STANDARD IEC

INTERNATIONAL IEC

INTERNATIONAL 62305-1
STANDARD First edition
First edition
2006-01

Lightning protection -

Part 1:
General principles

Lightning protection -

Part 1:
General principles

Reference number
Reference number
IEC / IEC 62305-1: 2006
STANDARD IEC
INTERNATIONAL IEC

INTERNATIONAL 62305-1
STANDARD First edition
First edition
2006-01

Lightning protection -

Part 1:
General principles

Lightning protection -

Part 1:
General principles

• IEC 2006 All rights reserved • All rights reserved

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62305-1 • IEC: 2006 3

CONTENT

PREFACE ................................................. .................................................. ........................ 9

INTRODUCTION

1 Scope ................................................. .................................................. .......................... 15

2 Normative references ................................................ .................................................. .... 15

3 Terms and definitions ............................................... .................................................. .... 15

4 Lightning current parameters ............................................... ........................................... 27

5 Lightning damage .............................................. .................................................. .27

5.1 Damage to a structure .............................................. ............................................. 27

5.2 Damage to a service .............................................. ................................................ 33

5.3 Types of loss ............................................... .................................................. ........ 35

6 Need and economic convenience of lightning protection ........................................... ...... 39

6.1 Need for lightning protection .............................................. .................................... 39

6.2 Economic convenience of lightning protection ............................................. ........... 41

7 Protection measures 41

7.1 Protective measures to reduce injuries to living beings from contact and stepped tensions
.................................... .................................................. ........................... 41
7.2 Protection measures to reduce physical harm ............................................ ........ 41

7.3 Protection measures to reduce failures in electrical and electronic systems ............. 43
7.4 Selection of protective measures ............................................... ................................ 43

8 Basic criteria for the protection of structures and services

8.1 Lightning Protection Levels (LPL) ............................................ ................................ 45

8.2 Lightning protection zones (LPZ) ............................................ ................................ 53

8.3 Structure Protection ............................................... ........................................... 55

8.4 Service protection ............................................... ............................................. 57

Annex A (informative) Parameters of lightning current ......................................... ................. 59

Annex B (informative) Time functions of lightning current for analysis purposes .............. 75

Appendix C (informative) Simulation of lightning current for testing purposes ........................... 87

Annex D (informative) Test parameters that simulate the effects of lightning on the SPCR
components ................................................. .................................................. ....................... 95

Appendix E (informative) Surge due to lightning at different installation points ....................... 125

Bibliography ................................................. .................................................. ..................... 135

62305-1 • IEC: 2006 5

Figure 1 - Types of losses and corresponding risks resulting from different types of damage
39

Figure 2 - LPZ defined by an LPS (IEC 62305-3) .................................... ............................... 49

Figure 3 - LPZ defined by protection measures against LEMP (IEC 62305-4) ........................ 51

Figure A.1 - Definitions of short race parameters (typically T2 <2 ms) ................................. 59

Figure A.2 - Definitions of long race parameters (typically 2 ms <Tlargo <1 s) ..................... 61

Figure A.3 - Possible components of downward flashes (typical in flat territory and for
lower structures) ............................................... .................................................. .................. 61

Figure A.4 - Possible components of upward lightning (typical of exposed and/or taller structures) ..............................
.................................................. ............................................ 63

Figure A.5 - Cumulative frequency distribution of lightning current parameters (lines

up to 95% and 5% value)

Figure B.1 - Waveform of the current rise of the first short pulse .............................. 77

Figure B.2 - Current tail waveform of the first short trace ................................... ..... 79

Figure B.3 - Waveform of the increase in current of the subsequent short pulses .................. 81

Figure B.4 - Waveform of the current tail of the subsequent short strikes ... 83

Figure B.5 - Amplitude density of lightning current according to LPL I .............................. 85

Figure C.1 - Example of a test generator for simulating the specific energy of the first
short race and the load of the long race ......................................... .............................. 89

Figure C.2 - Definition of the current slope according to Table C.3 ...................... 91

Figure C.3 - Example test generator for simulating front tilt

first short run for large test elements ........................................... ........................................... 93

Figure C.4 - Example test generator for the simulation of forward tilt of the
short rear races for large test elements

Figure D.1 - General arrangement of two conductors for the calculation of

electrodynamic force

Figure D.2 - Typical arrangement of conductors in an LPS ....................................... ................. 109

Figure D.3 - Stress diagram for the configuration of Figure D.2 .............................. 111

Figure D.4 - Force per unit length along the horizontal conductor of Figure D.2 ................... 111

Table 1 - Effects of lightning on typical structures ......................................... ........................ 29

Table 2 - Effects of lightning on typical services ......................................... ........................... 33

Table 3 - Damages and losses in a structure according to different points of impact

lightning ................................................. .................................................. ............................. 37

Tabla 4 - Daños y pérdidas en un servicio según diferentes puntos de huelga de

lightning

Table 5 - Maximum values of lightning parameters according to LPL ............................ 47

Table 6 - Minimum values of the lightning parameters and the radius of the corresponding rolling sphere for LPL
.................................. .................................................. ........................ 53

Table 7 - Probabilities for the limits of the parameters of lightning current ... 53

Table A.1 - Tabulated values of lightning current parameters taken from CIGRE
sixty five

Table A.2 - Lognormal distribution of lightning current parameters -

Mean dispersion log calculated from values of 95% and 5% of CIGRE (Electra

No. 41 or No. 69) [3], [4] ................................... .................................................. ................... 67

62305-1 • IEC: 2006 7

Tabla B.1 - Parámetros para la ecuación B.1 ....................................... ........................................ 75

Table C.1 - Test parameters of the first short race............................................... 89

Table C.2 - Long run test parameters ............................... .............................. 89

Table C.3 - Test parameters for short races ........................... ........................... 91

Table D.1 - Summary of the lightning threat parameters to be considered in the

calculation of test values for the different components of the LPS and for the different LPL ........ 97

Table D.2 - Physical characteristics of typical materials used in LPS components ............... 103

Table D.3 - Temperature increase for conductors of different sections as a function of W / R .......103

Table E.1 - Conventional grounding impedance values ZyZ1 according to the

soil resistivity

Table E.2 - Expected overcurrents due to lightning ...................................... .. 129

62305-1 • IEC: 2006 -9-

INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION

____________

AGAINST LIGHTNING PROTECTION -

Part 1: General Principles

PREFACE

1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a global standardization organization that includes all national electrotechnical committees.
(IEC National Committees). The purpose of IEC is to promote international cooperation on all matters related to standardization in the fields
electrical and electronic. To this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications, Technical Reports,
Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereinafter referred to as 'IEC Publications'). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; In this
Any interested IEC National Committee can participate in the preparatory work on the topic addressed. International, governmental organizations and
Non-governmental organizations related to IEC also participate in this preparation.

2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as far as possible, an international consensus of opinion on the
relevant topics, since each technical committee has representation from all the National Committees of IEC interested.

3) IEC publications take the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by the National Committees of IEC in that sense. If
While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC publications is accurate, IEC shall not be responsible.
in the way they are used or from any misinterpretation by any end user.

4) In order to promote international uniformity, the National Committees of IEC commit to applying IEC Publications in a manner
transparent to the fullest extent possible in its national and regional publications. Any divergence between any IEC Publication and the
the corresponding national or regional publication will be clearly indicated in the latter.

5) IEC does not provide any marking procedures to indicate its approval and cannot be held responsible for any equipment declared on
compliance with an IEC publication.

All users must ensure they have the latest edition of this publication.

7) No liability shall be imposed on IEC or its directors, employees, servants, or agents, including individual experts and members of its committees.
technicians and National Committees of IEC for any personal injury, property damage or any other damage of any nature, whether direct or indirect, or
for the costs (including legal fees) and expenses arising from the publication, use, or reliance on this IEC Publication or any
another publication of the IEC.

Attention is drawn to the normative references cited in this publication. The use of the referenced publications is fundamental for the
correct application of this publication.

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be subject to patent rights. IEC does not
is responsible for identifying any or all patent rights.

The international standard IEC 62305-1 has been prepared by the IEC technical committee 81: Protection against lightning.

The IEC 62305 series (Parts 1 to 5) is produced in accordance with the New Publication Plan, approved by the National Committees.
(81/171 / RQ (2001-06-29)), which restructures and updates in a simpler and more rational way. forms the publications of the IEC series
61024, the IEC 61312 series and the IEC 61663 series.

The text of this first edition of IEC 62305-1 is compiled from and replaces

- IEC 61024-1-1, first edition (1993).

62305-1 • IEC: 2006 11

The text of this standard is based on the following documents:

FDIS Voting Report

81/262 / FDIS 81/267 / RVD

The complete information about the voting for the approval of this regulation can be found in the voting report indicated in the table.
previous

This publication has been drafted as closely as possible in accordance with ISO / IEC Directives, Part 2.

IEC 62305 consists of the following parts, under the general title Lightning protection:

Parte 1: Principios generales Parte 2:

Risk management

Parte 3: Daños físicos a las estructuras y peligro para la vida Parte 4: Sistemas

Electrical and electronic systems within structures Part 5: Services

The committee has decided that the content of this publication will remain unchanged until the indicated maintenance result date.
on the IEC website at "[Link] in the data related to the specific publication. On this date, the publication will be

• reconfirmed;
• withdrawn;
• replaced by a revised edition, or

• modified.

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1 To be published
62305-1 • IEC: 2006 - 13 -

INTRODUCTION

There are no devices or methods capable of modifying natural weather phenomena to the extent that they can prevent the
lightning strikes. Lightning on structures (or services connected to them) or nearby are dangerous for the
people, for the structures themselves, their contents and installations, as well as for the services. That is why the application of
lightning protection measures.

The need for protection, the economic benefits of implementing protective measures, and the selection of protective measures
Adequate measures must be determined in terms of risk management. Risk management is the subject of IEC 62305-2.

The criteria for the design, installation, and maintenance of lightning protection measures are considered in three separate groups:

The first group refers to protective measures to reduce physical harm and danger to life in a structure as stated in IEC.
62305-3

- The second group refers to protective measures to reduce failures of electrical and electronic systems in a structure.
is provided in IEC 62305-4,

- the third group refers to protective measures to reduce physical damage and failures of connected services to a
structure (mainly electrical and telecommunications lines) is given in IEC 62305-5.
62305-1 • IEC: 2006 - 15 -

AGAINST LIGHTNING PROTECTION -

Part 1: General Principles

1 Scope

This part of IEC 62305 provides the general principles that must be followed in lightning protection.

- structures, including their facilities and contents, as well as the people,

connected services to a structure.

The following cases are outside the scope of this standard:

rail systems;

vehicles, boats, airplanes, facilities offshore;

high-pressure underground pipes;

- pipes, electrical lines and telecommunications not connected to a structure.

NOTE Generally, these systems are subject to special regulations established by various specific authorities.

2 Regulatory References

The following reference documents are essential for the application of this document. For dated references, only applies
the cited edition. For references without a date, the latest edition of the reference document (including amendments) applies.

IEC 62305-2, Protection against lightning - Part 2: Risk management

IEC 62305-3, Lightning protection - Part 3: Physical damage to structures and danger to life

IEC 62305-4, Lightning Protection - Part 4: Electrical and Electronic Systems within Structures.

IEC 62305-5, Lightning protection - Part 5: Services

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.

3.1
lightning to the ground
Electrical discharge of atmospheric origin between the cloud and the earth that consists of one or more strikes.

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2 Para ser publicado.

62305-1 • IEC: 2006 17

3.2
flash down
lightning initiated by a leader descending from the cloud to the ground

NOTE A downward flick consists of a short initial stroke, which may be followed by subsequent short strokes. One or more short strokes may go
followed by a long one.

3.3
flash upwards
lightning initiated by an ascending leader from a grounded structure to the cloud

NOTE A flash upwards consists of a long first stroke with or without multiple overlapping short strokes. One or more short strokes may follow.
of a long one.

3.4
ray
Unique electric discharge in a lightning strike to the ground

3.5
short race
part of the lightning that corresponds to an impulse current

NOTE This current has a time that is half the value T2 typically less than 2 ms (see Figure A.1).

3.6
long race
part of the lightning that corresponds to a direct current

NOTE The duration time (the time from the 10% value at the front to the 10% value at the tail) of this direct current is typically
more than 2 ms and less than 1 s (see Figure A.2)

3.7
multiple blows
lightning that consists of an average of 3-4 strikes, with a typical interval of approximately 50 ms between them

NOTE Events have been reported that have up to a few dozen hits with intervals between them ranging from 10 ms to 250 ms.

3.8
strike point
point where a lightning strike hits the ground or an object that protrudes (for example, structure, LPS, service, tree, etc.)

NOTE: A lightning bolt can have more than one point of impact.

3.9
current of the lightning

current flowing at the point of impact

3.10
peak value
I

maximum value of the lightning current

3.11
average slope of the short race current front
average rate of change of current within a time interval t2-t1

NOTE It is expressed by the difference (eso2) - (eso1) of the current values at the beginning and at the end of this interval, divided by t2 - t1 (see Figure A.1).
62305-1 • IEC: 2006 - 19 -

3.12
front time of the short race current
T1
virtual parameter defined as 1.25 times the time interval between the moments when 10%
and 90% of the peak value is reached (see Figure A.1)

3.13
virtual origin of the short circuit current
O1
point of intersection with the time axis of a straight line drawn through 10% and 90%
reference points at the front of the race current (see Figure A.1); preceded by 0.1T1 the moment when the current reaches the
10% of its peak value

3.14
time to half the value of the short-circuit current

T2
virtual parameter defined as the time interval between the virtual origin O1 and the moment when the current has decreased to half of
peak value (see Figure A.1)

3.15
duration of the flash
T
time during which the lightning current flows at the point of impact

3.16
duration of long race current
Tlargo
duration of time during which the current in a long race is between 10% of the peak value during the current rise
continues and 10% of the peak value during the decrease of the direct current (see Figure A.2)

3.17
flash load
Qflash

integral of the current of the lightning over the entire duration of the lightning

3.18
short race load
Shorts

time integral of the lightning current in a short stroke

3.19
long-distance load
Qlargo
integral of the lightning current over a long stroke

3.20
specific energy
W/R

integral of the square of the lightning current over the entire duration of the flash

NOTE Represents the energy dissipated by the lightning current in a unit of resistance.

3.21
specific energy of short circuit current
integral of the square of the lightning current over the duration of the short strike

NOTE The specific energy in a long race current is insignificant.

62305-1 • IEC: 2006 21

3.22
objeto a proteger
structure or service to protect against the effects of lightning

3.23
structure to protect
structure for which protection against lightning effects is required according to this standard

NOTE A structure to be protected can be part of a larger structure.

3.24
service to protect
Service connected to a structure for which protection against the effects of lightning is required according to this standard.

3.25
lightning to an object
lightning striking an object to be protected

3.26
lightning near an object
lightning that strikes close enough to an object to be protected that it can cause dangerous surges

3.27
electric system
system that incorporates low voltage power supply components

3.28
electronic system
system that incorporates sensitive electronic components such as communication equipment, computers, control systems and
instrumentation, radio systems, power electronics installations

3.29
internal systems
electrical and electronic systems within a structure

3.30
physical damage

Damage to a structure (or its contents) or a service due to the mechanical, thermal, chemical, and explosive effects of lightning.

3.31
injury of living beings
Injuries, including death, to people or animals due to contact and stepped voltages caused by lightning.

3.32
failure of electrical and electronic systems
permanent damage to electrical and electronic systems due to LEMP
62305-1 • IEC: 2006 - 23 -

3.33
electromagnetic pulse ray
LEMP
electromagnetic effects of lightning current

NOTE Includes conducted overvoltages as well as electromagnetic field effects of radiated impulses.

3.34
wave
transient wave that appears as overvoltage and/or overcurrent caused by LEMP

NOTE Overvoltages caused by LEMP can arise from partial lightning currents, from induction effects in installation loops, and as a threat.
remaining downstream of the SPD.

3.35
lightning protection zone
LPZ
area where the electromagnetic environment of the lightning is defined

NOTE The zone limits of a LPZ are not necessarily physical boundaries (for example, walls, floor, and ceiling).

3.36
risk

R
value of the probable average annual loss (humans and property) due to lightning, in relation to the total value (humans and
goods) of the object to be protected

3.37
tolerable risk
RT
maximum risk value that can be tolerated for the object to be protected

3.38
level of protection against lightning
LPL
number related to a set of values of lightning current parameters relevant to the likelihood that the values of
maximum and minimum designs associated do not exceed natural rays

NOTE The level of protection against lightning is used to design protection measures according to the relevant set of lightning current parameters.

3.39
protection measures
measures to be adopted in the object to be protected to reduce the risk

3.40
lightning protection system
LPS
complete system used to reduce physical damage due to lightning in a structure

NOTE It consists of protection systems against both external and internal lightning.

3,41
external lightning protection system
part of the SPCR that consists of a collection system, a descent system, and a grounding system
62305-1 • IEC: 2006 25

3.42
internal lightning protection system
part of the SPCR consisting of equipotential connection against lightning and/or electrical insulation of the external SPCR

3,43
collection system
part of an external SPCR that uses metal elements such as rods, mesh conductors, or catenary wires intended for
intercept lightning

3.44
download system
part of an external SPCR intended to conduct lightning current from the air capture system to the grounding system

3.45
grounding system
part of an external SPCR designed to conduct and disperse lightning current into the ground

3.46
external conductive parts
extended metallic elements that enter or exit the structure to be protected such as pipes, metallic elements of cables, ducts
metallic, etc. that can carry part of the lightning current

3.47
equipotential lightning connection
union to LPS of separate metal parts, through direct conductive connections or through surge protection devices, for
reduce the potential differences caused by lightning current

3.48
armored wire
metal wire used to reduce physical damage from lightning in a service

3.49
LEMP protective measures system
LPMS
complete protection measurement system for internal systems against LEMP

3.50
magnetic shield
Closed, metallic screen, in the form of a grille or continuous that envelops the object to be protected, or part of it, used to reduce failures.
of electrical and electronic systems.

3.51
surge protective device

SPD
device intended to limit transient overvoltages and divert overcurrents. It contains at least one non-linear component

3,52
coordinated SPD protection
set of SPD selected, coordinated, and correctly mounted to reduce failures of electrical and electronic systems
62305-1 • IEC: 2006 - 27 -

3,53
nominal voltage supported by the impulse
Uw
Impulse withstand voltage assigned by the manufacturer to the equipment or a part of it,
characterize the specified withstand capacity of your insulation against overvoltages

NOTE For the purposes of this standard, only the voltage supported between active conductors and ground is considered.

(IEC 60664-1: 2002) [1] 3

3.54
conventional grounding impedance
Relationship of the maximum values of ground voltage and ground current that generally do not occur.
simultaneously.

4 parameters of lightning current

The parameters of the lightning current used in the IEC 62305 series are provided in Annex A.

The time function of the lightning current that will be used for analysis purposes is given in Appendix B. The information for the simulation of

the lightning current for testing purposes is given in Annex C.

The basic parameters to be used in the laboratory to simulate the effects of lightning on the components of the LPS are given in Annex D.

Annex E provides information about overvoltages due to lightning at different installation points.

5 Lightning damages

5.1 Damage to a structure

The lightning that affects a structure can cause damage to the structure itself, its occupants, and its contents, including the failure of the
internal systems. Damage and failures can also extend to the surroundings of the structure and even involve the local environment. The
the scale of this extension depends on the characteristics of the structure and the characteristics of the lightning.

5.1.1 Effects of lightning on a structure

The main characteristics of the structures relevant for lightning effects include:

- construction (for example, wood, brick, concrete, reinforced concrete, steel structure);

- función (vivienda, oficina, granja, teatro, hotel, escuela, hospital, museo, iglesia, prisión, grandes almacenes, banco, fábrica, planta
industrial, sports area);

- occupants and contents (people and animals, presence of combustible or non-combustible materials, explosive materials or not
explosives, electrical and electronic systems with low or high withstand voltage);

___________

3 The references in brackets refer to the bibliography.

62305-1 • IEC: 2006 29

- connected services (electric lines, telecommunications lines, pipes);

- existing or provided protection measures (for example, protection measures to reduce physical harm and risk to life,
protection measures to reduce failures in internal systems;

- scale of the extent of danger (structure with evacuation difficulties or structure where panic may arise, dangerous structure
for the environment, a dangerous structure for the environment.

Table 1 reports the effects of lightning on various types of structures.

Table 1 - Effects of lightning on typical structures

Type of structure
according to
Effects of lightning
function and / or
happy

House of residence Drilling of electrical installations, fire, and material damage.

Damage is usually limited to objects exposed to the point of impact or along the path of the lightning current.

Failure of the installed electrical and electronic equipment and systems (for example, televisions, computers,
modems, phones, etc.)

Agricultural building Primary risk of fire and dangerous stepped voltages, as well as material damage.

Secondary risk due to loss of electrical power and danger to the livestock's life due to failures in the electronic control of the
ventilation and food supply systems, etc.

Teatro, Damage to electrical installations (e.g., electric lighting) that can cause panic Failure of fire alarms that

Hotel they cause delays in fire fighting measures

School

department stores

Sports area

Bank Similar to the previous one, in addition to problems resulting from loss of communication, computer failures, and data loss.

Insurance company

Commercial
company, etc.

Hospital Just like the previous one, plus the problems of people in intensive care and the difficulties of rescuing immobile people.

Nursing home

Prison

Industry Additional effects depending on the content of the factories, ranging from minor damage to unacceptable and loss of
production.

Museums and Loss of irreplaceable cultural heritage

archaeological sites

Church

Telecommunications Unacceptable loss of public services

Power plants

Fireworks factory Consequences of the fire and explosion at the plant and its surroundings

Ammunition works

Chemical plant Fire and malfunction of the plant with harmful consequences for the local and global environment

Refinery

Nuclear plant

Biochemist
laboratories and
plants
62305-1 • IEC: 2006 31

5.1.2 Sources and types of damage to a structure.

The lightning current is the source of damage. The following situations will be taken into account, depending on the position of the strike point.
in relation to the structure considered:

- S1: parpadea a la estructura;

- S2: blinks near the structure;

- S3: blinks at the services connected to the structure.

- S4: blinks near the services connected to the structure.

Dismantling the structure can cause:

- immediate mechanical damage, fire and/or explosion due to the plasma arc of the hot lightning itself, due to the current it produces
ohmic heating of conductors (overheated conductors), or due to the load that causes arc erosion (metal
melted

- fire and/or explosion caused by sparks resulting from overvoltages due to resistive and inductive coupling and of
step of part of the lightning currents;

- injuries to people from step and touch voltages resulting from resistive and inductive couplings; Failure or malfunction of

- the internal systems due to LEMP.

Blinking near the structure can cause:

Failure or malfunction of internal systems due to LEMP.

Blinking a service connected to the structure can cause:

- fire and/or explosion caused by sparks due to surges and lightning currents transmitted through the connected service;

- injuries to people from contact voltages within the structure caused by lightning currents transmitted through the service
connected;

- Failure or malfunction of internal systems due to surges that appear on the connected lines and are transmitted to the
structure.

Flashing near a connected service to the structure can cause:

Failure or malfunction of internal systems due to induced surges in the connected lines and transmitted to the
structure.

NOTE 1 The malfunction of internal systems is not covered by the IEC 62305 series. Reference should be made to IEC 61000-4-5 [2].

Note 2 Only the sparks that carry the current of the lightning (totally or partially) are considered capable of causing a fire.

NOTE 3 Lightning, direct or near the incoming pipes, does not cause damage to the structure, as long as it is connected to the equipotential bonding bar.
the structure (see IEC 62305-3).

As a result, lightning can cause three basic types of damage:

- D1: injury to living beings from contact and stepped tensions;

- D2: physical damage (fire, explosion, mechanical destruction, chemical release) due to
effects of lightning current, including sparks;

- D3: failure of internal systems due to LEMP.

62305-1 • IEC: 2006 33

5.2 Damage to a service

The rays that affect a service can cause damage to the physical media itself (line or pipe) used to provide the service, as well as
to the connected electrical and electronic devices.

NOTE The service to consider is the physical connection between

the telecommunications switch building and the user's building or the buildings of two telecommunications switches or the buildings of two users, for the lines
telecommunications (TLC),

- the telecommunications switch building or the user building and a distribution node, or two distribution nodes for the lines of
telecommunications (TLC)

- the high voltage substation (AT) and the user building, for the power lines, the main station of

- distribution and the user's building, for the pipes.

The scope of this extension depends on the characteristics of the service, the type and extent of the electrical and electronic systems, and of the
characteristics of lightning.

5.2.1 Effects of lightning on a service

The main characteristics of the services relevant to the effects of lightning include:

construction (line: aerial, underground, shielded, unshielded, fiber optic; pipe: aerial, buried, metal, plastic);

- function (telecommunications line, power line, pipeline);

- supplied structure (construction, content, dimensions, location);

- existing or provided protective measures (for example, protective cable, SPD, route redundancy, fluid storage systems,
generator sets, uninterruptible power supply systems.

Table 2 reports the effects of lightning on various types of services.

Table 2 - Effects of lightning on typical services

Type of service Effects of lightning

Telecommunications line Mechanical damage to the line, fusion of screens and conductors, breakdown of cable insulation
and equipment that leads to a primary failure with immediate loss of service.

Secondary faults in fiber optic cables with cable damage but without service loss

Power lines Damage to the insulators of the low voltage overhead line, perforation of the insulation of the cable line,
breakdown of the insulation of line equipment and transformers, resulting in loss of
service.

Pipes Damage to electrical and electronic control equipment that may cause service disruption.

Gas tubes Drilling non-metallic flange joints can cause a fire and/or explosion.

Fuel tubes
Damage to electrical and electronic control equipment that can cause service loss.

5.2.2 Sources and types of damage to a service

The current of the lightning is the source of the damage. The following situations will be taken into account, depending on the position of the impact point.
regarding the considered service:

- S1: parpadea a la estructura suministrada;

- S3: blinks when connected to the structure;

- S4: blinks near the service connected to the structure.

62305-1 • IEC: 2006 - 35 -

Dismantling the supplied structure may cause:

- fusion of metal wires and cable screens due to parts of the lightning current flowing towards the services (resulting
of resistive heating);

- breakdown of insulation of lines and connected equipment (due to resistive coupling);

- drilling of non-metallic joints in pipe flanges, as well as joints in insulating joints.

NOTE 1 Non-metallic fiber optic cables are not affected by the lightning that strikes the supplied structure.

Blinking at a connected service to the structure can cause:

- Immediate mechanical damage to metal cables or pipes due to electrodynamic stress or heating effects caused by
current of the lightning (breakage and/or melting of metal cables, screens or pipes), and due to the heat of the lightning's plasma arc itself
(drilling of the plastic protective cover);

- immediate electrical damage to the lines (breakage of insulation) and to the connected equipment;

- Drilling of thin metal pipes and non-metallic joints at flanges, the consequences of which may extend to
fires and explosions according to the nature of the transported fluids.

Flashing near a connected service to the structure can cause:

failure of insulation of the lines and of the equipment connected by inductive coupling (induced overvoltages).

NOTE 2 Optical fiber cables without metal conductors are not affected by lightning striking the ground.

As a result, lightning can cause two basic types of damage:

D2: physical damage (fire, explosion, mechanical destruction, chemical release) due to the thermal effects of lightning strike.

D3: failure of electrical and electronic systems due to overvoltages.

5.3 Types of loss

Each type of damage, alone or in combination with others, can produce different consequential losses in the object to be protected. The type of
Loss that may occur depends on the characteristics of the object itself.

For the purposes of this regulation, the following types of losses are considered:

- loss of human life;

- L2: loss of service to the public;

- L3: loss of cultural heritage;

- L4: loss of economic value (structure and its content, service and loss of activity).

The loss of type L1, L2, and L3 can be considered a loss of social values, while the loss of type L4 can be considered a
purely economic loss.

The losses that can occur in a structure are as follows:

- loss of human lives;

- L2: loss of service to the public;

62305-1 • IEC: 2006 - 37 -

- L3: loss of cultural heritage

- L4: loss of economic value (structure and its content).

The issues that may arise in a service are the following:

- L2: loss of service to the public;

- L4: loss of economic value (service and loss of activity).

NOTE In a service, the loss of human life is not considered in this standard.

The relationship between the source of damage, the type of damage, and the loss is reported in Table 3 for structures and in Table 4 for services.

Table 3 - Damage and losses in a structure according to

different points of lightning impact

Source of Type of
Strike point Type of loss
to damage to damage

D1 L1, L4

Structure S1 D2 L1, L2, L3, L4

D3 L1 *, L2, L4

Near a structure S2 D3 L1 *, L2, L4

L1, L4
D1
Service connected to
S3 D2
the structure L1, L2, L3, L4
D3

L1 *, L2, L4

Close to a service S4 D3 L1 *, L2, L4

Only for structures with explosion risk and for hospitals or other structures where the failure of internal systems immediately endangers life.
human

Only for properties where animals can be lost.

Table 4 - Damages and losses in a service according to different strike points

lightning

Strike point Source of damage Type of damage Type of loss

D2
Service S3
D3

Near the service S4 D3 L2, L4

D2
Provided structure S1
D3
62305-1 • IEC: 2006 - 39 -

The types of losses resulting from the types of damages and the corresponding risks are reported in Figure 1.

Risk Risk Risk Risk

1)
R1 R2 R1)3 R4

Loss of Loss of Loss of Loss of

Type of human service to cultural economic
loss life the audience heritage values

Failure2)of Failure of Fracas

Injury of Injury 3) of
Type of Physical electric Physical electric Physical Physical electric
room room
to damage y to damage y damage to harm y
to damage beings beings
electronic electronic electronic
systems systems systems

IEC 2061/05

Only for structures.

Only for hospitals or other structures where failures in the internal systems immediately endanger human life.
3) Only for properties where animals can be lost.

Figure 1 - Types of losses and corresponding risks resulting

of different types of damage

6 Need and economic convenience of lightning protection

6.1 Need for protection against lightning

The need for lightning protection for an object to be protected will be evaluated to reduce the loss of social values L1, L2, and L3.

To assess whether lightning protection is needed for an object, a risk assessment must be carried out in accordance with the
procedures contained in IEC 62305-2. The following risks, corresponding to the types of loss, must be taken into account
informed in 5.3:

- risk of loss of human lives;

- R2: risk of loss of services to the public;

- R3: risk of loss of cultural heritage.

Lightning protection is needed if the risk R (R1 to R3) is higher than the tolerable level.
RT

R> RT

In this case, protective measures will be taken to reduce the risk R (R1aR3) to a tolerable level RT

R less than or equal to RT

62305-1 • IEC: 2006 - 41 -

If more than one type of loss could appear in the object to be protected, the condition R≤RT.
must be satisfied for each type of loss (L1, L2, and L3).

The values of tolerable risk when a lightning strike could cause the loss of socially valuable items should be under responsibility
from a competent national authority.

NOTE 1 An authority with jurisdiction may specify the need for lightning protection for specific applications without requiring an assessment of
risks. In these cases, the required level of lightning protection will be specified by the competent authority. In some cases, a
risk assessment as a technique to justify an exemption from these requirements.

NOTE 2 The detailed information on risk assessment and the procedure for selecting protective measures is included in IEC 62305-2.

6.2 Economic convenience of lightning protection

In addition to the need for lightning protection for the object to be protected, it may be useful to assess the economic benefits of
provide protective measures to reduce economic loss L4.

In this case, the risk R4 of losing economic values. The assessment of

riskR4 allows for the assessment of the cost of economic loss with and without the protective measures adopted.

Lightning protection is cost-effective if the sum of the cost VSRL of residual loss in the presence of
protective measures and the VSPM cost of the protective measures is less than the VSL cost of total loss without protective measures:

VSRL +VSPM <VSL

NOTE The detailed information on the economic evaluation of lightning protection is included in IEC 62305-2.

7 Protective Measures

Protective measures can be adopted to reduce risk according to the type of damage.

7.1 Protection measures to reduce injuries to living beings from contact and stepped tensions

Possible protective measures include:

adequate insulation of exposed conductive parts;

equipotentiality through a mesh grounding system;

physical restrictions and warning notices.

NOTE 1 The equipotential bonding is not effective against touch voltages.

NOTE 2 An increase in the surface resistivity of the ground inside and outside the structure can reduce the risk to life (see Clause 8 of IEC 62305-3).

7.2 Protective measures to reduce physical harm

Possible protective measures include:

for structures

lightning protection system (LPS)

62305-1 • IEC: 2006 - 43 -

NOTE 1 When installing an SPCR, equipotential bonding is a very important measure to reduce the risk of fire and explosion and the danger to life. To obtain
for more details, consult IEC 62305-3.

NOTE 2 The provisions that limit the development and spread of fire, such as fireproof compartments, fire extinguishers, hydrants, fire alarms,
Fires and fire extinction installations can reduce physical damage.

NOTE 3 The protected escape routes provide safety for the personnel.

b) for services

armored wire

NOTE 4 For buried cables, metallic conduits provide very effective protection.

7.3 Protection measures to reduce failures of electrical and electronic systems

Possible protective measures include:

a) for structures

- LEMP protection measure system (LPMS) consisting of the following measures to be used alone or in combination:

• grounding and bonding measures;

• magnetic shielding;

• line routing;

• Coordinated SPD protection.

b) for services

surge protection devices (SPD) in different locations along the line and at the line termination;

magnetic shields for cables.

NOTE 1 For buried cables, a continuous metallic shield of adequate thickness provides very effective protection.

NOTE 2 The redundancy of routes, redundant equipment, autonomous generators, uninterruptible power systems, fluid storage systems and the
Automatic fault detection systems are effective protection measures to reduce service activity loss.

NOTE 3 An increased supported insulation voltage of equipment and cables is an effective protective measure against failures due to overvoltages.

7.4 Selection of protection measures

The selection of the most suitable protective measures will be made by the designer and the owner according to the type and amount of each.
type of damage, and according to the technical and economic aspects of the different protection measures.

The criteria for risk assessment and for selecting the most appropriate protective measures are provided in IEC 62305-2.

The protective measures are effective as long as they meet the requirements of the relevant regulations and are capable of withstanding the
expected stress at the installation site.

8 Basic criteria for the protection of structures and services

An ideal protection for structures and services would be to enclose the object to be protected within a continuous shield connected to ground and
perfectly conductive of suitable thickness, and providing an adequate joint, at the point of entry to the shielding, of the services
connected to the structure.
62305-1 • IEC: 2006 - 45 -

This would prevent the penetration of lightning current and the related electromagnetic field into the object to be protected and would avoid thermal effects.
and dangerous electrodynamic currents, as well as dangerous sparks and surges for internal systems.

In practice, it is often not possible or cost-effective to go to such extremes to provide such optimal protection.

The lack of continuity of the shield and/or its inadequate thickness allows the lightning current to penetrate the shield causing:

physical harm and danger to life

failure of internal systems

Service and connected systems failure.

The protective measures adopted to reduce such damages and the corresponding consequential losses will be designed for the
defined set of lightning current parameters against which protection is required (lightning protection level).

8.1 Lightning Protection Levels (LPL)

For the purpose of this standard, four levels of protection against lightning are introduced (I to IV). For each LPL, a set of
maximum and minimum lightning current parameters.

NOTE 1 The lightning protection whose parameters of maximum and minimum lightning current exceed those relevant to LPL I is not considered in this standard.

NOTE 2 The probability of occurrence of a lightning strike with minimum or maximum current parameters outside the defined value range for LPL I is less than
2%.

The maximum values of the relevant lightning current parameters for LPL I will not be exceeded, with a probability of 99%. From
In accordance with the assumed polarity relationship (see Clause A.2), the values taken from positive flashes will have lower probabilities.
at 10%, while negative flashes will remain below 1% (see Clause A.3).

The maximum values of the lightning current parameters relevant to LPL I are reduced to 75% for LPL II and 50% for LPL III and IV.
(linear for Yo, qydyo / ret, but quadratic for W / R). Time parameters are not modified.

The maximum values of lightning current parameters for the different levels of lightning protection are given in Table 5 and are
they are used to design lightning protection components (for example, cross-section of conductors, thickness of the sheets of
metal, current-carrying capacity of the DPS, separation distance against dangerous sparks) and define test parameters that simulate the
effects of lightning on said components (see Annex D).

The minimum values of lightning current amplitude for different LPL are used to derive
radius of the rolling sphere (see Clause A.4) to define the lightning protection zone LPZ0second
that cannot be reached by direct hit (see 8.2 and Figures 2 and 3). The minimum values of
The parameters of the lightning current along with the radius of the related rolling sphere are given in Table 6. They are used for the
positioning of the capturing system and to define the ray
Protection of zone LPZ0B (see 8.2).
62305-1 • IEC: 2006 - 47 -

Table 5 - Maximum values of lightning parameters according to LPL

First short hit LPL

Current parameters Symbol Unit yo II III IV

Peak current I kA 200 150 100

Short race load Shorts VS 100 75 50

Specific energy W/R MJ / Ω 10 5.6 2.5

Time parameters T1 /T2 µs /µs 10/350

Short posterior run LPL

Current parameters Symbol Unit I II III IV

Peak current hi kA 50 37.5 25

Average slope reyo /ret kA / µs 200 150 100

Time parameters T1 /T2 µs / µs 0,25 / 100

Long race LPL

Current parameters Symbol Unit I II III IV

Long race load Qlargo VS 200 150 100

Time parameter long s 0.5

Flash LPL

Current parameters Symbol Unit yo II III IV

Flash load Qflash VS 300 225 150

62305-1 • IEC: 2006 49

S1

LPZ0A

2
S3
1
5 s

SPD0A/1
LPZ 1
r

s S2
S4

LPZ0second LPZ0second

SPD0A/1
5

4
IEC 2062/05

1 Structure S1 Flash to the Flash structure near

2 Air termination system S2 the structure

3 Downspout system S3 Flash a service connected to the Flash structure near a

4 Grounding system S4 service connected to the Radio structure of the rolling sphere

5 Incoming services r

s Separation distance against dangerous sparks

Ground level

Potential equalization for lightning through SPD

Direct flash, complete lightning current

LPZOA Direct flash, complete lightning current

LPZOsecond Without direct flash, partial lightning or induced current Without direct flash,

LPZ 1 limited ray or induced current

The protected volume within LPZ 1 must respect the separation distance.

Figure 2 - LPZ defined by an LPS (IEC 62305-3)

 62305-1 • IEC: 2006 51

S1

LPZ0A
2

S3
LPZ0second 1 SPD0B /1

6
3

res
SPD0A/1 LPZ 1
5

r r
res
S4 SPD 1/2 S2
LPZ 2

LPZ0second
SPD 1/2 LPZ0second

SPD0A/1
6

4
IEC 2063/05

1 Structure (LPZ 1 shield) System of S1 Flash to the Flash structure near

2 air termination S2 the structure

3 Down conductor system S3 Flash a service connected to the Flash structure near a

4 Grounding system S4 service connected to the structure Radio of the rolling sphere

5 Room (LPZ shield 2) r

6 Services connected to the structure res Safety distance against too high a magnetic field

Ground level

Equipotential bonding for lightning through SPD

LPZOA Direct flash, complete lightning current, complete magnetic field

LPZOsecond Without direct flash, partial lightning or induced current, complete magnetic field

LPZ 1 Without direct flash, limited ray or induced current, damped magnetic field Without direct flash,

LPZ 2 induced currents, more damped magnetic field

The protected volumes within LPZ 1 and LPZ 2 must respect safety distances.

Figure 3 - LPZ defined by protection measures against EMP

(IEC 62305-4)
62305-1 • IEC: 2006 53

Table 6 - Minimum values of the lightning parameters and the related radius of the rolling sphere
corresponding to LPL

Interception criteria LPL

Symbol Unit I II III IV

Minimum peak current I kA 3 5 10 sixteen

Radius of the rolling sphere r metro 20 30 45 60

Based on the statistical distributions provided in Figure A.5, a weighted probability can be determined that the parameters of
the current of the lightning should be less than the maximum values and respectively greater than the minimum values defined for each level of
protection (see Table 7).

Table 7 - Probabilities for the limits of the lightning current parameters

LPL
Probability of the parameters of the lightning current
I II III IV

They are lower than the maximum values defined in Table 5. They are higher. 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.97

that the minimum values defined in Table 6 0.99 0.97 0.91 0.84

The protective measures specified in IEC 62305-3, IEC 62305-4, and IEC 62305-5 are effective against lightning whose parameters of
current are within the range defined by the assumed LPL for the design. Therefore, it is assumed that the efficiency of a protection measure
it is equal to the probability that the parameters of the lightning current are within that range.

8.2 Lightning Protection Zones (LPZ)

Protection measures such as LPS, shielded cables, magnetic shields, and SPD determine the lightning protection zones (LPZ).

The LPZ waters downstream of the protection measure are characterized by a significant reduction of LEMP compared to the waters upstream of the LPZ.

Regarding the lightning threat, the following LPZs are defined (see Figures 2 and 3):

LPZOA area where the threat is due to direct lightning and the complete electromagnetic field of the lightning. Internal systems
they may be subject to total or partial lightning overcurrent;

LPZOsecond protected area against direct lightning but where the threat is the complete electromagnetic field of
lightning. Internal systems may be subject to partial lightning overcurrents;

LPZ 1 zone where the overcurrent is limited by the shared current and by the SPD at the limit. The spatial shielding
can attenuate the electromagnetic field of the lightning;

LPZ 2, ..., n zone where the overcurrent can be further limited by current exchange and by additional SPDs in the
limit. Additional space shielding can be used to further attenuate the electromagnetic field of the ray.

NOTE 1 In general, the higher the number of an individual zone, the lower the parameters of the electromagnetic environment will be.
62305-1 • IEC: 2006 - 55 -

As a general protection rule, the object to be protected must be in an LPZ whose electromagnetic characteristics are compatible.
with the ability of the object to withstand stresses, causing damage to be reduced (physical damage, malfunction of electrical systems and
electronics due to surges). )

NOTE 2 For most electrical and electronic systems and devices, the manufacturer can provide information on the level of resistance.

8.3 Protection of structures

8.3.1 Protection to reduce physical harm and dangers to life

The structure to be protected must be within a higher LPZ0 second. This is achieved through a lightning protection system.
(LPS).

A LPS consists of protection systems against external and internal lightning (see Figure 2).

The functions of the external SPCR are

intercept a lightning strike on the structure (with a capture system),

safely conduct the lightning current to the ground (with a down system),

to disperse it in the ground (with a grounding system).

The function of the internal SPCR is to prevent dangerous sparks within the structure, using an equipotential connection or a distance of
separation, s, (and therefore electrical isolation) between the components of the LPS and other internal conductive elements of the
structure.

Four classes of LPS (I, II, III, IV) are defined as a set of construction rules based on the corresponding LPL. Each set includes
Construction rules dependent on the level (for example, rolling sphere radius, mesh width, etc.) and independent of the level (for example,
cross sections, materials, etc.)

When the resistivity of the surface of the ground outside and the floor inside the structure is not high enough, it reduces the
risk of life due to contact and step voltages:

outside the structure, by isolating the exposed conductive parts, by soil equipotential bonding through a
mesh grounding system, through notification and through physical restrictions;

- within the structure, through the equipotentiality of services at the point of entry to the structure.

LPS must comply with the requirements of IEC 62305-3.

8.3.2 Protection to reduce the failure of internal systems

Lightning Electromagnetic Pulse (LEMP) protection to reduce the risk of internal system failure will limit:

overvoltages due to lightning in the structure resulting from resistive and inductive coupling;

overvoltages due to lightning near the structure resulting from inductive coupling;
62305-1 • IEC: 2006 - 57 -

overvoltages transmitted by lines connected to the structure due to flashes to or near the lines;

magnetic field that directly couples with internal systems.

NOTE The device malfunctions due to directly irradiated electromagnetic fields are insignificant as long as the device meets the
immunity tests and radio frequency (RF) emissions defined by the relevant EMC product standards (see IEC 62305-2 and IEC 62305-4).

The system to be protected must be located within an LPZ 1 or higher. This is achieved through magnetic shields that attenuate the field.
magnetic inductor and/or appropriate routing of the wiring that reduces the induction loop. Union will be provided at the boundaries of
LPZ for parts and metallic systems that cross the boundaries. This connection can be achieved by joining conductors or, when applicable
necessary, through surge protection devices (SPD).

The protection measures for LPZ must comply with IEC 62305-4.

Effective protection against surges that cause failures in internal systems can also be achieved through 'protection.
Coordinated SPD, limiting the overvoltages below the nominal voltage supported by the impulse of the system to be protected.

The SPDs must be selected and installed according to the requirements of IEC 62305-4.

8.4 Service Protection

The service to be protected will be

within an LPZ0secondo superior to reduce physical damage. This is achieved by selecting underground routes instead of
aerial or through the use of properly placed protective cables,

when it is effective according to the characteristics of the line or, in the case of pipes, by increasing the thickness of the pipe to
an adequate value and ensuring the metallic continuity of the pipes;

- within an LPZ 1 or higher for protection against overvoltages that cause service failures. This is achieved by reducing the
level of the surges induced by lightning through an adequate magnetic shielding of the cables, diverting the
overcurrents and limiting overvoltages through appropriate SPDs.
62305-1 • IEC: 2006 - 59 -

Annex A
(informative)

Parameters of lightning current

A.1 Lightning flashes to the earth

There are two basic types of flashes:

descending flashes initiated by a descending leader from the cloud to the ground;

Ascending flashes initiated by an ascending leader from a grounded structure to the cloud.

Most of the downward flashes occur in flat territory and in lower structures, while for exposed structures and/
or higher, the upward flashes become dominant. With the effective height, the probability of a direct impact on the structure
increases (see IEC 62305-2, Annex A) and the physical conditions change.

A lightning strike consists of one or more different strokes:

short races with a duration of less than 2 ms (figure A.1)

long races lasting more than 2 ms (figure A.2).

90%
±I

I 50%

10%

O1
T1
t

T2

IEC 2064/05

Key

O1 virtual origin

peak current

T1time in front

T2time at half the value

Figure A.1 - Definitions of short race parameters (typically T2 < 2 ms)

62305-1 • IEC: 2006 - 61 -

±yo

Qlargo

10% 10%

Tlargo

IEC 2065/05

Key

long duration

Long-distance freight

Figure A.2 - Definitions of long race parameters

(normally 2 ms <Tlargo <1 s)

The additional differentiation of the strokes comes from their polarity (positive or negative) and their position during the flash (first, next,
overlaid). The possible components are shown in Figure A.3 for downward flashes and in Figure A.4 for flashes.
upwards.

±yo ±yo

First short strike

Long race

Positive or negative T Positive or negative T

- I - I

Subsequent
short strokes

Negative T Negative T
IEC 2066/05

Figure A.3 - Possible components of descending flashes

(typical in flat territory and for lower structures)
62305-1 • IEC: 2006 - 63 -

±yo ±yo

Overlaid
short strokes
Short race

Long race

first
long race

Positive or negative T Positive or negative T

-I I

Subsequent
short strokes

Negative T Negative T

±yo

Single long stroke

Positive or negative T
IEC 2067/05

Figure A.4 - Possible components of upward flashes

(typical of exposed and/or taller structures)

The additional component in the rising flashes is the first long stroke with or without up to ten overlapping short strokes. But all the
short race parameters of upward flashes are lower than those of downward flashes. A confirmation has not yet been made.
highest long-run load of upward flashes. Therefore, the parameters of the lightning current of the upward flashes are
they are covered by the maximum values given for the descending flashes. A more accurate assessment is being considered.
the parameters of lightning current and its dependence on height with respect to downward and upward flashes.
62305-1 • IEC: 2006 -sceinsceont-a y

A.2 Parámetros de la corriente del rayo

The parameters for lightning current in this standard are based on the results of data from the International Council of Large
Electrical Systems (CIGRE) that are given in Table A.1. It can be assumed that their statistical distribution has a normal distribution.
logarithmic. The corresponding mean
value µ and the dispersion σ Login are given in Table A.2 and the distribution function is shown in Figure A.5. Based on this, the
probability of occurrence of any value of each parameter can be
determined.

A polarity ratio of 10% positive flashes and 90% negative is assumed. The polarity ratio is a function of the territory. If it is not
local information is available, the proportion provided in this document should be used.

Table A.1 - Tabulated values of the lightning current parameters taken from CIGRE
(Electra No. 41 or No. 69 *) [3], [4]

Fixed values Values Online

Parameter Type of stroke
for LPL I 95% 50% 5% Figure A.5

YO (kA) 4 (98%) 20 (80%) 90 Short negative sample 1A + 1B

50 4.9 11.8 28.6 Short negative posterior 2

200 4.6 35 250 First short negative flash 3

Qsparkle (VS) 1.3 7.5 40 positive (unique) 4

300 20 80 350 Positive flash 5

shorts (VS) 1.1 4.5 20 Short negative primer 6

0.22 0.95 4 Negative posterior short 7

100 2 sixteen 150 Short positive primer (simple) First 8

W / R (K J / Ω) 6 55 550 negative short 9

0.55 6 52 Negative posterior short 10

10,000 25 650 15,000 First positive shorts 11

reyo / retmax 9.1 24.3 sixty-five* First negative short 12

(kA / µ s) 9,9 39.9 161.5 Negative short posterior 13

20 0.2 2.4 32 First positive shorts 14

reyo /ret30/90% 200 4.1 20.1 98.5 Short negative posterior 15

(kA / µs)

Qlargo (VS) 200 Long

long 0.5 Long

Duration of the front 1.8 5.5 18 Short negative primer

(µs)
0.22 1.1 4.5 Negative posterior short

3.5 22 200 Short positive primer (simple) First

Duration of the degree 30 75 200 negative short

( µ s)
6.5 32 140 Short negative posterior

25 230 2000 Short positive primer (single) Various

Time interval 7 33 150 negative traces

(em)

Flash total 0.15 13 1.100 Negative flash (all)

duration (ms)
31 180 900 Negative flash (without
single

14 85 500 Positive flash

NOTE The values of Yo = 4 kA and Yo = 20 kA correspond to a probability of 98% and 80%, respectively.
62305-1 • IEC: 2006 - 67 -

Table A.2 - Log-normal distribution of lightning current parameters -

Media my dispersion Start session calculated from values of 95% and 5%

of CIGRE (Electra No. 41 or No. 69) [3], [4]

Media Dispersion Online

Parameter µ σ Type of race
Figure A.5
Log in

YO (kA) (61,1) 0.576 Short negative primer (80%) 1A

33.3 0.263 Short negative primer (80%) 1B

11.8 0.233 Short negative posterior 2

33.9 0.527 Short positive primer (simple) 3

Qflash (VS) 7.21 0.452 Negative flash 4

83.7 0.378 Positive flash 5

Shorts (VS) 4.69 0.383 Short negative primer 6

0.938 0.383 Short negative posterior 7

17.3 0.570 Short positive primer (simple) 8

W / R (K J / Ω) 57.4 0.596 Short negative primer 9

5.35 0.600 Negative posterior short 10

612 0.844 First positive shorts 11

reyo /retmax 24.3 0.260 Short negative primer 12

(kA / µs)
40.0 0.369 Negative posterior short 13

2.53 0.670 First positive shorts 14

reyo /ret30/90% 20.1 0.420 Negative short posterior 15

(kA / µ s)

Qlargo (VS) 200 Long

length (s) 0.5 Long

Duration of the front 5.69 0.304 Short negative primer

(µs)
0.995 0.398 Short negative posterior

26.5 0.534 Short positive primer (simple)

Duration of the degree 77.5 0.250 Short negative primer

(µs)
30.2 0.405 Short negative posterior

224 0.578 Short positive primer (unique) Various

Time interval 32.4 0.405 negative strokes

(em)

Flash total 12,8 1,175 Negative flash (all)

duration (ms)
167 0.445 Negative flash (without simple)

83.7 0.472 Positive flash

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All the values set for LPL given in this standard refer to upward and downward flashes.

NOTE The value of lightning parameters is generally obtained from measurements made on tall objects. The statistical distribution of maximum values
Estimates of the lightning current that do not consider the effect of tall objects are also available in lightning location systems.

A.3 Setting the maximum lightning current parameters for LPL I

The mechanical effects of lightning are related to the peak value of the current (YO) and to the specific energy (W / R). The effects
Thermal values are related to specific energy (W / R) when it comes to a resistive coupling and to the load (Q) when it
They develop arcs to the installation. The overvoltages and dangerous sparks caused by inductive coupling are related.
with the average slope (dyo / ret) of the lightning current front.

Each of the individual parameters (I, Q, W / R, reyo / ret) tends to dominate each failure mechanism. This should be taken into account when
establish the testing procedures.

A.3.1 First short race and long race

The values of Yo, qyW / R related to mechanical and thermal effects are determined from positive flashes (because their
10% values are much higher than the corresponding 1% values of the negative flashes). From Figure A.5 (lines 3, 5, 8, 11
and 14) the following values can be taken with probabilities below 10%:

hi = 200 kA

Qflash = 300 C

= 100
Qpants cortos C

W/R = 10 MJ / Ω

reyo /ret 20 kA / µs

For a first short run according to Figure A.1, these values provide an initial approximation for the previous time:

T1 = YO / (reyo / ret) = 10 µs (T1 is of lower interest)

For a race that decays exponentially, the following formula is applied for approximate values of load and energy (T1 << T2):

= (1
Q short pantsos / 0.7) ⋅ yo ⋅ T2

W/R = (1/2) ⋅ (1 / 0.7) ⋅ yo2 ⋅ T2

Thesis The formulas, along with the previously given values, lead to a first approximation for the value of time:
in the middle

T2 =350 µ s

For the long race, its load can be approximately calculated based on:

Qlargo =Qdestello-Qpantalones cortos =200 C

Its duration, according to Figure A.2, can be estimated from the duration of the flash as:

Tlargo =0,5 s
62305-1 • IEC: 2006 73

A.3.2 Short rear race

The maximum value of average slope dyo / related to dangerous sparks caused by inductive coupling is determined.
from successive short strikes of negative flashes (because their 1% values are much higher than the 1% values of the
first negative strikes or the corresponding values of 10% of the positive flashes) From Figure A.5 (lines 2 and 15) can be taken
the following values with probabilities less than 1%:

I = 50 kA

reyo /ret =200 kA / µ s

For a subsequent short race according to Figure A.1, these values provide a first approximation for your previous time of:

T1 = YO / (reyo / ret) = 0.25 µs

Its time to half the value can be estimated from the duration of the later negative short race runs:

T2 = 100 µs (T2 is of lesser interest).

A.4 Fixing the minimum parameters of the lightning current

The interception efficiency of an SPCR depends on the minimum parameters of lightning current and the radius of the rolling sphere.
related. The geometric limit of protected areas against direct rays can be determined using the sphere method.
rolling.

Following the electro-geometric model, the radius of the rodanter sphere (final jump distance) correlates with the peak value of the first
short-circuit current. In a report from the IEEE working group [5], the relationship is given as

r = 10 ⋅ y^0.65 (A.1)

where

r It is the radius of the rolling sphere (m);

I It is the maximum current (kA).

For a rolling sphere radius, it can be assumed that all flashes with peak values exceeding the minimum peak value
correspondingly will be intercepted by natural or dedicated aerial terminals. Therefore, it is assumed that the probability of the values
The maxima of the first negative and positive hits of Figure A.5 (lines 1A and 3) is the probability of interception. Taking into account
the polarity relationship of 10% positive flashes and 90% negative flashes can be used to calculate the total probability of
interception (see Table 7).
62305-1 • IEC: 2006 - 75 -

Appendix B
(informative)

Time functions of lightning current for analysis purposes

The current waveforms of:

the first run lasts 10/350 µs

the short rear runs 0.25 / 100 µs

can be defined as:

1
yo = yo ⋅ (t / τ)10 2 (B.1)
k1 + (t / τ10 ⋅ Exp(-t / τ)
1)

where

I it is the maximum current;

what is the correction factor for the maximum current;

t it is the time;

τ 1es la constante de tiempo frontal;

τ 2it is the queue time constant.

For the current waveforms of the first short stroke and the subsequent short strokes for different LPL, the apply
parameters given in Table B.1. The analytical curves are shown in Figures B.1 to B.4.

Table B.1 - Parameters of equation B.1

First short strike Short posterior race

Parameters LPL LPL

I II III-IV I II III-IV

I (KA) 200 150 100 50 37.5 25

k 0,93 0.93 0.93 0.993 0.993 0.993

τ 1 (µs) 19 19 19 0.454 0.454 0.454

τ 2 (µs) 485 485 485 143 143 143

62305-1 • IEC: 2006 77

100%

90%

5 microseconds

50%

10%

0%

T1 t

T2
IEC 2069/05

Figure B.1 - Waveform of the current spike of the first short stroke
62305-1 • IEC: 2006 - 79 -

100%

200 µs

50%
50%

0%

T2 t
IEC 2070/05

Figure B.2 - Waveform of the current tail of the first short stroke
62305-1 • IEC: 2006 81

100%

90%

0.2 µs

50%

10%

0%

T1 t

T2
IEC 2071/05

Figure B.3 - Waveform of the current increase of the short post impacts
62305-1 • IEC: 2006 - 83 -

100%

50 µs

50%
50%

0%

T2 t
IEC 2072/05

Figure B.4 - Current tail waveform of the short posterior strikes

62305-1 • IEC: 2006 85

The long race can be described by a rectangular waveform with an average current and a duration Tlong according to
Table 5.

From the analytical curves, the current ray amplitude density can be derived (Figure B.5).

103

102

2
4
A
Hz
101

100
1 3

10–1

10–2

10–3

10–1 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

F Hz
IEC 2073/05

1 Long race 400 A 0.5 s

2 First short strike 200 kA 10/350 µs

3 Short posterior race 50 kA 0.25 / 100 µs

4 Envelope curve

Figure B.5 - Amplitude density of lightning current according to LPL I

62305-1 • IEC: 2006 - 87 -

Annex C
(informative)

Simulation of lightning current for testing purposes

C.1 General

If an object is struck by lightning, the lightning current is distributed within the object. When testing measurement components
individual protection, this must be taken into account when choosing the appropriate test parameters for each component.
To do this, a system analysis must be carried out.

C.2 Simulation of the specific energy of the first short race and the load of the long race

The test parameters are defined in Tables C.1 and C.2, and Figure C.1 shows an example test generator.
This generator can be used to simulate the specific energy of the first combined short hit along with the load of the long hit.

The tests can be used to evaluate mechanical integrity, the absence of adverse effects of heating and melting.

The relevant test parameters for the simulation of the first short race (current peak YO, the specific)
energyW / R, and the chargeQs) are given in Table C.1. These parameters will be obtained in the same impulse. This can be achieved
through a current that decays approximately exponentially
within the range of 350 µs.

The relevant test parameters for the long run simulation (loadQly durationT)
are given in Table C.2.

Depending on the test element and the expected damage mechanisms, tests for the short first run or the long run
they can be applied individually or as a combined test, where the long race follows immediately after the first short race. The
Arc fusion tests must be performed using both polarities.
62305-1 • IEC: 2006 89

Start switch
L 100 µ H to 300 µ H

1.5 Ω 0.5 s
Lpags
20 µF
Lever Derivation
change
Rpags
Load of 160 kV
GRAM
600 V
voltageUL

R1 ≈ 0.1 Ω R2
R3

Current generator for Current generator for

the first short stroke the long stroke

IEC 2074/05

NOTE The values apply to LPL I.

Figure C.1 - Example of a test generator for simulating the specific energy of the first
short race and the load of the long race

Table C.1 - Test parameters of the first short run

LPL Tolerance
Test parameters
%
I II III - IV

Picoyo current (kA) 200 150 100 +/-10

LoadQs (VS) 100 75 50 ±20

Specific energy W / R (MJ / Ω) 10 5.6 2.5 ±35

Table C.2 - Long Run Test Parameters

LPL Tolerance
Parámetros de prueba
%
yo II III - IV

Load the long (VS) 200 150 100 +/-20

Duration (s) 0.5 0.5 0.5 ±10

C.3 Simulation of the slope of the front current of short races

The slope of the current determines the magnetically induced voltages in the loops that are installed near conductors that
they transport lightning currents.

The current slope of a short trace is defined as the increase in current ∆y during the rise time ∆t (Figure C.2).
The relevant test parameters for the simulation of this current slope are given in Table C.3. In Figures C.3 and
C.4 shows examples of test generators (that can be used to simulate the forward tilt of a current of
lightning associated with a direct lightning strike). The simulation can be performed for an initial short stroke and a subsequent short stroke.
62305-1 • IEC: 2006 91

NOTE This simulation covers the slope of the short race front current. The tail of the current does not influence this type of simulation.

The simulation according to clause C.3 can be applied independently or in combination with the simulation according
with clause C.2.

For more information on the test parameters that simulate the effects of lightning on LPS components, see the
Annex D.

Table C.3 - Test parameters for short races

LPL Tolerance
Test Parameters
%
I II III - IV

First short strike

∆yo (kA) 200 150 100 ±10

Delta t (µs) 10 10 10 ±20

Short posterior strokes

∆yo (kA) 50 37.5 25 +/-10

∆t (µs) 0.25 0.25 0.25 ±20

∆yo

Δt IEC 2075/05

Figure C.2 - Definition of the current slope according to Table C.3

62305-1 • IEC: 2006 93

2 µH 0.25 Ω

9µH

300 kV
loading
10 µF
UL voltage

0.1 Ω

Current generator Test element

IEC 2076/05

NOTE These values apply to LPL I.

Figure C.3 - Example test generator for simulating the slope of the front
from the first short stroke for large test elements

6 µH 10 Ω

9 µH

3.5 MV
loading
10 nF
voltage

0.1 Ω

"Marx" Generator Test element

IEC 2077/05

NOTE These values apply to LPL I.

Figure C.4 - Example test generator for the simulation of the front slope
from the short races after large test elements
62305-1 • IEC: 2006 95

Annex D
(informative)

Test parameters that simulate the effects of lightning on LPS components

D.1 General

This Annex D provides the basic parameters that will be used in a laboratory to simulate the effects of lightning.
The annex covers all the components of a SPCR subjected to the entirety or a large part of the lightning current and will be used
together with the regulations that specify the requirements and tests for each specific component.

NOTE The relevant parameters for the aspects of the system (for example, for the coordination of surge protection devices) are not considered in this annex.

D.2 Current parameters relevant to the strike point

The parameters of lightning current that play a role in the physical integrity of an SPCR are, in general, the current.
máximaYO,la cargaQ,la energía específicaW / R,la duraciónTy la pendiente media de la corriente dyo /[Link] parámetro
tends to dominate a different failure mechanism, as analyzed in detail below. The current parameters to consider
For the tests, these values are combinations selected to represent in the laboratory the actual failure mechanism of
the part of the LPS that is being tested. The criteria for selecting the outstanding quantities are given in Clause D.5.

Table D.1 records the maximum values of Yo, Q, W / R, Tydyo / reta to consider for the tests, depending on the level of
required protection.
62305-1 • IEC: 2006 97

Table D.1 - Summary of the lightning threat parameters to consider in the calculation of the test values for the
different components of LPS and for the different LPL

Hand
Component Lightning threat parameters Notes
problem

Erosion in LPL Qlargo T

attached file VS
point (e.g.
Air hi 200 <1 s (apply
thin metal
termination Qlargoen a
leaves)
II 150
one shot
III-IV 100

Ohmic LPL W/R T

heating kJ / Ω
Sizing

yo 10,000 Apply W / Ren

with IEC 62305-3
an adiabatic to do tests
II 5.600 superfluous
configuration
Air
termination III-IV 2500
and below
Mechanic LPL Ι W/R
conductor
effects kA kJ / Ω

I 200 10,000

II 150 5,600

III-IV 100 2500

Set LPL Ι W/R Τ

effects kA kJ / Ω
(thermal,
mechanic yo 200 10,000 <2 ms
Connecting
and arching) applicant
components II 150 5.600
y
III-IV 100 2500 W / Ren a
single
legumes

Qlargo T
LPL Sizing
VS
generally
Erosion in
Earth I 200 determined by
attached file
endings <1 s (apply mechanic / dude
point II 150 Qlargoen a microscopic aspects
one single shot (corrosion, etc.)
III-IV 100

LPL I Shorts W/R ray /ret ApplyYO, Qshorts,

Set kA VS kJ / Ω kA / µs yW / Ren un
SPD effects single pulse
containing (thermal, I 200 100 10,000 200 (duration
sparks mechanic T <2 ms); apply
II 150 75 5.600 150
and arching) ∆i / ∆ have a
III-IV 100 50 2500 100 separated pulse

LPL Shorts
VS
Both aspects
Energy
effects I 100 they need to be
checked.
(overload)
II 75
SPD
containing III-IV 50
Metal oxide
resistor LPL I T
blocks kA Separate tests
Dielectric
it can be
effect I 200 considered
(flashover / cra <2 ms
cking II 150 (applying a
single pulse
III-IV 100
62305-1 • IEC: 2006 99

D.3 Share current

The parameters given in Table D.3 are relevant for the lightning current at the point of impact. In fact, the current
it flows to the ground through more than one path, as there are usually several downward conductors and natural conductors
present in an external SPCR. In addition, various services (water pipes and others) normally enter the protected structure.
gas, electrical and telecommunication lines, etc.). For the determination of the parameters of the actual current flowing in
specific components of an SPCR, the distribution of the current must be taken into account. Preferably, they should
evaluate the current amplitude and the waveform across a component at a specific location in the LPS.
When an individual assessment is not possible, the current parameters can be evaluated using the following
procedures.

For the evaluation of current shared use within the external LPS, the kvs configuration factor
(see Annex C of IEC 62305-3) can be adopted. This factor provides an estimate of the participation
from the lightning current that flows in the external SPCR downconductors under the worst conditions.

For the evaluation of the current distribution in the presence of external conductive parts and power lines and
telecommunications connected to the protected structure, the approximate values of
kmiyk 'miconsidered in Annex E can be adopted.

The approach described above is applicable for evaluating the peak value of the current flowing in a pathway.
particular to the ground. The calculation of the other current parameters is carried out as follows:

yop =kI (D.1)

Qp = kQ (D.2)

(W / R) p= k 2( W / R) (D.3)

• reyo = k reyo
• • • • (D.4)
• ret•pags • ret

where

Xpags it is the value of the considered quantity (current peak and payments, load Q payments, specific energy (W / R) payments, current slope (dyo / ret) payments)
relevant to a particular path to the land 'p';

X it is the value of the considered quantity (peak current YO, charge Q, specific energy (W / R), slope of the current (dyo / ret))
relevant to the total current of the lightning;

k it is the current exchange rate:

kvs it is the current sharing factor for external LPS (see Annex C of IEC 62305-3);

kmi,k'
me
what are the current sharing factors in the presence of external conductive parts and power lines
telecommunications that enter the protected structure (see Annex
MI).
62305-1 • IEC: 2006 101

D.4 Effects of lightning currents that may cause damage

D.4.1 Thermal effects

The thermal effects related to lightning current are relevant for the resistive heating caused by the circulation of a
electric current that flows through the resistance of a conductor or towards an LPS. The thermal effects are also relevant to the
heat generated at the root of the arcs at the junction point and in all the isolated parts of an SPCR involved in the development of the arc
(for example, spark catchers).

D.4.1.1 Resistive heating

Resistive heating occurs in any component of a SPCR that carries a significant part of the lightning current. The
the minimum cross-sectional area of the conductors must be sufficient to prevent overheating of the conductors to a level
that would present a fire hazard to the surroundings. Despite the thermal aspects discussed in D.4.1, the resistance criteria
mechanics and durability must be considered for parts exposed to weather conditions and/or corrosion. The evaluation of
heating of the conductor due to the flow of lightning current is sometimes necessary when problems may arise due to the risk of
personal injuries and damages from fire or explosion.

The following guidelines are provided to assess the temperature increase of conductors subjected to lightning current flow.

An analytical approach is presented below:

The instantaneous power dissipated as heat in a conductor due to an electric current is expressed as:

PAGS (t) = yo2R (D.5)

The thermal energy generated by the full lightning impulse is therefore the ohmic resistance of the lightning's path through the
LPS component considered, multiplied by the specific energy of the impulse. This energy is expressed in units of Joules (J) or Watt/
second (W ⋅ s).

W = R⋅ ∫ yo2· ret (D.6)

In a lightning discharge, the specific high-energy phases of the lightning are of too short duration for the heat generated in the
The structure disperses significantly. Therefore, the phenomenon must be considered adiabatic.

The temperature of the LPS conductors can be evaluated as follows:

• W α⋅ ρ0 •
⋅
• •
θ- θ 0α •= 1 • ExpR 1 (D.7)
q2⋅ γ⋅ VSw •
•• ••

where

θ-θ 0 increase in temperature of the conductors (K); coefficient of

α temperatura de la resistencia (1 / K); energía específica del impulso

W/R of current (J / Ω);

ρ0 specific ohmic resistance of the conductor at room temperature ( Ω meter); area of the cross-section

q cross-sectional area of the conductor (m2);

 62305-1 • IEC: 2006 - 103 -

γ material density (kg/m3);

VSw thermal capacity (J / kgK);

θs melting temperature (° C).

The characteristic values of the physical parameters reported in Equation (D.7), for different materials used in LPS are recorded.
in Table D.2. In Table D.3, the increase in temperature of conductors is reported as an example of the application of this equation.
different materials, based on the W / Ry of the cross-sectional area of the conductor.

The typical lightning strike is characterized by a short-duration hit (time to half the value of about 100 µs) and a peak value of
high current. In these circumstances, the skin effect must also be taken into account. However, in most practical cases
related to the components LPS, the characteristics of the material (dynamic magnetic permeability of the LPS conductor) and the
Geometric configurations (cross-sectional area of the LPS conductor) reduce the contribution of the skin effect in the increase of
temperature. of the conductor to insignificant levels.

The most relevant component of lightning for this heating mechanism is the first return stroke.

Table D.2 - Physical characteristics of typical materials used in SPCR components

Material
Quantity
Aluminum Sweet steel Copper Stainless steel *

ρ 0 (Ω meter) 29 10–9 120 10–9 17.8 10–9 0.7 x 10^(-6)

α(1 / K) 4.0 x 10^-3 6.5 x 10^-3 3.92 × 10^-3 0.8 10–3

γ(kg / m3) 2700 7.700 8 920 8103

θ s ( ° C) 658 1,530 1,080 1500

VSs (J / kg) 397 103 272 103 209 103 -

VSw (J / kgK) 908 469 385 500

Austenitic non-magnetic.

Table D.3 - Temperature increase for conductors of different sections as a function of W / R

Material

Cross
Aluminum Sweet steel Copper Stainless steel

sección
W/R W/R W/R W/R
mm2
MJ / Ω MJ / Ω MJ / Ω MJ / Ω

2.5 5.6 10 2.5 5.6 10 2.5 5.6 10 2.5 5.6 10

4 - - - - - - - - - - - -

10 564 - - - - - 169 542 - - - -

sixteen 146 454 - 1120 - - 56 143 309 - - -

25 52 132 283 211 913 - 22 51 98 940 - -

50 12 28 52 37 96 211 5 12 22 190 460 940

100 3 7 12 9 20 37 1 3 5 45 100 190

Austenitic not magnetic.

62305-1 • IEC: 2006 105

D.4.1.2 Thermal damage at the fixation point

The thermal damage of the connection point can be observed in all components of an SPCR where an arc develops, that is,
collection systems, spark dischargers, etc.

The material can melt and erode at the joint. In fact, in the area of the root of the arch, there is a large thermal input from the
own root of the arc, as well as a concentration of ohmic heating due to high current densities. Most of the
thermal energy is generated at the surface of the metal or very close to it. The heat generated in the immediate area of the root is higher than that
It can absorb the metal by conduction and the excess is radiated or lost when melting or vaporizing the metal. The severity of the process is
linked to the current amplitude and duration.

D.[Link] General

Several theoretical models have been developed for calculating the thermal effects on metal surfaces at the joint point of a
ray channel. For the sake of simplicity, this standard will inform only the anode or cathode voltage drop model. The application of this
the model is particularly effective for thin metallic skins. In all cases, it yields conservative results as it posits that all the
energy injected at the lightning connection point is used to melt or vaporize the conductive material, disregarding heat diffusion
Inside the metal. Other models introduce the dependency of damage at the lightning connection point on the duration of the current impulse.

D.[Link] Anode or cathode voltage drop model

The energy input at the root of the arc is assumed to be given by the voltage drop of the anode/cathode.
multiplied by the charge Q of the lightning current:

W = ∫tua, cidt = ua, c∫idt = ua, c⋅ Q (D.8)

Come in, it is quite constant in the range of current considered here, the charge of the lightning current (Q) is the main responsible for
the conversion of energy at the root of the arch.

The voltage drop of the anode or cathode has a value of a few tens of volts.

A simplified approach assumes that all the energy developed at the root of the arch is used only for fusion. Equation (D.9) uses this
assumed but leads to an overestimation of the melted volume

you Q 1
V = a, c ⋅ (D.9)
γ VSw (θs-θu) +vss

where

V it is the volume of molten metal (m3);

your, c it is the voltage drop of the anode or cathode (assumed to be constant) (V); it is the charge of the

Q lightning current (C);

γ it is the density of the material (kg / m3);

VSw it is the thermal capacity (J / kgK); it is the

θs melting temperature (° C); it is the temperature

θ you environment (° C);

vss it is the latent heat of fusion (J / kg).

62305-1 • IEC: 2006 - 107 -

The characteristic values of the physical parameters reported in this equation, for different materials used in an SPCR, are
registered in Table D.2.

Basically, the load to consider is the sum of the load from the return stroke and the direct current of the lightning. The experience of
The laboratory has revealed that the effects of the return run load are of lesser importance compared to the effects of the
direct current.

D.4.2 Mechanical effects

The mechanical effects caused by lightning current depend on the amplitude and duration of the current, as well as the
elastic characteristics of the affected mechanical structure. The mechanical effects also depend on the friction forces acting.
between the parts of the SPCR in contact with each other, when relevant.

D.4.2.1 Magnetic interaction

Magnetic forces occur between two current-carrying conductors or, if there is only one current-carrying conductor, they form
a corner or a loop.

When a current flows through a circuit, the amplitude of the electrodynamic forces developed at various positions of the
the circuit depends as much on the amplitude of the lightning current as on the geometric configuration of the circuit. The mechanical effect of these
forces, however, depends not only on its amplitude but also on the general shape of the current, the duration, as well as the
geometric configuration of the installation.

D.[Link] Electrodynamic forces

Electrodynamic forces developed by a current, I, flowing towards a conductor that has long parallel sections of length l.
distance (long and short loop), as shown in Figure D.1, can be approximately calculated using the following equation:

µ
F (t) = |yo2 (t)| = 2 ⋅ 10^(-7) |yo2 (t)| (D.10)
re
2π re

where

F (t) it is the electrodynamic force (N); it is the current

I (A);

µo it is the magnetic permeability of free space (vacuum) (4 π 10–7 H / m); it is the length of the

l drivers (m);

re It is the distance between the parallel straight sections of the conductor (m).
62305-1 • IEC: 2006 109

re

I gold I

IEC 2078/05

Figure D.1 - General arrangement of two conductors

for the calculation of the electrodynamic force

In an SPCR, a typical example is given by a symmetrical arrangement of the conductors at the corners, forming a 90 ° angle, with a
Bracket placed near the corner, as shown in the figure
D.2. The stress diagram for this configuration is shown in Figure D.3. The axial force on the horizontal conductor tends to
remove the conductor from the clamp. The numerical value of the force along the horizontal conductor, considering a peak current value
of 100 kA and a length of a vertical conductor of 0.5 m, is shown in Figure D.4.

IEC 2079/05

Figure D.2 - Typical arrangement of conductors in a SPCR

62305-1 • IEC: 2006 - 111 -

IEC 2080/05

Figure D.3 - Stress diagram for the configuration of Figure D.2

80

70

60

50

40
F
30

20

10

0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
metro IEC 2081/05

NOTE Peak current value 100 kA and vertical conductor length 0.5 m.

Figure D.4 - Force per unit length along the horizontal conductor of Figure D.2

D.[Link] Effects of electrodynamic forces

In terms of the amplitude of the applied force, the instantaneous value of the electrodynamic force F(t)
it is proportional to the square of the instantaneous current (Eso)2. In terms of the development of the tension within the mechanical structure of the
LPS, expressed by the product of the elastic deformation δ(t) and the elastic constant k of the LPS structure, must be considered as two
effects. The natural mechanical frequency (linked to the elastic behavior of the LPS structure) and the permanent deformation of the structure.
LPS (related to its plastic behavior) are the most important parameters. Additionally, in many cases the effect of frictional forces
within the structure also has significant importance.

The amplitude of the vibrations of the elastic structure of the LPS, caused by an electrodynamic force developed by the current of the
lightning can be evaluated using second-order differential equations; the key factor is the relationship between the duration of the impulse of
current and the natural mechanical oscillation period of the LPS structure. The typical condition found in LPS applications
consists of natural oscillation periods of the structure that are much longer than that of the applied force (duration of the current impulse)
of the lightning). In this case, the maximum mechanical stress occurs after the cessation of the current impulse and has a peak value that
remains lower than the applied force. In most cases, the maximum mechanical stress can be neglected.
62305-1 • IEC: 2006 113

Plastic deformation occurs when the tensile stress exceeds the elastic limit of the material. If the material that makes up the structure
the LPS is soft, for example aluminum or annealed copper, the electrodynamic forces can deform the conductors at corners and
loops. Therefore, the components of the LPS should be designed to withstand these forces and exhibit essentially
elastic.

The total mechanical tension applied to the LPS structure depends on the time integral of the applied force and, therefore, on the energy.
specific associated with the current pulse. It also depends on the waveform of the current pulse and its duration (in comparison to
the natural oscillation period of the structure). Therefore, all these influential parameters must be taken into account during the
test.

D.4.2.2 Damage from acoustic shock waves

When the current of a lightning bolt flows in an arc, a shock wave is produced. The severity of the shock depends on the value of the current.
maximum and the rate of increase of the current.

In general, the damage caused by the acoustic shock wave is insignificant in the metal parts of the LPS, but it can cause damage to the
surrounding elements.

D.4.2.3 Combined effects

In practice, both thermal and mechanical effects occur simultaneously. If the heating of the material of the components
(rods, clamps, etc.) is sufficient to soften the materials, it can cause much greater damage than otherwise. In cases
extremes, the conductor could melt explosively and cause considerable damage to the surrounding structure. If the cross section of the
metal is sufficient to safely handle the overall action, it is only necessary to verify the mechanical integrity.

D.4.3 Sparks

In general, sparks become important only in flammable environments.: In most practical cases, sparks are not
important for the LPS components.

Two different types of sparks can occur, namely thermal sparks and voltage sparks. Thermal sparks are produced when
a very high current is forced to cross a junction between two conducting materials. Most thermal sparks occur nearby
from the edges within a joint if the interface pressure is too low; mainly due to the high current density and the
inadequate interface pressure. The intensity of the thermal spark is linked to the specific energy and, therefore, the most critical phase of
Lightning is the first return strike. Voltage sparks occur when the current is forced to take convoluted paths.
for example, within a meeting, if the induced voltage in such a loop exceeds the breakdown voltage between the metallic parts. The induced voltage
it is proportional to the self-inductance multiplied by the slope of the lightning current.

D.5 LPS components, relevant issues, and test parameters

Lightning protection systems are made up of several different components, each with a specific function within the
system. The nature of the components and the specific stresses to which they are subjected require special consideration of the
time to conduct laboratory tests to check its performance.
62305-1 • IEC: 2006 115

D.5.1 Airport terminal

The effects on air capture systems arise from both mechanical and thermal effects (as analyzed later in D.5.2, but
Considering that a high proportion of the lightning current will flow in a capturing conductor that is struck) and also in some
cases the arch effects of erosion, particularly on the natural components of the LPS, such as the thin metal roofing covers
(where perforations or excessive temperature increase of the rear surface can occur) and suspended conductors.

For the effects of arc erosion, two main test parameters must be considered: namely, the load of the long current.
duration and its duration.

The load governs the energy input at the root of the arch. In particular, long-lasting strokes seem to be the most severe due to this effect.
while short-term strokes may be overlooked.

The duration of the current plays an important role in the heat transfer phenomena to the material. The duration of the current
applied during the trials will be comparable to that of long-duration races (0.5 to 1 s).

D.5.2 Down Conductors

The effects on downhill drivers caused by lightning can be divided into two main categories:

thermal effects due to resistive heating;

- mechanical effects linked to the magnetic interaction where the lightning current is shared by conductors placed in the
proximities to each other or when the current changes direction (curves or connections between conductors placed at a given angle
entre sí).

In most cases, these two effects act independently of each other and separate the laboratory.

Tests can be conducted to verify each effect. This approach can be adopted in all cases where heating
developed by the flow of lightning current does not substantially modify the mechanical characteristics.

D.5.2.1 Resistive heating

Several authors have published calculations and measurements related to the heating of conductors of different sections and materials.
due to the lightning current flowing along a conductor. The main results in terms of graphs and formulas are summarized
In D.4.1.1. Therefore, no laboratory testing is generally required to verify a conductor's behavior against the
temperature increase.

In all cases where a laboratory test is required, the following considerations must be taken into account.

The main test parameters to consider in this case are specific energy and impulse current duration.

The specific energy governs the temperature increase due to the Joule heating caused by the flow of lightning current. The
Numeric values to consider are those relevant for the first stroke. The conservative data is obtained by considering the impacts.
positives.
62305-1 • IEC: 2006 - 117 -

The duration of the pulse current has a decisive influence on the heat exchange process with respect to the conditions.
ambientales que rodean al conductor considerado. En la mayoría de los casos, la duración de la corriente de impulso es tan corta que el
the heating process can be considered adiabatic.

D.5.2.2 Mechanical effects

As discussed in D.4.2.1, mechanical interactions develop between conductors carrying lightning current. The force is
proportional to the product of the currents flowing in the conductors (or to the square of the current if considering a single conductor
(doubled) and is related to the inverse of the distance between the conductors.

The usual situation in which a visible effect can occur is when a conductor forms a loop or bends. When such a conductor
the lightning current will be subject to a mechanical force that tries to extend the loop and straighten the corner, thus bending it towards
Outside. The magnitude of this force is proportional to the square of the current amplitude. However, a clear distinction must be made between the
electrodynamic force, which is proportional to the square of the amplitude of the current, and the corresponding voltage that depends on the
elastic characteristics of the mechanical structure of the LPS. For LPS structures with relatively low natural frequencies, the tension
developed within the LPS structure would be considerably less than the electrodynamic force. In this case,

In all cases where a laboratory test is required (especially for soft materials), the following must be taken into account:
following considerations. Three parameters of the first return run must be considered: the duration, the specific energy of the
impulse current and, in the case of rigid systems, the amplitude of the current.

The duration of the impulse current, compared to the period of the natural mechanical oscillation of the LPS structure, governs the type
of the system's mechanical response in terms of displacement:

If the duration of the impulse is much shorter than the natural mechanical oscillation period of the LPS structure (normal case for
LPS structures stressed by lightning impulses), the mass and elasticity of the system prevents it from displacing appreciably and the
relevant mechanics Stress is essentially related to the specific energy of the current impulse. The peak value of the current of
the impulse has a limited effect.

- If the duration of the impulse is comparable to or greater than the natural mechanical oscillation period of the structure, the displacement of the
the system is more sensitive to the waveform of the applied voltage. In this case, the peak value of the current impulse and its energy
specific must be reproduced during the test.

The specific energy of the impulse current governs the tension that causes the elastic and plastic deformation of the LPS structure.
The numerical values to consider are those relevant for the first stroke.

The maximum values of the impulsive current govern the maximum displacement length of the LPS structure, in the case of
rigid systems, which have high natural oscillation frequencies. The numerical values to consider are those relevant for the first
trace.

D.5.3 Connection Components

The connection components between adjacent conductors of a SPCR are potential points of mechanical and thermal weakness where they
they produce very high tensions.
62305-1 • IEC: 2006 119

In the case of a connector placed so that the conductor follows a right angle, the main effects of the tensions are
related to mechanical forces that tend to straighten the set of conductors and resist the friction forces between the
connection component and the conductors. separating the connection. It is possible for arcs to develop at the contact points of the
different parts. In addition, the heating effect caused by the concentration of current on small contact surfaces
it has a remarkable effect.

Laboratory tests have shown that it is difficult to separate each effect from the others, as a complex synergism occurs.
mechanical resistance is affected by the local fusion of the contact area. The relative displacements between parts of the components
of connection promote the development of arches and the consequent generation of intense heat.

In the absence of a valid model, laboratory tests must be conducted in such a way that they represent as faithfully as possible the
appropriate parameters of lightning current in the most critical situation: that is to say, the appropriate parameters of lightning current are
they will be applied by means of a single electrical test.

In this case, three parameters must be considered: the peak value, the specific energy, and the duration of the impulse current.

The maximum values of the impulse current govern the maximum force or, if and after the electrodynamic pulling force
exceeds the frictional force, the maximum displacement length of the LPS structure. The numerical values to consider are the
Relevant for the first stroke. The conservative data is obtained by considering the positive hits.

The specific energy of current impulse governs the heating at the contact surfaces where the current is concentrated in
small areas. The numerical values to consider are those relevant for the first stroke. Conservative data is obtained
considering the positive impacts.

The duration of the impulse current governs the maximum displacement of the structure after the friction forces are exceeded.
and plays an important role in the heat transfer phenomena to the material.

D.5.4 Grounding

The real problems with grounding electrodes are related to chemical corrosion and mechanical damage caused by
forces other than electrodynamics. In practical cases, the erosion of the ground electrode at the root of the arc is of lesser importance.
However, it should be noted that, unlike air terminals, a typical SPCR has several ground terminals. The current
the lightning will be shared among several ground electrodes, which will cause less significant effects at the root of the arc.

In this case, two main test parameters should be considered: the load and the duration of the long-duration impulse current.

The load governs the energy entry at the root of the arch. In particular, the contribution of the first strike can be disregarded since the
Long-lasting blows seem to be the most severe for this component.

The duration of the current pulse plays an important role in the heat transfer phenomena to the material. The duration of the
current impulses applied during the tests will be comparable to those of long-duration impacts (0.5 to 1 s).
62305-1 • IEC: 2006 121

D.6 Surge Protective Device (SPD)

The effects of stress on a surge protective device caused by a lightning strike depend on the type of surge protective device considered, with special reference to the presence or

absence of a void.

D.6.1 SPD that contains spark arresters

The effects of electric discharges caused by lightning can be divided into two main categories:

the erosion of the separation electrodes due to heating, melting, and vaporization of the material;

the mechanical stress caused by the shock wave of the discharge.

It is extremely difficult to investigate these effects separately, as both are related to the main parameters of the
current of the lightning through complex relationships.

In the case of spark dischargers, laboratory tests will be conducted in a way that represents as accurately as possible the
appropriate parameters of lightning current in the most critical situation: that is, all appropriate parameters will be applied.
lightning current through a single electrical stress.

In this case, five parameters will be considered: the peak value, the load, the duration, the specific energy, and the rate of increase of the
impulse current.

The current peak value governs the severity of the shock wave. The numerical values to consider are those relevant to the first stroke.
Conservative data is obtained by considering the positive hits.

The charge governs the energy input in the arc. The energy in the arc will heat, melt, and possibly vaporize part of the material.
of the electrode at the joint point of the arc. The numerical values to consider are the relevant ones for the entire lightning. However, the
The load of long-duration current can be disregarded in many cases, depending on the configuration of the power supply system.
(TN, TT or IT).

The duration of the impulse current governs the heat transfer phenomena to the electrode mass and the resulting propagation.
from the fusion front.

The specific energy of the current impulse governs the self-magnetic compression of the arc and the physics of plasma jets.
electrodes developed at the interface between the electrode surface and the arc (which can eject a significant amount of material
melted). The numerical values to consider are those relevant for the first stroke. The conservative data are obtained by considering the
positive strikes.

NOTE For spark extinguishers used in power supply systems, the possible power frequency follows the current amplitude constitutes a
important stress factor that must be taken into account.

D.6.2 SPD containing metal oxide varistors

The stress on metal oxide varistors caused by lightning can be divided into two main categories: overload and discharge.
disruptive. Each category is characterized by modes of failure generated by different phenomena and governed by different parameters. The failure
The SPD of metal oxide is related to its weaker characteristics and, therefore, it is unlikely that synergy will occur.
between different fatal tensions. Therefore, it seems acceptable to conduct separate tests to verify the behavior in each
failure mode condition.
62305-1 • IEC: 2006 123

Overloads are caused by an amount of absorbed energy that exceeds the device's capabilities. The excess energy
considered here is related to the stress of the lightning itself. However, for the SPDs installed in the supply systems of
energy, the tracking current injected into the device by the power system immediately after the flow ceases
The current of the lightning can also play an important role in the fatal damage of the SPD. Finally, an SPD can be fatally damaged.
due to the thermal instability under the applied voltage related to the negative temperature coefficient of the characteristics of
voltage-amperes of the resistors. For the simulation of metal oxide varistor overload, a parameter must be considered.
main: the load.

The charge governs the energy input into the metal oxide resistor block, considering the residual voltage as constant.
metal oxide resistor block. The numerical values to consider are those relevant to lightning.

Disruptive discharges and cracking are caused by the amplitude of current pulses that exceed the capacities of the
resistances. This mode of failure is generally evidenced by an external flame along the collar, which sometimes penetrates into the block of
resistance and causes a crack or a hole perpendicular to the collar. The failure is mainly related to a dielectric breakdown of the
collar of the resistance block.

For the simulation of this lightning phenomenon, two main parameters must be considered: the maximum value and the duration of the current.
of impulse.

The maximum impulse current value determines, through the corresponding residual voltage level, whether the dielectric strength is exceeded.
maximum in the collar of the resistance. The numerical values to consider are those relevant for the first stroke. The conservative data is
they obtain considering the positive hits.

The duration of the impulse current governs the duration of the application of the dielectric voltage in the resistor collar.

D.7 Summary of the test parameters that will be adopted in the LPS component testing

Table D.1 summarizes the most critical aspects of each SPCR component during the performance of its function and details the
parameters of the lightning current to be reproduced in laboratory tests.

The numerical values given in Table D.1 are relevant for the importance parameters of the lightning at the impact point.

The test values must be calculated taking into account the current sharing, which can be expressed by the sharing factor.
current, as described in clause D.3.

Therefore, the numerical values of the parameters that will be used during the tests can be calculated based on the data that
are listed in Table D.1, applying the reduction factors related to the current distribution, expressed by the formulas provided in
Clause D.3.
62305-1 • IEC: 2006 - 125 -

annex
(informative)

Overvoltages due to lightning at different installation points

Overview

For the sizing of conductors, SPD, and devices, the threat due to overvoltages at the point must be determined.
specific installation of these components. Overvoltages can be due to lightning currents (partial) and induction effects in
the installation circuits. The threat due to these overvoltages must be lower than the resistance levels of the components
used (defined by appropriate tests as necessary).

E.1 Overvoltages due to flashes in the structure (damage source S1)

E.1.1 Overvoltages flowing through external conductive parts and lines connected to the structure

When grounded, the lightning current splits between the grounding system, external conductive parts, and the lines.
directly or through SPDs connected to them.

Yes yof =kmiyo (E.1)

It is the part of the lightning current relevant to each part or external conductor line.
depends on:

the number of parallel trips;

its conventional grounding impedance for underground parts, or its ground resistance, where aerial parts are connected to
land, for aerial parts,

- the conventional grounding impedance of the grounding system.

Z
• for underground installation k me= (E.2)

Z 1 + Z (n 1 + 2 Z 2 in Z1)

Z
• for aerial installation k e= (E.3)
Z2
Z 2
+Z (n +2 n 1
)
Z1
where

The impedance of the conventional grounding system.

The conventional grounding impedance of the external parts or lines (Table E.1)
subterranean

Z2 is the ground resistance of the grounding arrangement that connects the aerial line to ground.
If the ground resistance of the grounding point is not known, the value of Z1 shown in Table E.1 (where the resistivity is
relevant to the grounding point.

NOTE In the previous formula, it is assumed that this value is the same for each grounding point. If this is not the case, it is necessary to use equations.
more complex.

number of total external parts or underground lines;

It's the total number of external parts or lines that pass above;

I Is the lightning current relevant for the considered LPS class.

62305-1 • IEC: 2006 127

Assuming as a first approximation that half of the lightning current flows into the ground
termination system and that Z2 = Z1, the value of k can be evaluated for an external conductor line or part by:

ke = 0.5 / (no1 + no2) (E.4)

If the input lines (for example, electrical and telecommunication lines) are not shielded or not placed in a metal conduit, each
One of the conductors of the line carries an equal part of the lightning current.

k' e =ke /no' (E.5)

not being the total number of drivers.

For the shielded lines connected to the input, the current values each one of the n '

The drivers of an armored service are given by:

k' e = kmi ⋅ Rs / (no' ⋅ Rs + Rvs) (E.6)

with

Ohmic resistance per unit length of shielding;

Ohmic resistance per unit length of the internal conductor.

NOTE 3 This formula may underestimate the role of the shield in directing lightning current due to the mutual inductance between the core and the shield.

Table E.1 - Conventional grounding impedance values ZyZ1

according to the soil resistivity

Conventional grounding impedance related to the LPS class

ρ Z1 Z
Ω Ω
Ωmetro

I II III - IV

≤100 8 4 4 4

200 11 6 6 6

500 sixteen 10 10 10

1000 22 10 15 20

2000 28 10 15 40

3000 35 10 15 60

NOTE The values reported in this table refer to the conventional earthing impedance of a buried conductor under impulse conditions (10/350 µs).
62305-1 • IEC: 2006 - 129 -

E.1.2 Factores que influyen en la distribución de la corriente del rayo en las líneas eléctricas

For detailed calculations, various factors can influence the amplitude and waveform of such surges:

• The length of the cable can influence the distribution of current and the characteristics of the waveform due to the L/R ratio.

• the different impedances of the neutral and phase conductors can influence the distribution of current among the line conductors;

NOTE For example, if the neutral conductor (N) has several grounds, the lowest impedance of N compared to
L1, L2, and I could result in 50% of the current flowing through conductor N with the remaining 50%
being shared by the other 3 lines (17% each). If N, L1, L2, and I3 have the same impedance, each conductor will carry approximately 25%.
from the current.

• the different impedances of the transformer can influence the distribution of the current (this effect is insignificant if the transformer
is protected by SPD that prevent its impedance);

• the relationship between the conventional grounding resistances of the transformer and the load side elements can influence
in the distribution of current (the lower the impedance of the transformer, the greater the overcurrent that flows towards the
low voltage system;

• Parallel consumers cause a reduction in the effective impedance of the low voltage system, which can increase the
partial current of the ray flowing towards this system.

E.2 Relevant surges for the services connected to the structure

E.2.1 Overvoltages due to flashes in services (source of damage S3)

In the case of direct lightning strikes to connected services, the division of the lightning current into both should be taken into account.
senses of service and the breaking of isolation.

The selection of the little devil. The value can be based on the values given in Table E.2 where the preferred values of the little devil are
associated with the level of lightning protection (LPL).

Table E.2 - Expected surge currents due to lightning

Low voltage systems Phone communication lines

Flash a Flash nearby Search or in the Flash to the Blink near the Near or in the
the service the service structure Service Service structure

Source of Source of Source of damage Source of Source of Source of damage

LPL damage S3 damage S4 S1 or S2 (current damage S3 damage S4 S2 (induced
(direct (indirect) induced only for S1) (flash direct) (indirect flash) Actual
flash flash
Waveform: 8/20 µs waveform: Measured: Waveform: 8/20 µs
Waveform: Waveform: 10/350 µs 5/300 µs
20/8 microseconds (kA) (kA)
10/350 µs
(kA) (estimated: 8/2
(kA) (kA)
0µs

(kA)

III-IV 5 2.5 0,1 1 0,01 (0,05) 0.05

I-II 10 5 0.2 2 0.02 (0.1) 0,1

62305-1 • IEC: 2006 - 131 -

For shielded lines, the overload values given in Table E.2 can be reduced by a factor of 0.5.

NOTE It is assumed that the resistance of the shielding is approximately equal to the resistance of all the service conductors in parallel.

E.2.2 Overvoltages from flashes near services (Damage source S4)

The surges from flashes near services have much lower energies than those associated with the flashes in the services.
(damage source S3).

The expected surges associated with a specific level of lightning protection (LPL) are given in Table E.2.

For shielded lines, the overcurrent values given in Table E.2 can be reduced by a factor of 0.5.

E.3 Surges due to induction effects (Damage source S1 or S2)

The overvoltages due to the effects of induction from magnetic fields, generated either by nearby lightning (source S2) or by
the lightning current flowing in the external LPS or the space shield of LPZ 1 (source S1) has a typical current waveform of
8/20 µs. Such overvoltages should be considered near or at the terminal of the device within LPZ 1 and at the boundary of LPZ 1/2.

E.3.1 Overvoltages within an LPZ 1 without shielding

Within an LPZ 1 without shielding (for example, protected only by an external LPS according to IEC 62305-3 with a mesh width greater than 5 m) there
relatively high overvoltages are expected due to the induction effects of the non-damped magnetic field.

The expected surges associated with a specific level of lightning protection (LPL) are given in Table E.2.

E.3.2 Surges within shielded LPZ

Within LPZ with effective spatial shielding (which requires a mesh width below 5 m according to Annex A of IEC 62305-4), the
the generation of overvoltages due to the induction effects of magnetic fields is considerably reduced. In such cases, the
surge voltages are much lower than those indicated in E.3.1.

Within LPZ 1, the induction effects are smaller due to the damping effect of its spatial shield.

Within LPZ 2, the overvoltages are further reduced due to the cascading effect of both spatial shields of LPZ 1 and LPZ 2.

E.4 General information related to SPDs

The use of SPD depends on its resistance capacity, classified in IEC 61643-1 for energy and in IEC 61643-21 for systems.
telecommunications.
62305-1 • IEC: 2006 133

The SPDs that will be used according to their installation position are the following:

a) At the entry of the line to the structure (at the boundary of LPZ 1, for example, at the main distribution board MB):

• SPD tested conyoimp (typical waveform 10/350, for example, SPD tested according to Class I);

• SPD tested with a typical waveform 8/20, for example, SPD tested according to Class II).

second) Close to the device to be protected (at the limit of LPZ 2 and above, for example, in the secondary distribution board SB or in a socket

of current SA):

• SPD tested typical waveform 8/20, for example, SPD tested according to Class II);

• SPD tested with a combined wave (typical current waveform 8/20, e.g. SPD tested according to Class III).
62305-1 • IEC: 2006 135

Bibliography

[1] IEC 60664-1: 1992, Coordination of insulation for equipment within low-voltage systems. Part 1: Principles, requirements and
tests.

[2] IEC 61000-4-5: 1995, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Part 4-5: Testing and measurement techniques. Immunity test for
overvoltage.

[3] Berger K., Anderson RB, Kröninger H., Lightning Parameters. CIGRE Electra no 41 (1975), pp. 23 - 37

[4] Anderson RB, Eriksson AJ, Ray parameters for engineering applications. CIGRE Electra no 69 (1980), p. 65 - 102

[5] Report of the IEEE working group, Estimation of the performance of transmission line rays II,
1992

[6] IEC 61643-1: 2005,Dispositivos de protección contra sobretensiones de baja tensión. Parte 1: Dispositivos de protección contra sobretensiones
connected to low voltage energy distribution systems. Requirements and tests.

[7] IEC 61643-12: 2002: Low voltage surge protective devices. Part 12: Surge protective devices
connected to low voltage power distribution systems. Principles of selection and application.

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