// Detect Cycle in Undirected Graph using DFS

class DetectCycleGraphSolution {
public boolean hasCycle(int V, List<List<Integer>> adj) {
boolean[] visited = new boolean[V];
for (int i = 0; i < V; i++) {
if (!visited[i]) {
if (dfs(i, -1, visited, adj)) return true;
}
}
return false;
}

private boolean dfs(int node, int parent, boolean[] visited, List<List<Integer>>

adj) {
visited[node] = true;
for (int neighbor : [Link](node)) {
if (!visited[neighbor]) {
if (dfs(neighbor, node, visited, adj)) return true;
} else if (neighbor != parent) {
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
}

// Longest Common Subsequence (LC 1143)

class LongestCommonSubsequenceSolution {
public int longestCommonSubsequence(String text1, String text2) {
int m = [Link](), n = [Link]();
int[][] dp = new int[m + 1][n + 1];
for (int i = 1; i <= m; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= n; j++) {
if ([Link](i - 1) == [Link](j - 1))
dp[i][j] = 1 + dp[i - 1][j - 1];
else
dp[i][j] = [Link](dp[i - 1][j], dp[i][j - 1]);
}
}
return dp[m][n];
}
}
// Two Sum (LC 1)

class TwoSumSolution {
public int[] twoSum(int[] nums, int target) {
Map<Integer, Integer> map = new HashMap<>();
for (int i = 0; i < [Link]; i++) {
int complement = target - nums[i];
if ([Link](complement)) {
return new int[]{[Link](complement), i};
}
[Link](nums[i], i);
}
return new int[]{};
}
}

// Valid Parentheses (LC 20)

class ValidParenthesesSolution {
public boolean isValid(String s) {
Stack<Character> stack = new Stack<>();
for (char c : [Link]()) {
if (c == '(' || c == '{' || c == '[') {
[Link](c);
} else {
if ([Link]()) return false;
char top = [Link]();
if ((c == ')' && top != '(') ||
(c == '}' && top != '{') ||
(c == ']' && top != '[')) return false;
}
}
return [Link]();
}
}

// Merge Two Sorted Lists (LC 21)

class MergeTwoSortedListsSolution {
public ListNode mergeTwoLists(ListNode l1, ListNode l2) {
ListNode dummy = new ListNode(0);
ListNode current = dummy;
while (l1 != null && l2 != null) {
if ([Link] < [Link]) {
 [Link] = l1;
l1 = [Link];
} else {
[Link] = l2;
l2 = [Link];
}
current = [Link];
}
[Link] = (l1 != null) ? l1 : l2;
return [Link];
}
}

// Binary Tree Inorder Traversal (LC 94)

class BinaryTreeInorderTraversalSolution {
public List<Integer> inorderTraversal(TreeNode root) {
List<Integer> result = new ArrayList<>();
Stack<TreeNode> stack = new Stack<>();
TreeNode current = root;
while (current != null || ![Link]()) {
while (current != null) {
[Link](current);
current = [Link];
}
current = [Link]();
[Link]([Link]);
current = [Link];
}
return result;
}
}

// Maximum Subarray (LC 53)

class MaxSubarraySolution {
public int maxSubArray(int[] nums) {
int maxSum = nums[0];
int currSum = nums[0];
for (int i = 1; i < [Link]; i++) {
currSum = [Link](nums[i], currSum + nums[i]);
maxSum = [Link](maxSum, currSum);
}
return maxSum;
 }
}

// Climbing Stairs (LC 70)

class ClimbingStairsSolution {
public int climbStairs(int n) {
if (n <= 2) return n;
int a = 1, b = 2;
for (int i = 3; i <= n; i++) {
int temp = a + b;
a = b;
b = temp;
}
return b;
}
}

// Number of Islands (LC 200)

class NumberOfIslandsSolution {
public int numIslands(char[][] grid) {
int count = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < [Link]; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < grid[0].length; j++) {
if (grid[i][j] == '1') {
dfs(grid, i, j);
count++;
}
}
}
return count;
}

private void dfs(char[][] grid, int i, int j) {

if (i < 0 || j < 0 || i >= [Link] || j >= grid[0].length || grid[i][j] !=
'1')
return;
grid[i][j] = '0';
dfs(grid, i + 1, j);
dfs(grid, i - 1, j);
dfs(grid, i, j + 1);
dfs(grid, i, j - 1);
}
}

// Coin Change (LC 322)

class CoinChangeSolution {
public int coinChange(int[] coins, int amount) {
int[] dp = new int[amount + 1];
[Link](dp, amount + 1);
dp[0] = 0;
for (int coin : coins) {
for (int i = coin; i <= amount; i++) {
dp[i] = [Link](dp[i], dp[i - coin] + 1);
}
}
return dp[amount] > amount ? -1 : dp[amount];
}
}

// Helper classes for TreeNode and ListNode

class TreeNode {
int val;
TreeNode left, right;
TreeNode(int x) { val = x; }
}

class ListNode {
int val;
ListNode next;
ListNode(int x) { val = x; }
}

// LC 200 - Number of Islands (DFS)

public int numIslands(char[][] grid) {

int count = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < [Link]; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < grid[0].length; j++) {
if (grid[i][j] == '1') {
dfs(grid, i, j);
count++;
}
}
}
 return count;
}

private void dfs(char[][] grid, int i, int j) {

if (i < 0 || i >= [Link] || j < 0 || j >= grid[0].length || grid[i][j] ==
'0') return;
grid[i][j] = '0';
dfs(grid, i+1, j); dfs(grid, i-1, j); dfs(grid, i, j+1); dfs(grid, i, j-1);
}

// LC 207 - Course Schedule (Topological Sort – DFS)

public boolean canFinish(int numCourses, int[][] prerequisites) {

List<Integer>[] graph = new List[numCourses];
for (int i = 0; i < numCourses; i++) graph[i] = new ArrayList<>();
for (int[] p : prerequisites) graph[p[0]].add(p[1]);
int[] visited = new int[numCourses];
for (int i = 0; i < numCourses; i++) {
if (hasCycle(graph, visited, i)) return false;
}
return true;
}

private boolean hasCycle(List<Integer>[] graph, int[] visited, int course) {

if (visited[course] == 1) return true;
if (visited[course] == 2) return false;
visited[course] = 1;
for (int pre : graph[course]) {
if (hasCycle(graph, visited, pre)) return true;
}
visited[course] = 2;
return false;
}

// LC 133 - Clone Graph

class Node {
public int val;
public List<Node> neighbors;
 public Node(int val) {
[Link] = val;
[Link] = new ArrayList<>();
}
}

private Map<Node, Node> visited = new HashMap<>();

public Node cloneGraph(Node node) {

if (node == null) return null;
if ([Link](node)) return [Link](node);
Node copy = new Node([Link]);
[Link](node, copy);
for (Node neighbor : [Link]) {
[Link](cloneGraph(neighbor));
}
return copy;
}

// LC 994 - Rotting Oranges (Multi-source BFS)

public int orangesRotting(int[][] grid) {

Queue<int[]> q = new LinkedList<>();
int fresh = 0, rows = [Link], cols = grid[0].length;
for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < cols; j++) {
if (grid[i][j] == 2) [Link](new int[]{i, j});
else if (grid[i][j] == 1) fresh++;
}
}
int time = 0;
int[][] dirs = {{1,0},{-1,0},{0,1},{0,-1}};
while (![Link]() && fresh > 0) {
int size = [Link]();
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
int[] cur = [Link]();
for (int[] d : dirs) {
int x = cur[0] + d[0], y = cur[1] + d[1];
if (x >= 0 && y >= 0 && x < rows && y < cols && grid[x][y]
== 1) {
grid[x][y] = 2;
fresh--;
[Link](new int[]{x, y});
}
}
 }
time++;
}
return fresh == 0 ? time : -1;
}

// LC 53 - Maximum Subarray (Kadane's Algorithm)

class MaxSubarraySolution {
public int maxSubArray(int[] nums) {
int maxSum = nums[0];
int currSum = nums[0];
for (int i = 1; i < [Link]; i++) {
currSum = [Link](nums[i], currSum + nums[i]);
maxSum = [Link](maxSum, currSum);
}
return maxSum;
}
}

// LC 70 - Climbing Stairs

class ClimbingStairsSolution {
public int climbStairs(int n) {
if (n <= 2) return n;
int a = 1, b = 2;
for (int i = 3; i <= n; i++) {
int temp = a + b;
a = b;
b = temp;
}
return b;
}
}

// LC 198 - House Robber

class HouseRobberSolution {
public int rob(int[] nums) {
if ([Link] == 0) return 0;
if ([Link] == 1) return nums[0];
int[] dp = new int[[Link]];
dp[0] = nums[0];
 dp[1] = [Link](nums[0], nums[1]);
for (int i = 2; i < [Link]; i++) {
dp[i] = [Link](dp[i - 1], dp[i - 2] + nums[i]);
}
return dp[[Link] - 1];
}
}

// LC 322 - Coin Change

class CoinChangeSolution {
public int coinChange(int[] coins, int amount) {
int[] dp = new int[amount + 1];
[Link](dp, amount + 1);
dp[0] = 0;
for (int coin : coins) {
for (int i = coin; i <= amount; i++) {
dp[i] = [Link](dp[i], dp[i - coin] + 1);
}
}
return dp[amount] > amount ? -1 : dp[amount];
}
}

// LC 72 - Edit Distance

class EditDistanceSolution {
public int minDistance(String word1, String word2) {
int m = [Link](), n = [Link]();
int[][] dp = new int[m + 1][n + 1];
for (int i = 0; i <= m; i++) dp[i][0] = i;
for (int j = 0; j <= n; j++) dp[0][j] = j;

for (int i = 1; i <= m; i++) {

for (int j = 1; j <= n; j++) {
if ([Link](i - 1) == [Link](j - 1)) {
dp[i][j] = dp[i - 1][j - 1];
} else {
dp[i][j] = 1 + [Link](dp[i - 1][j - 1],
[Link](dp[i - 1][j], dp[i][j - 1]));
}
}
}
 return dp[m][n];
}
}

// LC 300 - Longest Increasing Subsequence

class LongestIncreasingSubsequenceSolution {
public int lengthOfLIS(int[] nums) {
int[] dp = new int[[Link]];
int len = 0;
for (int num : nums) {
int i = [Link](dp, 0, len, num);
if (i < 0) i = -(i + 1);
dp[i] = num;
if (i == len) len++;
}
return len;
}
}

// LC 516 - Longest Palindromic Subsequence

class LongestPalindromicSubsequenceSolution {
public int longestPalindromeSubseq(String s) {
int n = [Link]();
int[][] dp = new int[n][n];
for (int i = n - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
dp[i][i] = 1;
for (int j = i + 1; j < n; j++) {
if ([Link](i) == [Link](j)) {
dp[i][j] = 2 + dp[i + 1][j - 1];
} else {
dp[i][j] = [Link](dp[i + 1][j], dp[i][j - 1]);
}
}
}
return dp[0][n - 1];
}
}

// LC 1 - Two Sum

}
// LC 11 - Container With Most Water
class ContainerWithMostWaterSolution {
public int maxArea(int[] height) {
int left = 0, right = [Link] - 1, max = 0;
while (left < right) {
int area = (right - left) * [Link](height[left], height[right]);
max = [Link](max, area);
if (height[left] < height[right]) left++;
else right--;
}
return max;
}
}

// LC 15 – 3Sum

class ThreeSumSolution {
public List<List<Integer>> threeSum(int[] nums) {
[Link](nums);
List<List<Integer>> res = new ArrayList<>();
for (int i = 0; i < [Link] - 2; i++) {
if (i > 0 && nums[i] == nums[i - 1]) continue;
int left = i + 1, right = [Link] - 1;
while (left < right) {
int sum = nums[i] + nums[left] + nums[right];
if (sum == 0) {
[Link]([Link](nums[i], nums[left], nums[right]));
while (left < right && nums[left] == nums[left + 1]) left++;
while (left < right && nums[right] == nums[right - 1]) right--;
left++; right--;
} else if (sum < 0) left++;
else right--;
}
}
return res;
}
}

// LC 76 - Minimum Window Substring

class MinimumWindowSubstringSolution {
public String minWindow(String s, String t) {
if ([Link]() < [Link]()) return "";
Map<Character, Integer> map = new HashMap<>();
for (char c : [Link]()) [Link](c, [Link](c, 0) + 1);
int left = 0, minLen = Integer.MAX_VALUE, count = [Link]();
int start = 0;
for (int right = 0; right < [Link](); right++) {
if ([Link]([Link](right))) {
if ([Link]([Link](right)) > 0) count--;
[Link]([Link](right), [Link]([Link](right)) - 1);
}
while (count == 0) {
if (right - left + 1 < minLen) {
minLen = right - left + 1;
start = left;
}
if ([Link]([Link](left))) {
[Link]([Link](left), [Link]([Link](left)) + 1);
if ([Link]([Link](left)) > 0) count++;
}
left++;
}
}
return minLen == Integer.MAX_VALUE ? "" : [Link](start, start +
minLen);
}
}

// LC 49 - Group Anagrams

class GroupAnagramsSolution {
public List<List<String>> groupAnagrams(String[] strs) {
Map<String, List<String>> map = new HashMap<>();
for (String s : strs) {
char[] ch = [Link]();
[Link](ch);
String key = new String(ch);
[Link](key, k -> new ArrayList<>()).add(s);
}
 return new ArrayList<>([Link]());
}
}

// 🌳 Trees & Binary Search

// LC 94 - Binary Tree Inorder Traversal

class BinaryTreeInorderTraversalSolution {
public List<Integer> inorderTraversal(TreeNode root) {
List<Integer> result = new ArrayList<>();
Stack<TreeNode> stack = new Stack<>();
TreeNode current = root;
while (current != null || ![Link]()) {
while (current != null) {
[Link](current);
current = [Link];
}
current = [Link]();
[Link]([Link]);
current = [Link];
}
return result;
}
}

// LC 98 - Validate Binary Search Tree

class ValidateBSTSolution {
public boolean isValidBST(TreeNode root) {
return isValid(root, Long.MIN_VALUE, Long.MAX_VALUE);
}

private boolean isValid(TreeNode node, long min, long max) {

if (node == null) return true;
if ([Link] <= min || [Link] >= max) return false;
return isValid([Link], min, [Link]) && isValid([Link], [Link], max);
}
}

// LC 235 - Lowest Common Ancestor of BST

class LcaBSTSolution {
 public TreeNode lowestCommonAncestor(TreeNode root, TreeNode p, TreeNode q)
{
if ([Link] > [Link] && [Link] > [Link]) return
lowestCommonAncestor([Link], p, q);
if ([Link] < [Link] && [Link] < [Link]) return
lowestCommonAncestor([Link], p, q);
return root;
}
}

// LC 230 - Kth Smallest Element in a BST

class KthSmallestBSTSolution {
public int kthSmallest(TreeNode root, int k) {
Stack<TreeNode> stack = new Stack<>();
while (true) {
while (root != null) {
[Link](root);
root = [Link];
}
root = [Link]();
if (--k == 0) return [Link];
root = [Link];
}
}
}

// LC 34 - Find First and Last Position of Element in Sorted Array

class FirstLastPositionSortedArraySolution {
public int[] searchRange(int[] nums, int target) {
int first = findBound(nums, target, true);
if (first == -1) return new int[]{-1, -1};
int last = findBound(nums, target, false);
return new int[]{first, last};
}

private int findBound(int[] nums, int target, boolean isFirst) {

int left = 0, right = [Link] - 1, bound = -1;
while (left <= right) {
int mid = left + (right - left) / 2;
if (nums[mid] == target) {
bound = mid;
if (isFirst) right = mid - 1;
 else left = mid + 1;
} else if (nums[mid] < target) left = mid + 1;
else right = mid - 1;
}
return bound;
}
}

// LC 21 - Merge Two Sorted Lists

class MergeTwoSortedListsSolution {
public ListNode mergeTwoLists(ListNode l1, ListNode l2) {
ListNode dummy = new ListNode(0);
ListNode current = dummy;
while (l1 != null && l2 != null) {
if ([Link] < [Link]) {
[Link] = l1;
l1 = [Link];
} else {
[Link] = l2;
l2 = [Link];
}
current = [Link];
}
[Link] = (l1 != null) ? l1 : l2;
return [Link];
}
}

// LC 206 - Reverse Linked List

class ReverseLinkedListSolution {
public ListNode reverseList(ListNode head) {
ListNode prev = null;
while (head != null) {
ListNode next = [Link];
[Link] = prev;
prev = head;
head = next;
}
return prev;
}
}
// LC 141 - Linked List Cycle

class LinkedListCycleSolution {
public boolean hasCycle(ListNode head) {
ListNode slow = head, fast = head;
while (fast != null && [Link] != null) {
slow = [Link];
fast = [Link];
if (slow == fast) return true;
}
return false;
}
}

// LC 19 - Remove Nth Node From End of List

class RemoveNthNodeFromEndSolution {
public ListNode removeNthFromEnd(ListNode head, int n) {
ListNode dummy = new ListNode(0);
[Link] = head;
ListNode first = dummy, second = dummy;
for (int i = 0; i <= n; i++) first = [Link];
while (first != null) {
first = [Link];
second = [Link];
}
[Link] = [Link];
return [Link];
}
}

LC 20 - Valid Parentheses

class ValidParenthesesSolution {
public boolean isValid(String s) {
Stack<Character> stack = new Stack<>();
for (char c : [Link]()) {
if (c == '(' || c == '{' || c == '[') {
[Link](c);
} else {
if ([Link]()) return false;
char top = [Link]();
if ((c == ')' && top != '(') ||
(c == '}' && top != '{') ||
 (c == ']' && top != '[')) return false;
}
}
return [Link]();
}
}

LC 232 - Implement Queue Using Stacks

class MyQueue {
Stack<Integer> input = new Stack<>();
Stack<Integer> output = new Stack<>();

public void push(int x) {

[Link](x);
}

public int pop() {

peek();
return [Link]();
}

public int peek() {

if ([Link]()) {
while (![Link]()) {
[Link]([Link]());
}
}
return [Link]();
}

public boolean empty() {

return [Link]() && [Link]();
}
}

LC 739 - Daily Temperatures

class DailyTemperaturesSolution {
public int[] dailyTemperatures(int[] temperatures) {
int[] result = new int[[Link]];
Stack<Integer> stack = new Stack<>();

for (int i = 0; i < [Link]; i++) {

while (![Link]() && temperatures[i] >
temperatures[[Link]()]) {
int prevIndex = [Link]();
result[prevIndex] = i - prevIndex;
}
[Link](i);
}

return result;
}