TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY
Sagarmatha
Engineering College
SANEPA, LALITPUR
(AFFILIATED TO TU)
A LAB REPORT ON
Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Lab-4 (Electrical Installation)
LAB NO:04
SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:
NAME: Saugat Koirala Department of Civil
ROLL NO: 42 Engineering
YEAR: I/I
1. Define electrical safety and its types in detail.
Electrical Safety:
Electrical safety refers to the precautions and measures taken to prevent electrical hazards that
could lead to injuries, fatalities, fires, or damage to electrical systems. It involves practices that
ensure the safe operation, handling, installation, and maintenance of electrical equipment and
systems.
Types of Electrical Safety:
1. Personal Electrical Safety:
Insulated Tools & Gloves: Protect workers from electrical shocks.
Lockout/Tagout (LOTO): Ensures systems are de-energized during maintenance.
GFCI: Prevents electric shocks in wet areas.
Training & PPE: Workers should be trained and wear protective gear.
2. System Electrical Safety:
Circuit Protection: Uses breakers and fuses to prevent overloads and faults.
Grounding: Proper grounding prevents electrical shocks.
Overcurrent Protection: Avoids overheating by ensuring the circuit can handle the load.
3. Equipment Electrical Safety:
Regular Inspections: Ensure equipment is in good condition.
Proper Installation: Follow guidelines to prevent faults.
Sealing: Protects equipment from external damage like dust or moisture.
4. Environmental Electrical Safety:
Wet Locations: Use GFCIs and weatherproof devices in damp areas.
Explosive Atmospheres: Use explosion-proof equipment in hazardous environments.
Outdoor Safety: Ensure electrical systems are weather-resistant.
5. Fire Safety in Electrical Systems:
Proper Wiring & Protection: Prevents overheating and electrical fires.
Overload Prevention: Use breakers and fuses to prevent excessive current.
Fire Detection: Install smoke alarms and fire detection systems.
2. What are the components used in electrical wiring?
The main components used in electrical wiring include:
1. Wires and Cables: Conduct electricity from one point to another.
2. Switches: Control the flow of electricity to devices.
3. Circuit Breakers: Protect circuits from overload and short circuits.
4. Fuses: Protect circuits by breaking the connection when current exceeds a certain level.
5. Outlets and Sockets: Provide points to connect electrical devices.
6. Junction Boxes: Enclose wire connections for safety.
7. Conduits: Protect wires from damage and environmental factors.
3. Discuss the importance of color codes of wire in electrical wiring.
Color codes in electrical wiring are essential for identifying the function of each wire, ensuring
safety, and preventing electrical hazards. Different countries follow specific standards, such as
the IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) and national electrical codes.
Common Wire Color Codes
Live wire (Phase):
Red, Brown, or Black (depending on the standard)
Carries current from the source to the load
Neutral wire:
Blue or Black
Completes the circuit and carries current back to the source
Earth (Ground) wire:
Green or Green-Yellow striped
Provides a safe path for leakage current to prevent electric shocks
Importance of Wire Color Coding
1. Ensures Safety: Prevents accidental electric shocks and short circuits by distinguishing wires
easily.
2. Standardization: Helps electricians and engineers follow a uniform system across different
installations.
3. Simplifies Troubleshooting: Allows easy identification and repair of faulty connections.
4. Prevents Wiring Mistakes: Reduces the risk of connecting the wrong wires, avoiding fire
hazards.
5. Compliance with Regulations: Following color codes ensures adherence to electrical safety
standards and legal requirements.
[Link] is the conduit wiring system? Describe how it is done with its advantages.
A conduit wiring system is a type of electrical wiring where wires are enclosed in PVC or metal
pipes (conduits) for protection. This system prevents damage from moisture, fire, and
mechanical impact, making it ideal for residential, commercial, and industrial buildings.
Installation Process
1. Planning: Design the conduit layout based on the electrical load and structure.
2. Fixing Conduits: Secure PVC/metal pipes using saddles and clamps at regular intervals.
3. Pulling Wires: Insert insulated wires into the conduit using a pulling tool or fish tape.
4. Connecting Devices: Attach switches, sockets, and distribution boards.
5. Testing: Ensure proper insulation, continuity, and safety compliance before use.
Advantages:
Protects wires from physical damage.
Reduces risk of fire and electrical shocks.
Easy to modify or add wires.
Concealed wiring enhances interior appearance.
5. Write down the general rules of wiring in a residential building.
1. Follow Electrical Codes: Always adhere to local and national electrical codes to ensure
safety and compliance.
2. Proper Wire Sizing: Use wires of the correct gauge to handle the expected current load
without overheating.
3. Circuit Protection: Install circuit breakers or fuses to protect against overloads and short
circuits.
4. Grounding: Ensure all electrical systems are properly grounded to prevent electric shock
and equipment damage.
5. Accessible Outlets and Switches: Place switches and outlets at convenient and accessible
locations, following standard heights and guidelines.
6. Use Junction Boxes: Enclose all wire connections in junction boxes to protect them from
damage and contain potential sparks.
7. Avoid Overloading Circuits: Distribute electrical loads evenly across circuits to prevent
overloading and potential fire hazards.
8. Regular Maintenance: Periodically inspect and maintain electrical systems to ensure
they remain in good working condition and to identify any potential issues early.
6. An Electric iron is rated 1000W, 240V. Find the current drawn & resistance of the heating
element.
Answer:
Given: Power (P) = 1000W, Voltage (V) = 240V
1. Current Drawn
Using Ohm’s Law: I = P/V, I = 1000/240, I = 4.7 A
2. Resistance of Heating Elements
Using Ohm’s Law: R = V/I, R = 240/4.17, R = 57.6 Ω
Current (I): 4.17A
Resistance (R): 57.6Ω
7. In a residential building, a 1000W electric iron, 800W rice cooker, 9W LED bulbs, 60W
incandescent lamp, 5W LED bulb, 12W LED bulb, 1200W refrigerator, 65W laptop charger,
and 300W TV are connected. Calculate the rating of MCB which is needed for safety.
Calculate total power:
Electric Iron: 1000W
Rice Cooker: 800W
LED Bulbs: 9W + 5W + 12W = 26W
Incandescent Lamp: 60W
Refrigerator: 1200W
Laptop Charger: 65W
TV: 300W
Total Power: 1000+800+26+60+1200+65+300=3451W1000+800+26+60+1200+65+300=3451W
Assuming 220V supply:
Calculate Total Current
Using the formula:
I= Ptotal/V
I = 3451/240
I = 14.38 A
Selecting the MCB Rating
MCBs are generally rated in 6A, 10A, 16A, 20A, 25A, etc.
Since the calculated current is 14.38A, the suitable MCB rating should be the next higher
standard value, which is 16A.
8. Explain the series and parallel connection of the household wiring system with a circuit
diagram.
Series Circuit:
In a series circuit, all the components (like resistors, lamps, or batteries) are connected end-to-
end, forming a single path for the current to flow. If one component fails, the entire circuit is
broken, and no current can flow.
Key Characteristics of Series Circuits:
Same Current: The same current flows through all components.
Voltage Divides: The total voltage across the circuit is divided among the components.
Total Resistance: The total resistance is the sum of the individual resistances.
Parallel Circuit:
In a parallel circuit, all components are connected across common points, creating multiple
paths for the current to flow. If one component fails, the current can still flow through other
paths.
Key Characteristics of Parallel Circuits:
Same Voltage: The voltage across each component is the same.
Current Divides: The total current is divided among the components.
Total Resistance: The total resistance is less than the smallest individual resistance.
*Circuit Diagram:
9. Calculate the current, energy, and unit of different types of load listed below if they are
working on 220V.
Load Calculation
Formulas:
Current (I) = Power (P) / Voltage (V) (Voltage assumed to be 220V)
Energy Consumption (E) = (Power (P) * Hours used per day) / 1000
S.N. Equipment Power (W) Hours/day Current (A) Energy (kWh/day)
1 Ceiling Fan 100 8 0.45 0.8
2 CFL Lamps 60 5 0.27 0.3
3 Microwave Oven 1300 0.5 5.91 0.65
4 Refrigerator 600 9 2.73 5.4
5 Television 300 8 1.36 2.4
6 Computer 150 2 0.68 0.3
7 Vacuum Cleaner 600 0.2 2.73 0.12
8 Washing Machine 375 0.5 1.7 0.19
Total 10.16
10. Draw the block diagram of wiring you have done in your lab with proper wire connections
in meter, MCB, power socket, switch and dimmer.
CONCLUSION:
Electrical safety and proper wiring systems are essential for preventing hazards like short
circuits, electric shocks, and fire outbreaks. Understanding different wiring components, color
codes, and installation methods helps in ensuring a safe and efficient electrical system. The
conduit wiring system, in particular, provides excellent protection and durability, making it a
preferred choice for modern buildings. By following safety regulations, using appropriate
materials, and ensuring proper load management, we can create a reliable and long-lasting
electrical setup. In the end, a well-planned wiring system not only enhances safety but also
makes maintenance easier in the long run.
