UNIT- 3

FINISHES
LECTURE-06
ARC 3105: Building Construction & Materials - V (Alternative)

*Note: The lecture is intended for Academic purpose only (2021-2022 Academic year) as a part of the course ARC 3105: Building Construction & Materials - V (Alternative), as per the
[Link]. Academic curriculum of MSAP, Manipal. No part of this presentation should be shared, used, circulated without the prior permission of the author(s).
Prepared by
Dr. Prof. Shantaram Patil
Ar. Akshatha Rao
Manipal School of Architecture and Planning
Why do we finish Interiors?
Aesthetic Quality
• Color
• Texture
• Pattern
Wall Finishes

Practicality Finishes Ceiling Finishes

• Interior finishes must be resistant to wear
and be easily cleanable Floor Finishes

Additional Quality
• Acoustic qualities
• Fire- resistance
• Thermal insulation value
Wall Finishes
Factors to Consider for Wall Finishes

• Room usage

• Degree of comfort required

(sound control, thermal insulation)

• Maintenance (clearing, repairing)

• Cost

• Appearance

• Suitability of Decoration

• Fire Protection
 Self Finish vs applied finish
Two ways to divide the Finishes: Or

Wet finish vs dry finish

Self Finish : Self finish is a finish which is Wet Finish: Major drawback of wet finishes are
inherent in the material and does not have to be they consume time to dry .
specially applied on site. They also have expansion and shrinkage problem
when applied on timber components

Applied Finish : Applied finish is that finish which Dry Finish : A dry finish should be uniform in colour, size,
is applied on site and be true to shape. The application of dry finishes
does not prevent occupancy of the building.
Types of Wall Finishes

• Gypsum wall board systems

• Plaster and Lath

• Sheet paneling

• Board paneling

• Painting

• Tiling
Gypsum Board Systems Types of Gypsum Board Systems
• Prefabricated plaster sheet material Regular Gypsum Board
• Most popular Water- resistant Gypsum Board
• Cost effective • Water – repellent paper facing
• Easy installation • Moisture resistant core

• Typical size: 4ft x 8ft • Used in bathrooms and kitchens

Type X Gypsum Board
• Required for fire –rated assemblies
• Core is reinforced with short glass fibers.

Gypsum wall board systems I Plaster and Lath I Sheet paneling I Board paneling I Painting I Tiling
Plaster and Laths: Sheet Paneling
Prefinished Panels
• 2 or 3 coat system applied over a metal or gypsum lath Plywood , OSB, hardboard or veneered gypsum board
(mesh)
with wood fabric, paper or vinyl.
• Used in older homes built in the mid 1800s
Fasteners are generally visible
• Was not used as widely after WW II
Grooves are created to camouflage fasteners
• Can be applied over wood frame and masonry.
Edges are ship lapped, butted or covered with trim.

Gypsum wall board systems I Plaster and Lath I Sheet paneling I Board paneling I Painting I Tiling
 Board Paneling:

• Used in lieu of plastering

• Made from softwoods (pine, fir, cedar)

• Tongue and groove edge detail

• Fastened with blind nails to framing

• Not used widely as gypsum board

Gypsum wall board systems I Plaster and Lath I Sheet paneling I Board paneling I Painting I Tiling
 Types of Finishes applied over gypsum wall board,
plaster or board paneling
Paint
• Latex enamel
• Oil-based

Stains and varnishes

Wallpaper
• Vinyl
• Fabric

Gypsum wall board systems I Plaster and Lath I Sheet paneling I Board paneling I Painting I Tiling
 Tile: Applied in two processes:
Small, modular units. Thinset Process

Water-resistant, durable, easy to clean • Tile is bonded to gypsum board with a thin coat of
dry-set mortar or latex- portland cement
Clay or ceramic types:
• In bath and kitchen areas, glass- fiber- reinforced
• Glazed: glossy, matte finishes concrete backer is used.
• Unglazed: hard and dense, rough Thickset Process
Types of Ceramic Tile • Tile is applied over a bed of Portland-cement
• Glazed Wall Tile mortar.

• Ceramic Mosaic Tile • Each process requires grout to fill spaces

between tiles.
• Quarry and Paver Tiles

Gypsum wall board systems I Plaster and Lath I Sheet paneling I Board paneling I Painting I Tiling
Ceiling Finishes
Factors to Consider for Ceiling Finishes

• Type of Floor structure

• Appearance
• Durability
• Safety of the occupants
• Location of Mechanical Services
• Fire Resistance
• Economy
• Life Safety
• Function of the building
• Need of Acoustical Elements
Three Classifications of Ceiling Finishes
• Suspended from the structure
• Acoustical tiles
• tin
• Attached directly to the structure (Fixed Ceiling)
• Gypsum board
• Plaster
• Tongue and groove wood
• Exposed Ceiling (Structure and Ceiling are the same thing)
• Concrete sub floor
• Exposed ducts
• Exposed wood beams, joists

Drywall Ceiling Finishes I Ceiling Tiles I Exposed Ceiling

Drywall Sizes: Drywall Texture Finishes
• The standard and most common size is 8 feet by
4 feet. There are two types:-

• Thickness – half inch or 5/8 inch panels to  Spray only - Acoustic drywall
prevent the ceiling from sagging Orange peel drywall
• Mainly imported from China Knockdown drywall
Drywall Ceiling Finishes:
• Drywall is a panel made of gypsum plaster pressed Hand applied - Mud swirl
between two thick sheets of paper. Brush textures
• It’s quick, easy to use and cheap to install. Skim coating
• Dries faster than regular plaster
• It saves time

Drywall Ceiling Finishes I Ceiling Tiles I Exposed Ceiling

 Acoustic drywall texture
• The specially made popcorn texture must be mixed into mud or
joint compound and applied via a special machine equipped with
an air hose. Glitter or other decorations may be added to the
mixture for special effects.
• Easy to remove. Simply spray the area with water and scrape it
with a knife.

Orange peel drywall

 Achieved by spraying on
joint compound that has been thinned.
 Created by using taping
mud that is thinned out and sprayed on the ceiling.
 The look will be different according to the size of the nozzle on
the sprayer you are using as well as how far away from the wall
you stand.
 This texture needs to be painted after it is applied.

Drywall Ceiling Finishes I Ceiling Tiles I Exposed Ceiling

Knockdown drywall Mud swirl
• The orange peel effect is knocked down by the • Firstly sand the ceiling paying attention to
use of a drywall knife - a wider one - on the the perimeters
compound that has begun to dry somewhat is
• Apply mud to the ceiling then immediately
what flattens the drywall. This creates a kind of
create swirls with a swirling brush before it
bumpy drywall texture when it is complete and
dries up
often has unique
patterns that are a part of the ceiling. • Perform in rows with the second row
overlapping the first and the third
• This texture will need to be painted after it is
overlapping the second until the whole
applied.
ceiling is complete.
• Costly and time consuming due to priming and
painting.

Drywall Ceiling Finishes I Ceiling Tiles I Exposed Ceiling

Brush textures Skim coating
• Are very popular, they • They are used in areas with high humidity,
look good and are easy to do. bathrooms and kitchens, or when
homeowners want to put wallpaper on the
• The use of a drywall texture brush. This
ceiling.
brush can be used for simple fast textures to
unusual and unique texture that are eye • flat surface to even imperfections so that
catching. hanging wallpaper will be easier or to provide
a surface that is easy to clean.
• consists of a very thin coating of all-purpose
drywall mud applied with a 10- or 12-inch
trowel.

Drywall Ceiling Finishes I Ceiling Tiles I Exposed Ceiling

Ceiling Tile Advantages
• Can be installed over engineered metal strips,
• Low cost
wood furring strips, solid plaster, drywall, or
smooth continuous surfaces
• Many materials can be used • Fast installation
• Standard size is 12”X12”
• Sound control

• Flexible

• Adaptability of lighting and mechanical

• Easy accessibility to plenum space

Drywall Ceiling Finishes I Ceiling Tiles I Exposed Ceiling

 Exposed ceilings

• A simple ceiling finishes construction

• No ceiling sheet required

• Apply plastering and painting to the exposed

surface of a flat roof.

• Flexible

• Easy accessibility to plenum space

Drywall Ceiling Finishes I Ceiling Tiles I Exposed Ceiling

Floor Finishes
Factors to Consider for Floor Categories of Floor Finishes
Finishes
• Soft Flooring – (warm, quite, difficult to maintain, allergens)
• Type of Base • Rugs and Carpets
• Resilient Flooring (durable, good acoustics, easy to
• Room usage
maintain)
• Degree of comfort required (sound • Sheet Vinyl
control, freedom from slippery nature, • VCT (vinyl composition tile)- requires waxing which is not
warmth) easy to maintain
• Cork
• Maintenance (clearing, repairing)
• Rubber
• Cost • Linoleum
• Appearance • Hard Flooring (durable, noisy, more expensive)
• Stone (Slate, marble, flagstone, terazzo, granite)
• Safety
• Brick
• Individual Preference • Ceramic Tile
• Wood and Bamboo (strips, planks, parquet)
• Concrete
• Laminate
Plush Carpets

• Smooth (known as a Saxony) - This style of cut pile carpet

is achieved when the tufts of yarn are sheared to a low,
smooth pile height for uniform color and a formal look.

Texture - This popular style offers a smooth, level finish, but

the yarns have more twist, which creates a less formal look.

Twist (known as a Frieze) - The yarns in this style are even

longer, creating a soft, comfortable, casual appearance.

Shag - The yarns in this style are even longer, creating a soft,
comfortable, casual appearance.

Soft I Resilient I Hardwood

Loop Carpets
Level Loop (often called a Berber) - In this
style, all the loops are the same height. The
dense, firm surface of a loop pile carpet makes it
ideal for high-traffic areas.

Patterned Loop - The yarns in this style are also

looped, but they are at two or three varying
heights. The various heights can be arranged to
create a wide range of patterns and textures.

Soft I Resilient I Hardwood

• Patterns - Pattern carpets beautifully
blend loops and cuts in varying heights
for dramatic, unique patterns, ranging
from floral designs to geometric to pin-
dot.

Soft I Resilient I Hardwood

Vinyl Floor Finishing
• Vinyl flooring is available in large sheets or pre-cut tiles; the former is resilient. Some come with a
pre-applied adhesive for peel-and-stick installation, others require adhesive to be spread on to the
substrate.
• A vinyl sheet floor is completely impermeable to water, unlike vinyl floor tile, which comes in stiff
tiles, and vinyl planks, which come in interlocking strips.

Pros
•Easy maintenance
•Easy installation
•Inexpensive
•Relatively long-lasting
•Cons
•Not recyclable.

Soft I Resilient I Hardwood

Cork Floor Finishing

Although it is still a relatively unusual flooring material,

natural cork flooring is becoming more popular.

Among its most important features is its ability to insulate

between floors. This can help provide soundproofing while
also helping keep heat and air conditioning where it
belongs.

Pros
•Easy maintenance
Cons
•Easily scratched
•Shorter lifespan than hardwood
•Relatively expensive.

Soft I Resilient I Hardwood

 Wood Floor Finishing

• Many different species of wood are fabricated into

wood flooring in two primary forms: plank and parquet.
Hardwoods are typically much more durable than
softwoods. Reclaimed lumber has a unique
appearance and is used in green buildings.

• Engineered hardwood has a thin solid wood layer on

top with a composite core. It can be a less expensive
option than buying hardwood, but it cannot be sanded
and refinished. This flooring typically is installed with a
click-lock method.

Soft I Resilient I Hard

 Laminate Floor Finishing

• Laminate is a floor covering that is made up of plywood or medium density

fiberboard ("MDF") core with a plastic laminate top layer.
• Laminate flooring is available in many different patterns which can
resemble different woods or even ceramic tile. It usually locks or taps
together.
• Underlayment is required for laminate flooring to provide moisture and
noise control.
• The common installation method for laminate flooring is a floating
installation, which means the floor connects to each other to form
interlocked flooring system and is not attached to the sub-floor which
means it is free to "float" over a variety of sub-floors.

Soft I Resilient I Hard

Brick Floor Finishing

The bricks used for flooring are known as clay pavers, and the type
used for indoor applications are comprised of several different clays,
including kaolin (China clay) that gives it a finer, denser texture that
makes for a more attractive floor. Brick flooring is very durable, but it
requires sealing to protect it from stains
Pros
Durable and easy to clean
Fireproof
Non-slip surface
Cons
Hard surface
Susceptible to stains
Requires sealing
Soft I Resilient I Hard
Ceramic Tile Floor Finishing
• It's most often used in kitchens and bathrooms as
well as foyers, mudrooms, and other high-traffic
areas.
• Ceramic tiles have a hard, solid surface, that does not
attract or hold onto dirt, dust, pollen, or other
allergens. When these small particles do land on a
ceramic floor, they stand out against the surface, Pros Cons
making it easy to wipe them away with a mop or Glazed tile is water Unglazed tile and grout needs
sponge. resistant sealing
• It is fairly easy to care for—especially glazed tiles, Durable and tough Hard, cold surface to walk on
which have a hard protective top layer that makes Low maintenance Time consuming, meticulous to
them impervious to water and most stains. This is the Endless design options install
main reason why tile is preferred for wet areas like Too heavy for upper floors
bathrooms, kitchens, and laundry rooms.
Soft I Resilient I Hard
Concrete Floor Finishing

Plain concrete slabs have

served as the flooring material
for basements , garages, patios,
and utility areas for many years,
but concrete is now also a viable
material in home interiors,
where it can be polished,
etched, or stained to serve as
the finished flooring surface.

Soft I Resilient I Hard

End of part 2- Unit 3