UNIT III

VALUES AND DATA TYPES

By
Jyoti Suryawanshi
 INTRODUCTION
• Program is a set of statements.
• Each statement is formed using different words called as
tokens.
• Each token is formed by using valid characters.
• Characters consist of letters, digits, operators and delimiters.
 ENCODING OF CHARACTERS
• Characters entered from keyboard are not directly stored in
the computer memory.
• Because memory stores a character in numeric form.
• So characters entered are converted into numeric form
before actually getting stored in the memory.
• Two types of encoding schemes:
[Link] code
[Link]
ENCODING SCHEMES

1. ASCII code
• ASCII stands for American Standard Code for
Information Interchange.
• It uses 7 bits code for representing each
character.
• It includes 256 characters but only 128 are used.
• ASCII code represents these characters as
numbers, with each letter assigned a number
from 0 to 127.
 ESCAPE SEQUENCES
Escape Meaning • These are some characters that are used to
sequence control the cursor while displaying the values
\t Horizontal on the screen.
tab
\\ Backslash • Each escape sequence starts with backslash
\’ Single quote
(\) followed by a specific character.
\” Double
• The complete set is enclosed within double
quote quotes.
\n New line
• Some escape sequences are shown in the
table.
 ESCPAE SEQUENCES
• Ex: [Link](“pawar\n public school”) ;
Output: pawar
public school
• Ex: [Link](“pawar\t public school”) ;
Output: pawar public school
• Ex: [Link](“\“pawar public school\””) ;
Output: “pawar public school”
 ESCPAE SEQUENCES
• Ex: [Link](“pawar\\public school”) ;
Output: pawar\public school
• Ex: [Link](“pawar \’public\’ school”) ;
Output: pawar ‘public’ school
• Ex: [Link](““pawar public school””) ;
Output: Syntax error
 TOKENS
• Token is a set of valid characters used for writing a
statement in java program.
• These are smallest elements of the program identified by the
compiler.
• Token is defined as each individual component of Java
program that carries meaning and takes active part in
program execution.
• Types of tokens used are: Literals, Identifiers, Assignment,
Operators, Punctuators, Seperators and Keywords.
 LITERALS
• Literals are the constants that remain unchanged during the
entire execution of the program.
• The various types of literals are:
• Integer Literals: The whole numbers are known as Integer
Literals. Ex: 12,-34, 456 etc
• Real Literals: They are fractional numbers. Ex:3.45, 5.67 etc
• Character Literals: A single letter or a digit or any special
symbol enclosed within single quotes is known as character
litetal. It does not take part in arithmetical calculations.
• Ex: ‘A’, ‘1’ etc.
 LITERALS

• String Literals: A set or group of characters enclosed within

double quotes is known as a String litetal. Ex: “Pawar Public
School”
• Boolean literal: Boolean Literals are true or false. A boolean
literal can be either true or false at a time.
• Null literal: Null literal denotes the absence of a value. It is
used to initialize object or array.
Ex: Integer n = null;
 IDENTIFIERS
• Identifiers are are names given to a classic, function or
variables, an object or an interface.

ASSIGNMENT
• The term assignment refers to storing a value in a
variable.
• The variable and value to be stored must be of
compatible data types.
Ex: int a= 12;
 OPERATORS
• Operators are the symbols or signs used to specify the
operations to be performed in a Java expression.
• There are three types of operators in Java.
• Arithmetical operators: +, -, *, / etc
• Relational operators: <, >, <=, >=etc
• Logical operators: &&, ||etc
 PUNCTUATORS
• Punctuators are the punctuation signs used as special
characters in Java. Ex: comma(,),semicolon(;) etc

SEPERATORS
• They are the special characters in Java, which are used to
seperate the variables or the characters.
• Ex: brackets(), curly brackets {} etc.
 KEYWORDS
• Keywords are the reserved words which are preserved by
the system and carry special meaning for the system
compiler.
• We can not use them as names for variables.
• Ex: class, public, for, void etc.
DATA TYPES
• Data type basically
refers to type of data,
a memory location
can hold.
• Whenever we need to
store a value, the
respective data type
must be mentioned so
that system may
structure memory
location for its proper
usage.
 PRIMITIVE DATA TYPES
• Primitive data types are the basic or fundamental data
types used to declare a variable.
• They are further classified as Numeric data types and Non
numeric data types.
• Numeric data types
• Non-Numeric data types
 PRIMITIVE DATA TYPES
• Numeric data types:
• The numeric data types are used to declare variables that can store
numbers.
• Based on type of values that can be stored in a variable, numeric
data types are classified as Integer type and real type.
• Non- Numeric data types:
• Non numeric data types do not deal with numbers rather they are
used to declare a character or a set of characters.
• They are classified as character type and boolean type.
 NUMERIC DATA TYPES
• Integer type:
• A variable declared under this type contains an integer literal.
• They are classified as:
• byte: It is used to store integer data upto 8 bits(1 byte).
Ex: byte x= 7;
• short: It is used to store a small range of integers upto 2 bytes.
Ex: short x= 25;
• int: It is used to store integers upto 4 bytes.
Ex: int n=342;
• long: It is used to store large integers upto 8 byte.
Ex: long c= 1234;
 NUMERIC DATA TYPES
• Real Type:
• A variable declared under this type contains floating point data.
• These are categorised as:
• float: It represents a fractional number with a small range upto 4
bytes.
A float data type can store numbers upto 7 significant digits only.
Ex: float x= 3.45f;
• double: It represents a fractional number with wide range values
upto 8 bytes.
A double data type has more precision. It will store upto 15
significant digits.
Ex: double x= 0.1234567;
RANGE OF NUMERIC DATA TYPES.
 NON-NUMERIC DATA TYPES
• Character type:
• char:
• A variable is declared as char when it holds a character
literal.
• It is enclosed in single quotes.
Ex: char div= ‘A’;
• String:
• A set of characters are stored in String data type.
• It is enclosed in double quotes.
Ex: String name= “Pawar Public School”;
 NON-NUMERIC DATA TYPES
• Boolean type:
• boolean:
• Boolean Literals are true or false.
• To store a boolean literal, the variable must be declared
boolean.
• Ex: boolean x= true;
 NON-PRIMITIVE DATA TYPES
• A non primitive data type is one that is derived from
primitive data types.
• A number of primitive data types are used together to
represent a non primitive data type.
• Hence a non primitive data type is also called as composite
data type.
• Ex: array, class etc.
 DECLARATION VS INITIALIZATION
• Declaration is the term used to declare the tpe of a variable
whereas initialization refers to assigning or storing value to
the variable.
• Ex: int x; //variable declaration
x=5; // variable initialization
• Declaration and initialization can be done in one line also.
• Ex: int x=5;
DEFAULT INITIALIZATION
• If a variable is not
initialized but is used
in the program, then
the system initializes it
implicitly with a
specific value called
default initial value.
STATIC INITIALIZATION

• Static
initialization is a
way to store a
value directly
to a variable
by using
assignment (=)
operator.
 DYNAMIC INITIALIZATION
• Dynamic initialization is used to initialize a variable at run
time.
• In this system variable is initialized with value which is the
outcome of some expression.
 INITIALIZATION
• The variables which are declared within class are initialized
with default initial values.
• The variables declared under main () need to be initialized
by the user.
 TYPE CONVERSION
• Arithmetical expression is defined as set of variables,
constants and arithmetical operators.
• Ex: a+b*c-4;
• Here a, b, c are variables, 4 is constant and +, -, * are
operators.
• If an arithmetical expression contains all the datavaluea of
same type is known as pure expression.
• Ex: int a, b, c;
a+b*c-4;
 TYPE CONVERSION
• When data items in the expression have different data types
then the expression called Impure Arithmetical Expression.
• Ex: int a;
float b, c;
a+b*c-4;
• In impure expression what will be the data type of result
after execution?
• System converts result into specific data type known as type
conversion.
 TYPE CONVERSION

• Types of type conversion:

• Impliclit type conversion
• Explicit type conversion
IMPLICIT TYPE CONVERSION
• In impure expression,
when data type of
the result gets
converted into
highermost data type
available in the
expression without
any intervention of
the user, is known as
implicit type
conversion.
• It is also known as
Coercion.
 EXPLICIT TYPE CONVERSION
• It is type of data conversion in which data of result of
impureexpression gets converted into specific type as per
user’s choice.
• The choice of data type must be written within braces( ).
• The explicit type conversion is also known as Type Casting.
• Ex: int a; float b;
c = (int)(a+b) ;
• In the example a, b are different types of data. Result should
implicitly be in higher most float type. But user demands to
convert it into int type which is lower type.
• Hence System is forced to provide a int type result using type
casting.
 IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

• State the values of n and ch.

char c= ‘A’;
int n= c+1;
char ch = (char) n;
------ n= 66 ch = B
• Predict the return data type of r.
int p; float m;
r= p+ m;
 IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

• What is meant by type conversion? How is an implicit conversion different

from explicit conversion?
• What are the types of casting shown in the following examples?
double x = 15.2;
int a= 12;
I) int y= (int) x;
II) long b = a;
 IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
• Give one example each of primitive data type and non-
Primitive data type.
• What is literal?
• Name a primitive data type that is single 16 bit whose default
value is ‘\u0000’.
• State difference between floating point literal and double type
literal.
• What are the default values of primitive data type int and
float?
• Identify Literals below: 0.5, ‘A’, false
 IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
• State difference between primitive data type and
composite data type.
• Distinguish between token and identifier.
• Distinguish between Character and Boolean literal.
• Arrange primitive data types in ascending order of their
size:char, byte, double, int