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Digital Logic Notes for STET-2025

The document provides concise notes on digital logic, covering Boolean algebra, combinational and sequential circuits, minimization techniques, and number systems. It outlines key concepts such as operations, laws of Boolean algebra, types of circuits, flip-flops, and arithmetic operations. Additionally, it discusses floating-point representation and methods for handling various arithmetic tasks.

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31 views5 pages

Digital Logic Notes for STET-2025

The document provides concise notes on digital logic, covering Boolean algebra, combinational and sequential circuits, minimization techniques, and number systems. It outlines key concepts such as operations, laws of Boolean algebra, types of circuits, flip-flops, and arithmetic operations. Additionally, it discusses floating-point representation and methods for handling various arithmetic tasks.

Uploaded by

missbanker825
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Digital Logic Short Notes (for STET-2025)

Page 1: Boolean Algebra

Basics

• Variables take values: 0 (false) or 1 (true)

• Operations:

o OR ( + ) → Output true if any input true

o AND ( ⋅ ) → Output true if all inputs true

o NOT ( ′ ) → Complement of Boolean variable

Laws of Boolean Algebra

• Idempotent: A + A = A, A ⋅ A = A

• Identity: A + 0 = A, A ⋅ 1 = A

• Null: A + 1 = 1, A ⋅ 0 = 0

• Complement: A + A′ = 1, A ⋅ A′ = 0

• Distributive: A(B + C) = AB + AC

• De Morgan’s: (A + B)' = A'B' | (AB)' = A' + B'

Duality Principle

• Swap with and 0 with 1 → new valid expression.


Page 2: Combinational Circuits

Definition

• Circuits with no memory

• Output depends only on current inputs.

Basic Circuits

• Adder :

o Half Adder = XOR (sum) + AND (carry).

o Full Adder = A + B + Carry_in.

• Subtractor : Use complement & adder circuits.

• Multiplexer (MUX) : Selects one input line.

• Decoder : Converts binary input → one active output.

• Encoder : Opposite of decoder.

• Comparator : Checks equality of inputs (XNOR).


Page 3: Sequential Circuits

Definition

• Circuits with memory → depend on input and current state.

• Use flip-flops (FFs) (D, SR, JK, T).

Flip-Flops

• SR latch : Basic storage.

• D FF : Latches data on clock edge.

• JK FF : Versatile, toggles if J=K=1.

• T FF : Always toggles on clock.

Applications

• Registers (store group of bits ).

• Counters (frequency dividers, state trackers ).

• State machines (controllers ).


Page 4: Minimization Techniques

Karnaugh Maps (K-maps)

• Cells represent truth table rows 2ⁿ, arranged Gray code.

• Group 1’s into rectangles (1, 2, 4, 8 … cells → power of two ).

• Write simplified sum of products (SOP).

Quine–McCluskey

• Tabular reduction → systematic minimization.

• Used by software tools for synthesis.

Hazards

• Glitches in circuits due to different path delays.

• Fixed by adding consensus terms in Boolean expression.


Page 5: Number Systems & Computer Arithmetic

Number Systems

• Binary (base 2) 1010 = 10.

• Octal (base 8) 12 = 10.

• Hexadecimal (base 16) A = 10.

• Decimal (base 10).

Signed Representations

• Sign-Magnitude: MSB is sign (0 = +, 1 = -).

• 1’s Complement: Invert all bits for negative. Two zeros.

• 2’s Complement: Invert + add 1 Unique zero & easy arithmetic.

Arithmetic Operations

• Add/Subtract: Using full adders, handling overflow .

• Multiplication:

o Binary shift-and-add.

o Booth's Algorithm for signed multiplication.

• Division: Restoring, Non-restoring methods.

Floating Point (IEEE 754)

• Single Precision (32-bit): Sign (1) | Exponent (8) | Mantissa (23).

• Double Precision (64-bit): Sign (1) | Exponent (11) | Mantissa (52).

• Uses biased exponent (127 for single, 1023 for double).

• Supports very large/small real numbers.

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