also called "magnetic water" is already widely used in boilers for all purposes. It also increases the life of pipes in the oil, coal and mining industries, since it sharply reduces corrosion and the deposition of organic and inorganic compounds in pipes (such as paraffin). Magnetic treatment of flotation pulp increases by 40% to 80% its ability to remove the dust in pits, mines, and ore-concentrating plants. Further, the stability of cement prepared with magnetically treated water is increased by about 15% to 40%.

There are common applications where permanent magnets can be immensely beneficial to the user. The benefits from the prevention and control of lime and scale alone are extensive. Beyond the benefits to industry, the treatment is a "must" for long term owners of buildings and homes. They can be installed for treating the total water supply or only on specific equipment if removal of all the old scale is desired. Every private home water system can be relieved of water problems by utilizing permanent magnets. They can be useful for swimming pools, spas, hot tub systems, and water heaters with great benefit. The thermal efficiency of solar heating panels and other hot water heating systems is impaired with scale build-up and corrosion problems. The magnets can thus save energy by keeping heat transfer surfaces free from insulating scale. Additionally, since nothing is put into the water with magnets, no chemical or sodium additives, and nothing is removed, there is no pollution of the environment, and our natural resources (where the additives would come from) are preserved. For the very same reason, this is a healthier water treatment system than conventional means. Magnetic treatment of water research and development have been pursued enthusiastically in the Soviet Union with considerable economic and industrial benefit. The magnetization process has come into widespread use and patents have been taken out in almost every industrially developed country for various kinds of equipment for magnetic water treatment. Despite the vast potential for successful application of magnetic water treatment systems in the US and many other countries, several companies have manufactured magnetic units of varying designs and effectiveness often with very limited marketing success. Our speculations suggest several possible reasons for this failure to reach the success potentials offered by the market. Even discarding the possibility that some of these devices were designated without. adequate understanding of magnetics or the accumulated working -knowledge of this type of water treatment and consequently failed simply because the product failed to perform; the success of the product is largely dependent upon acceptance of the new technology by the would-be users (a phenomenon of all industries). Consequently, the burden lies with the marketing people to communicate with and educate the market about the technology. Then the eventual success of the product will bring the technology into the realm of common knowledge and acceptance. This is where we believe the producers of previous magnetic water treatment products have fallen short of their mission. This paper is designed to perform a portion of the communication and education task that is evidently needed to spread the word about the technology and the product. THE CONTROVERSY Controversy has caused the magnetic system of water treatment to be in limited use only. Reports from both the proponents and opponents of the magnetic treatment of water have attracted the popular science readers for several years. Since these debates have at times been quite heated, many readers have had the feeling that the argument is either between scientific

charlatans and true scientists, or between the innovators and the conservatives. The result is that the important scientific problem has taken on an unhealthy sensational aspect. In reality, however, no one argues whether magnetic treatment is effective or not. In the Soviet Union the magnetic treatment of water is used extensively with tremendous economic effect. The only argument is how to explain the observed phenomena correctly; by the changes which take place with the water itself or by the influence solely of the impurities present in the water. Despite the fact that a vast number of experimental and increasingly commonplace magnetic systems and technical papers on the subject continue to prove that the method is highly effective, some scientists still doubt their value. But through applied research and experimentation many other scientists are conceding the effectiveness of the magnetic water treatment method. Frank Ellingsen of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore reports in Science News (1980) that he has confirmed the beneficial magnetic effect in hard (calcium salt-containing) water. "In some cases" he says, "the amount of scale formed was reduced by a factor greater than 100". Moreover, Ellingsen says his experiments verified a "memory effect" -- the magnetism was still effective against scale formation days after treatment -- and "a clear dependence on the field strength." In 1954 the Federal Trade Commission issued a complaint charging the Evis Manufacturing Company with false advertising and unfair competition by its competitors. Two years later after extensive hearings, the complaint was dismissed. The testimony of the complaint witnesses seemed inconclusive. They had not really used the Evis water conditioner and in testing, some had not even followed the manufacturer's instructions, according to their own testimony. Evis presented one hundred witnesses, ninety-two of whom were users of the Evis water conditioner in many types of practical installations. Each witness testified that he had been faced with critical water problems in the operation of various types of equipment and water systems and that the use of the Evis unit had substantially alleviated such problems with great savings. Many of these witnesses were not merely consumers but were licensed professional engineers, or operating engineers with long practical experience in operation and maintenance of various types of water using equipment and systems. Remarks from the Hearing Examiner included the following: "Considered in its entirety, the testimony presented on behalf of the Respondents (Evis) is to say the least impressive." "From the record as a whole, it appears that we may be confronted with a device operating upon a principle unknown or recognized by present day science." "In the presence of such a possibility and that the burden of proof has not been sustained, we must not take the risk of interfering with the development of a device which may prove to be the first practical application of a scientific principle heretofore undiscovered. During the time of the FTC hearings, there were two published reports of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology: the first by Rolf Eliasson and Roll T. Skirinde titled, Experimental

Evaluation of Water Conditioning Performance, dated May 15, 1957. The first report refers to the FTC complaint against Evis. Nothing is said in the report about the 92 user witnesses at the FTC hearings, many of whom were more qualified than the authors were to judge the success of the operation nevertheless it states that "the authors of this article know of no scientific principle which could explain any successful action of a unit of this type." Had Eliassen and his associate never heard of Michael Faraday and electrochemistry for magneto chemistry about 1833 or the first patent for electric water treatment to precipitate lime in 1888, or the use of sacrificial anodes to prevent boiler scaling in about 1907 The second report was by Roll Eliassen, Rolf T. Skirinde, and William B. Davis titled: Experimental Performance of "Miracle'' Water Conditioners. This was written at the time the extended FTC hearings for special scientific evidence was being conducted (which was also dismissed). This second report, in addition to their disclaiming the merits of the Evis, also included the CEPI and the Packard, both of which use a permanent magnet core to treat lime and scale which authors also said wouldn't work. Thus, it was said that the permanent magnet was the "same" as the Evis. There was and is considerable published data and scientific knowledge dating back to Faraday that would cancel the label "Miracle". The CEPI has been operating successfully in the Chicago Sun Times - Daily New Bulletin since 1946. CEPI units have been sold since 1945 in more than 50 countries. Unfortunately, reprints in full and in part of both these technical reports have reached a great many scientists, engineers, and other technical people; and the integrity of the name "MIT" makes its final fact for most. They believe the reports. In George Elliot's Revolutionary Water Conditioner article of 1976, from which much of the above has been excerpted, he states, "Scientists, engineers, and other technical people all seem to know about MIT reports and the "STOP" order of the Commission. These were well publicized at the time, and the reprints are ever present. None of the many I have talked to, however, seem to know of the 92 users testimony and their professional qualifications or of the ruling of the United States Court of Appeals in favor of Evis". THE SCIENCE Vero Belova, a doctor of chemical sciences in the field of magnetochemistry of inorganic compounds in the Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences, USSR, wrote a thorough treatment of "magnetic water" with a solid foundation of technical detail for Soviet Science Review, May 1982. Some of the following paragraphs utilize excerpts from her article. "Water is the most widely distributed material on earth. It is probably the only compound found on our planet in all three states. Solid, liquid, and gaseous...It is always a compound in living organisms, scarcely an insignificant one (from 40% to 99.5%)!

It is the principal factor in the grandiose geological process and it determines the whole terrestrial climate. 100% of agricultural and more than 80% of industrial and technological processes are connected in one way or another with water. Water occurring in nature consists essentially of a very complicated water dispersive and water salt system. It has to be treated in one way or another, depending on the purpose for which it is to be used; it needs to be purified, softened, disinfected, freed from salt degasses and so on. The demand for water is constantly increasing and at the same time the standards for purity are being raised. Much research on magnetic water treatment has been carried out under laboratory and industrial conditions and many seminars and conferences have been held. And despite the lack of understanding about exactly how the process brings about the discovered effects, .the practicians are making extensive use of magnetic treatment. To quote V.I. Klassen, doctor of technical sciences, Institute of Mineral Fuels, of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in his article entitled Magnetic Water: Between Scylla and Charybdis. "No one is going to turn down a good meal because he does not understand the digestive mechanism". A description of basic processes by which corrosion and deposition takes place on water containing vessels is presented below, followed by an explanation of the effects of magnetic water treatment on these processes. These final explanations are extracted from conclusions of many research and experimentation reports including a fairly recent report "Does Magnetic Water Treatment Influence Precipitation of Calcium Carbonate from Supersaturated Solutions?" by Frank Torbjorn Ellingsen, Olaf Fjeldsent A/S, now of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. and Hans Kristiansen, Norwegian Institute of Water Research, Oslo, Norway. The type and amount of dissolved and suspended matter contained in raw water varies, of course, with the source, such as lake, river or well, and notably from one geographical area to the next. The major dissolved materials in water are silica, iron, calcium, magnesium, and sodium compounds. Metallic constituents occur in various combinations with bicarbonate, carbonate, sulfate, and chloride radicals. In solution, the metal ions carry a positive charge (cations) and the bicarbonate, carbonate, sulfate, and chloride ions are negatively charged (anions). Scaling occurs when calcium or magnesium compounds in the water (hardness compounds) precipitate and adhere to the internal surfaces on the container. In addition to the adherence and precipitation of colloidal particles to container surfaces, a nucleation and precipitation of particles suspended in the solution occurs. When these suspended particles precipitate, however, they become neutral sludge which can be flushed out of the system, in many cases by the normal movement of the solution. CONVENTIONAL WATER TREATMENT METHODS Traditional methods of water treatment for corrosion control fall into two categories: chemical additions and ion-exchange. The chemical method requires a fairly accurate chemical analysis of the scaling materials in the water, followed by the addition of the necessary chemicals to precipitate them in the form of a harmless sludge. Typical of such chemicals are mixtures of sodium hydroxide and sodium aluminate, complex chelated compounds, etc. All however, share the same drawbacks: namely, that chemical analysis of the water is needed, that dosing has to be

car-tied out accurately, that the chemicals are expensive and that in some circumstances it is unhealthy to the users. In the ion-exchange technique, the hard water is passed through a bed or several beds of crystals which remove the scale producing materials. After a certain time the beds of crystals have to be regenerated again using quite expensive .and often unhealthy chemicals. Modem ion-exchange plants operate reasonably automatically, but the electronics needed is rather expensive. MAGNETIC WATER TREATMENT However, magnetic water treatment works on a completely different basis. Although many physio-chemical changes have been reported to take place in the water (even distilled water) when treated magnetically, including changes in viscosity, boiling point, magnetic susceptibility, electrical conductivity and surface tension: no actual chemical changes are involved and the hardness salts are not removed from the water by the treatment. The basic principle is that when water containing hardness salts is passed through the magnetic field, the electrochemical nature of the ions is changed so that precipitation occurs in a different way than is experienced with untreated water. This phenomenon has been scientifically investigated thoroughly throughout the world, and has been recognized for many years. Experience has shown that in laboratory studies of "magnetic water" there are varying results. The poor reproducibility of experimental results in some cases can often be attributed to uncontrolled variables. The only fact which is generally agreed upon seems to be that a magnetic field reduces the kinetics of the crystallization processes and the freedom of movement of charged particles. The limitation of the motion of particles in the field results in an increase in the number of collisions and the formation of crystallization centers. Frank Ellingsen and Hans Kristiansen corroborated this fact with a study that showed clearly that the rate of precipitation of the free colloidal particles in solution is changed with magnetic treatment. The result of this increased rate is a decreased or elimination of scaling and corrosion. SOME SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS [Building Water Systems] [Solar Hot Water Systems] [Swimming Pools, Spa and Hot Tub Systems] [Boiler Systems] [Cooling Towers and Condensers] [Heat Exchanger] [Economic Impact] [Environmental Impact] Magnetics can effect beneficial change in a multiple of liquid using systems, equal in diversity to that of the many applications described on the first page of this report. However, we have identified a number of particular uses where there is both universal need for magnets and where the benefits very drastically outweigh the cost. These applications include: building water systems, solar hot water systems, swimming pool, spa and hot tub systems, and boiler systems. Building Water Systems--

Installing a magnetic system where the water main enters the premises of any building including homes, hospitals, restaurants, hotels, schools, and businesses will protect the whole circuit of cold and hot water as well as sanitary installations against scale formation and corrosion. The tangible benefits to the user are the preservation and improvement of thermal efficiencies in hot water heaters, which re-suits in energy savings and a reduction of the economic impact of steadily soaring heating costs; elimination of algae buildup in toilet tanks and other components of the system; and general maintenance of fixtures within the overall system so as to prevent costly breakdowns. Solar Hot Water Systems-This is a field where the use of a magnetic system provides tremendous benefit to both the manufacturer of the solar system and the user. As in conventional home hot water heaters, the build-up of scale reduces the thermal efficiency of the systems by forming an insulating barrier on heat transfer surfaces. In solar systems this problem may be amplified by the effects of sunlight and solar radiation. Scale buildup may occur rapidly and with more severe consequences.' In addition to the great losses in energy efficiency, the corrosion can break down or damage important system components and ultimately result in the need for very costly repairs to even replacement of the entire system. Manufacturers of solar systems stand to benefit significantly from the use of a magnetic system by reducing their risk of system repairs or replacement of systems Under warranty. They can also gain great advantage over their competitors in the market place by having the ability to extend their warranty periods without increasing their risk. This enables them to produce a superior solar system package for their customers at very little or no greater cost. Swimming Pools, Spa, and Hot Tub Systems -In addition to the myriad of benefits described in other applications (reduced scale and corrosion, energy efficiency, etc.) which are also available to swimming pool, spa and hot tub system owners, these applications stand to benefit from use of a magnetic system in still another major area: magnetic water treatment increases the diffusion of reagents (chemicals) added to the water and improves bactericidal effectiveness. It is also remarkable to note that algae, such as normally grow in open air situations such as swimming pools, die rapidly under the effect of the magnetic treatment. This phenomenon is probably due to the fact that these algae are very sensitive to the increase in the pH value and as a result of the elimination of scale and corrosion products they no longer find the necessary support to settle on. Owners of these systems can immediately reduce their chemical costs and output of labor required to keep their systems clean and functioning properly. Boiler Systems--

All types of boilers may be equipped with a magnetic system for successful elimination of scale formation and corrosion, without the use of other chemicals for treatment. After magnetic treatment, boiler matter does not, when heated, produce a hard scale on the walls of the boiler or in heating pipes, but rather a loose sludge which settles to the bottom and can easily be removed, or flushed by a simple blow-down without acid treatment. Even extremely impure grades of water can be used, as there is no tendency towards scaling after the water has passed through the magnetic field. Magnetic treatment is already widely used in boilers for all purposes. The advantages over conventional treatment are .that no chemicals are needed and no analysis of the water is required. The labor requirement is severely reduced as compared with the constant attention required by conventional dosing and ion-exchange plants. The cost-savings advantages of these benefits are probably obvious to anyone familiar with boiler maintenance and should not require detailed delineation here. Different types of boilers and installations will benefit in different areas and to different degrees depending upon their particular circumstances and functions. Cooling Towers and Condensers -A cooling tower looses water through evaporation (to achieve cooling) and through drift (water droplets carried away by wind and fan). Thus water has to be added to compensate for the loss. Since all cooling water contain dissolved solids, unless previously removed, the evaporation will concentrate these dissolved solids in the cooling systems. High concentrations will result in scale formation in the heat exchanger and in the tower. Heat Exchanger -A heat exchanger is a device that transfers heat between two media, while keeping them physically separated. In a refrigeration system it removes from the compressed refrigerant gas, the heat of compression and the heat absorbed by the refrigerant in the evaporator. The refrigerant is hereby converted back into the liquid phase, so the heat exchanger is properly called a condenser. Deposits on tubes in a condenser cause a tremendous loss of heat transfer efficiency resulting in inefficient cooling of the refrigerant which in turn causes higher compressor head pressure. Higher head pressure will create a large increase in power consumption. Economic Impact -Customers using magnetic cooling tower water treatment can operate on a drastically lower operating budget due to the following: 1. Water conservation (reduced or no blowdown)

2. Energy savings (less power consumption) 3. Drastically reduced maintenance 4. Purchase of chemicals eliminated Environmental Impact -1. Environmentally clean cooling tower (no sewer dumping fees and drastically reduced sewer load) 2. Compliance with local Pollution Agencies and OSHA Pollution. Agencies are starting to prohibit the dumping of chemicals in the sewer system. OSHA inspectors do not like to see unqualified personnel working with dangerous and toxic chemicals such as acids, chlorine, and chromates. Wherever water or other natural fluids must flow through industrial equipment and systems, magnets can prevent costly decay of components and improve the effectiveness and efficiency of system functions. Among these additional known and proven applications are river and oceangoing vessels; pipes in the oil, coal and mining industries; flotation pulp for removing dust in pits, mines and ore concentrating plants; water for preparing cement; water softening systems; water purification in recycling of waste water. The permanent magnets will maintain their magnetic efficiency, for many years (it is not known for certain what life-span of the new ceramic type magnets are, but many projections indicate that they will last hundreds of years when properly designed) and will easily outlast the remainder of the water system in which the unit is installed. There is no maintenance required with permanent magnets. There are no moving parts, no current or wires, no recharging, no replacements, no additives. INSTALLATIONS Permanent magnet installations should be performed by qualified individuals with sufficient knowledge of the plumbing fixtures involved with the installation. For builders (including homes) where the user desires to treat all of the incoming water, the installation is located where the water main enters the premises. No drawing is provided in this report for this type of installation because cases vary greatly and no diagram could be universal. For swimming pools, spa and hot tub systems, the magnetic system should be located where indicated in the corresponding drawing. For solar hot water systems, locate the magnetic system where indicated in the corresponding diagrams.

Boilers vary greatly in design, function and piping configurations. However, we have provided a set of diagrams for some common circumstances. As a guideline, the sequence of components in relationship to the water flow should be maintained in accordance with that which is indicated in these diagrams. If there is any question, consider the problem you are attempting to solve. Locate the unit in a convenient position where the water must flow through it before it flows through the components of the system in which the water problems occur. Continued use of oxygen scavenger, which accounts for about 20% of chemicals used is recommended. Cooling Towers and Condensers -- scaling and algae pose two separate problems. Addressing each separately or together is dependent upon the strength and time (memory) of magnetic installation. Locate the magnetic system where indicated on the attached drawing. REFERENCES National Technical Information Service, US Dept. of Commerce: Magnetic Treatment of Water, Stuart Gibbon, Information, Inc.: for Air Force Office of Science Research Advanced Research Projects Agency, January 30, 1973. Klassen, V.I.: Magnetic Water: Between Scylls and Charybdis: Khimiva [Link], No.9. September 1969: Klassen is a doctor of Technical Sciences, Institute of Mineral Fuels of the USS1R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow. Vermeiren, Theo: Magnetic Treatment of Liquids for Scale and Corrosion Prevention: Corrosion Technology, July 1958. Belova, Vera: Magnetic Treatment of Water, Soviet Science Review, Scientific Developments in the USSR. No. 3, May 1972: Belova is a doctor of Chemical Sciences, Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the Academy of the Sciences, USSR. Ellingsen, Frank and Kristiansen, Hans: Does Magnetic Water Treatment Influence Precipitation of Calcium Carbonate from Supersaturated Solutions?: Sartryck ur Vatten 35/4: 309-315: April 1979. Ellingsen, Olaf Fjeldsent A/S. now John Hopkins University in Baltimore: Kristiansen, Norwegian Institute of Water Research, Oslo, Norway. Raw Water Treatment, Feedwater (Boiler). Pgs. 1009-1010: Van Nostrands Scientific Encyclopedia, Fifth Edition. A Magnetic Believe It or Not, pg. 1555, Vol. 118: Science News, September 6, 1980. Elliott, George L: Revolutionary Water Conditioner, July/August 1976.