89.
Which of the following sentence(s) is / are
true ?
) Constitutive heterochromatin is
permanently condensed in all cell types
(iü) Genes in facultative heterochromatin
are not expressed
(ii) X chromnosome inactivation in
mammals is found in constitutive
heterochromatin
(A) () and (ii)
( () and (i)
(C) (i) and (ii)
(D) (ii) only
ZX-25 :ZZX7/ M 29
CELL AND
MOLECULAR
eighth BIOLOGY
edition
53 INDIAN EDITION
E.D.P. De Robertis
E.M.F De Robertis, Jr. rrscorr WLuNs &
MUNS
Cell and Molecular Biology
E.D.P. De ROBERTIS, M.D.
Emeritus Professor of Cell Biology
mersiEy of Buenos Aires
Buenas Aires, Argenlin
E.M.F. De ROBERTIS, JR., M,D., Ph.D.
Norman Sprague Proiessor of Molecular Oncology
University of Califuornia
Los Angeles, California
EIGHTH EDITION
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THE INTERPHASE NUCLEUS, CHROMATIN, AND THE CHROMOSOME 387
descantia, helkcally coiled chromatits can be ob Heteroc hromatin Can Be Facultative or
served. In human chromosomes, coiled Constitutive
chromatids can be seen only fter certain pre Two types of heterochromatin are generally
treatments that partially upen the tightly packed
chromosomes ognized constitutice heteroeho
recog
Other work, using different methodokogy, has ellk and facultatice heterochromatin: whichis
suggested that it is possible that even in inter
phase nuclei the chromatin might be organized condensed only in certain cell types or at special
stagrs of development. Frequently, in faculta
in "domains" or loops containing about 75,000 tice heterochromatin one chromosome of the
buse pairs of DNA." Furthermore, the avecage pair becomes elther totally or partially hetero
replication unit of mammalian cells (replicons) chromatic. The best known case is that of the X
has asimilar Iengh a chromosones in the mamnalian female, one of
the
wemes
rist throughout the cell cycle. The loop which is active and remains euchromatie,
whereas the otheris inactive and forms the sex
organization of chromatin could have profound chromatin, or Barr body, at interphase (Fig.
functional signifcance in eukaryotic gene reg I8-5).
ulation.
Constitutice heterochrommatin sis tne
the not
Commotn type heteroct
Alks o heterochro
in Aanking the centromeres This type of
)-5 HETEROCHROMATIN heterochruomatin contains highly repeated DNA
sequences, called satellite DNA, which might
have a structural role in chromosomes
Heteroc hromatinChromosomal Regions A property cotnmon to all types of hetero
That Do Not Decondense During Interphase chromatin is late replication. When cells are
given a brief pulse of "H-thymidine during the
In 1928 Heitz defined heterochromatin as Late S phase, the label is incorporated only into
theose regions of the chromosome that remain the heterochromatic segments, indicating that
condensed during interphase and earty prophase they replicate after the hulk of the DNA The
and form the so-called chromocenters The rest other conmon property is that heterochromatin
of the chromosome, which is in a non condensed is not transeribed
state, was called euchromatin (Gt., eu, true)
Heitz followed cells throughout the cell cycde
and found chromosomal segments that do not Heterochromatin Is Genetically Inactive
decondense
The heterochronatic segments tend to show It is generally agreed that condensed chro
chro
preferential localizations in the pericentromeric matn sha hat condensed mitotic
region of most plants and anima
dicet to the chromosomes do not synthesize RNA (Fig
mere le other caves, whole chro 14-7). There is good genetic evidence indicating
mosomes become heterochromatic that genes contained in heterochromatic seg
The heterochromatic regions can be visual ments are not expressed. Here we examine
three of these lines of evidence.
zed in condensed chromosomes as regions that
stain more strongly or more weakly than the Some cats have a striking spotted black and
euchromnatic regions, showing what is called a yellow cokoring of the coat. Because of the pe
poritice or a negative heteropyknoris of the chro culiar colored patches od the coat, these cats are
mosomes (Gr, heteru pyknsÁs, dafferent known as tortoiscahella (Fig 13- 26), Tortoise
staining). shell cats are always female. never male. The
Itis thought that in heterochromatin the DNA reason for this became clear
hat the natchy
remains tightly packed in the 30 nm sber, which pat t o n d
probably represents the coniguration of tran ba gene contained in
seriptionally inactive chromatin the Xchromosone, which becomes heterochro
