PREVENTION AND
CONTROL
The aim to prevent the three
commonly shared major risk
factors; unhealthy diet,
physical inactivity and
smoking
The four major non-
communicable/chronic/lifestyle
related diseases; cardiovascular
diseases, cancers, chronic
obstructive pulmonary diseases and
diabetes mellitus
There are two types of
comprehensive approach:
• Community-Based Approach
• Integrated Approach
• Health Advocate AND AS A SMART
STUDENT NURSE
• Health Educator
RESEARCHER:
• Health Care You need to
Provider understand how NCDs
develop and the
• Community Organizer
risk factors
• Health Trainer associated with
• Researcher each disease.
HYPERTENSION
• Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a
condition where the pressure of the
blood against the walls of the arteries is
too high.
• Sustained elevation in MAP (mean arterial
pressure)
HYPERTENSION
DISTURBED REGULATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE
INCREASE NARROWING OF ARTERIES (VASOCONSTRICTION)
DECREASE BLOOD FLOW
INCREASE RESISTANCE
INCREASE WORKLOAD OF HEART
INCREASE BLOOD PRESSURE
HYPERTENSION
ETIOLOGY
[Link] -
Idiopathic
[Link] - Results
of another primary
disease
RISK FACTORS
Modifiable: Excessive salt
intake, obesity and alcohol
consumption.
Non-modifiable: Family
history, advancing age, race.
SIGNS AND SX
• H - headache especially in morning
• Y - yawning for breath/ shortness of breath
• P - palpitations
• E - edema or blurry eyes
• R - ringing in ears or dizziness
HYPER
MANAGEMENT
• H - healthy lifestyle
• Y - yearly check up
• P - physical activity
• E - eliminate risk factors
• R - regular medications
HYPER
CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
(CAD)
Heart disease caused by
impaired coronary blood
flow. It is also known as
Ischemic Heart Disease.
CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE (CAD)
INCREASED BP
INCREASED DAMAGE TO ENDOTHELIUM
INCREASED PLAQUE BUILD UP
INCREASED NARROWING OF CORONARY ARTERIES
DECREASED BLOOD & O2 SUPPLY IN HEART (ISCHEMIA)
CAD
ETIOLOGY
[Link]
[Link]
Mellitus
RISK FACTORS
Modifiable: elevated blood lipids and
cholesterol level (hyperlipidemia),
hypertension, smoking, diabetes mellitus,
obesity, physical inactivity/sedentary
lifestyle and stress
Non- Modifiable: heredity, family history,
male sex, and increasing age
SIGNS AND SX
• C - chest pain (angina)
• O - often short of breath
• R - radiating pain
• O - over fatigue
• N - nausea or lightheadedness
• A - anxiety or cold sweats
• R - rapid or irregular heartbeat
• Y - you feel indigestion-like discomfort
CORONARY
MANAGEMENT
• C - control risk factors
• O - observe healthy diet
• R - regular exercise
• O - obey medication orders
• N - no stress
• A - avoid complications
• R - regular/routine check-ups
• Y - your lifestyle matters
CORONARY
CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE
(CVD)/STROKE
The loss or alteration of bodily
function that results from an
insufficient supply of blood to
some parts of the brain. THE
LEADING CAUSE OF DISABILITY.
ETIOLOGY
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
THROMBOTIC
INCREASED BLOOD PRESSURE
DAMAGED ARTERY
INCREASED PLAQUE FORMATION
INCREASED CLOTTING CASCADE
CLOT ON SITE (THROMBUS)
DECREASED BLOOD FLOW
EMBOLIC
CLOT FORMATION
SEPARATION OF CLOT (EMBOLUS)
FREE FLOATERS IN BLOOD STREAM
INCREASED ADHESION TO CEREBRAL ARTERY
DECREASED BLOOD FLOW
HEMORRHAGIC
INCREASED BLOOD PRESSURE
WWEAK VESSEL WALL
INCREASED RUPTURE OF VESSEL WALL
INCREASED BLOOD IN BRAIN TISSUE
DIRECT DAMAGE TO BRAIN
INCREASED ICP
DECREASED BLOOD FLOW
RISK FACTORS
Risk factors for stroke are almost the same
as those for CAD. The more risk factors a
person has, the greater the chance that he
or she will have a stroke. Some of these
factors cannot be controlled, such as
increasing age, family health history, race
and gender. But other risk factors can be
modified such as hypertension and smoking.
SIGNS AND SX
• S - sudden numbness or weakness
• T - trouble speaking or understanding
• R - remember facial droop
• O - observe vision changes
• K - keep balance loss in mind
• E - EMERGENCY! call for help immediately
STROKE
MANAGEMENT
• S - seek immediate help if stroke symptoms
appear
• T - take prescribed medications
• R - rehabilitation and recovery
• O - observe healthy lifestyle
• K - keep blood sugar and blood pressure
STROKE
controlled
• E - exercise and educate
CANCER
DAMAGED DNA
UNCONTROLLED CELL GROWTH
AVOIDING CELL DEATH (APOPTOSIS)
CREATION OF OWN BLOOD SUPPLY (ANGIOGENESIS)
INVASION
S/SX OF CANCER
CANCER
Cancer develops when cells in a part of the body
begin to grow out of control. When the immune system
is intact, isolated cancer cells will usually be
detected and removed from the body. When the immune
system is impaired as in people with
immunodeficiency diseases, people with organ
transplants who are receiving immunosuppresant
drugs, or in AIDS, there is usually an increase in
cancer incidence.
ETIOLOGY
Damaged DNA - Can be
inherited, can be by
exposure to something toxic
in the environment.
RISK FACTORS
Risk factors for cancer include a
person's age, sex and family medical
history. Others are linked to cancer
causing factors in the environment. Still
others are related to lifestyle factors
such as tobacco and alcohol use, diet and
sun exposure.
MANAGEMENT
• C - check-ups regularly
• A - avoid risk factors
• N - nutrition matters
• C - comply with treatments
• E - emotional support
R - rest and recovery
CANCER
•
DIABETES MELLITUS
Genetically and clinically
heterogeneous group of metabolic
disorders characterized by glucose
intolerance, with hyperglycemia present
at time of diagnosis. Leading causes of
disability in persons over 45.
ETIOLOGY
[Link]
Predisposition
[Link] Lifestyle
TYPES
Type I diabetes is insulin
dependent diabetes mellitus
(IDDM) and Type II is
noninsulin dependent diabetes
mellitus (NIDDM).
RISK FACTORS
TYPE 2 DM - Family history,
overweight, sedentary
lifestyle, hypertension, GDM
SIGNS AND SX
• D - drowsiness or fatigue
• I - increased thirst (polydipsia)
• A - always hungry (polyphagia)
• B - blurred vision
• E - excessive urination (polyuria)
• T - tingling or numbness
• E - every wound heals slowly
DIABETES
• S - sudden weight loss
MANAGEMENT - TYPE 1
• D - daily insulin therapy
• I - inspect sugar regularly
• A - always carry emergency sugar
• B - balanced diet
• E - exercise safely
• T - teach family about symptoms
• E - eye and foot care
• S - support and self-discipline
DIABETES-1
MANAGEMENT - TYPE 2
• D - diet control
• I - ideal body weight
• A - activity and exercise
• B - blood sugar monitoring
• E - educate about medications
• T - track complications
• E - eliminate risk factors
• S - self-care and support
DIABETES-2
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE
PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)
Disease state
characterized by airflow
limitation that is not
fully reversible.
ETIOLOGY
[Link] Bronchitis
[Link]
CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
CHRONIC IRRITATION OF AIRWAYS
MUCUS GLAND HYPERPLASIA
INCREASED MUCUS PRODUCTION
AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION
IMPAIRED GAS EXCHANGE
CHRONIC COUGH
BRONCHIAL WALL THICKENING
AIRWAY LIMITATION
EMPHYSEMA
CHRONIC IRRITATION OF ALVEOLI
INFLAMMATION OF ALVEOLI (AIR SACS)
DESTRUCTION OF ALVEOLAR WALLS
AIR TRAPPING
HYPERINFLATED LUNGS (BARREL CHEST)
REDUCED GAS EXCHANGE
INCREASED WORK OF BREATHING
AIRWAY LIMITATION
RISK FACTORS
BOTH BOILS DOWN
TO....
CIGARETTE SMOKING.
SIGNS AND SX
• E - exertional dyspnea
• M - minimal cough with little sputum
• P - pursed-lip breathing (pink
puffer)
• H - hyperinflated chest (barrel
chest)
• Y - you lose weight and energy
EMPHY
MANAGEMENT
• E - eliminate smoking
• M - medications as prescribed
• P - pulmonary rehabilitation
• H - healthy diet and
hydration
• Y - your regular check-ups
EMPHY
SIGNS AND SX
• B - blue bloater (cyanosis)
• R - recurrent productive cough
• O - obstruction of airflow
• N - noticeable fatigue
• C - chest discomfort
• H - heavy sputum production
• I - infections frequent
BRONCHI
MANAGEMENT
• B - breathing exercises
• R - rest and hydration
• O - observe proper medication use
• N - no smoking or irritants
• C - control infection spread
• H - healthy diet and lifestyle
• I - immediate medical care if worsening
BRONCHI
MANAGEMENT
• C - cessation of smoking
• O - oxygen therapy as prescribed
• P - proper medication use
• D - diet and exercise
COPD
BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
Inflammatory disorder of
the airways in which
many cells and cellular
elements play a role.
ASTHMA
AIRWAY INFLAMMATION
INCREASED MUCUS PRODUCTION
SMOOTH MUSCLES CONTRACT
REVERSIBLE OBSTRUCTION
WHEEZING, DYSPNEA, COUGH AND CHEST TIGHTNESS
ASTHMA = NARROWED,INFLAMED, AND MUCUS-
FILLED AIRWAYS
ETIOLOGY
[Link]
[Link]
SIGNS AND SX
• A - audible wheezing
• S - shortness o breath
• T - tightness in the chest
• H - heavy coughing (especially at night
or early morning)
• M - mucus production
• A - anxiety or restlessness
ASTHMA
MANAGEMENT
• A - avoid triggers
• S - stick to medications
• T - track symptoms and peak
flow
• H - have an action plan
• M - maintain healthy lifestyle
ASTHMA
• A - assess regularly
ROLES OF PHN IN RISK
ASSESSMENT AND SCREENING
Educate & Train
ROLES OF PHN IN PROMOTING
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND EXERCISE
To enhance motivation, it is important that clients are
made aware of:
• Consequences of inactivity
• Health benefits
• Minimum activity goals
• How to start
• Support resources
• Medical considerations
ROLES OF PHN IN PROMOTING
SMOKING CESSATION
4 As in helping smokers to quit according to WHO:
[Link]
[Link] to stop
[Link]
[Link]
PROMOTE SMOKE-FREE ENVIRONMENT
ROLES OF PHN IN PROMOTING
STRESS MANAGEMENT
12 S in stress management:
[Link]
[Link]-awareness
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link] Techniques
ROLES OF PHN IN PROMOTING
STRESS MANAGEMENT
12 S in stress management:
[Link]
[Link]
[Link] and Songs
[Link] to me
[Link] Debriefing
[Link]
ROLES OF PHN IN PROMOTING
STRESS MANAGEMENT
AND OF COURSE
MAWAWALA BA
ANG.....
ROLES OF PHN IN PROMOTING
STRESS MANAGEMENT
