Asexual Reproduction.

Organization and Management of the

Plant Production. .
I.E.S. Federico García Lorca (Churriana de la Vega -
[Link] by cuttings

PROPAGATION BY CUTTINGS

1. Importance and advantages of propagation by cuttings

Cuttings are the most important means of propagating shrubs.
ornamental, both of deciduous and evergreen species. Cuttings are used,
also, extensively in the commercial greenhouse propagation of many crops
Floral and its use is common in the propagation of various fruit species.

In species that can be easily propagated

For stakes, this method has numerous advantages.
a few mother plants can start many
new plants in a limited space. It's economical,
quick, simple and does not require special techniques.
graft. Greater uniformity is achieved due to the absence
of variations that sometimes appear in plants
grafts resulting from the variation of the patterns
coming from seed. The mother plant, in general,
Rooted cutting of Hibiscus syriacus.
they reproduce exactly without genetic change.

However, it is not always convenient to reproduce the plants completely by

stakes even if it's possible. It is often advantageous, or necessary, to use a sturdy pattern
some adverse soil condition, to pathogenic organisms living in the ground or
use the available patterns to decrease or increase the vigor of the varieties
grafted into them.

2. Types of cuttings
Cuttings are made from vegetative parts of plants, such as stems.
modified (rhizomes, tubers, corms, bulbs), leaves or roots. Cuttings can be
classify according to the part of the plant from which they come as follows:

Stem Cuttings:

. From hardwood:

Expired.

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 Asexual Reproduction. Organization and Management of the
Plant Production. .
I.E.S. Federico García Lorca (Churriana de la Vega -
GranadaPropagation by cuttings
Narrow-leaved perennials.

. Semi-hardwood.

. Of soft wood.

. Herbaceous

Leaf cuttings.

Leaf cuttings with bud.

Root cuttings.

Muchas plantas se pueden propagar con resultados satisfactorios usando varios

different types of piles. The preferred type depends on the specific circumstances.
selecting the most economical for each case.

Stem cuttings, which are the most important type, can be divided into four.
groups according to the nature of the wood: hardwood, semi-hardwood, softwood and
herbaceous.

In stem cutting propagation, segments of branches are obtained that

they contain terminal or lateral buds, with the expectation that under the conditions
appropriate ones will form adventitious roots and independent plants will be obtained. To achieve the
successful rooting of some plants can be of great importance the type of
wood and the growth stage in which the cuttings are taken, along with other factors.

Hardwood stakes from deciduous species

The hardwood stakes are those made of mature, lignified hardwood.

after the leaves have fallen and before new buds appear in spring.
The use of hardwood stakes is one of the cheapest and easiest methods of
vegetative propagation. Hardwood cuttings are easy to prepare, they do not spoil.
easily, if necessary they can be sent over long distances and during the
Rooting requires little or no special equipment.

The hardwood stakes are prepared during the season of deciduous woody plants,
of rest, at the end of autumn, in winter or at the beginning of although it is possible to propagate
spring, usually from fast-growing woods by hardwood stakes
previous, although in fig, olive, and certain cultivars of without leaves you hit species
plum, wood that is two years old can be used. The stakes of evergreen like the olive.
hardwood is used more frequently in propagation

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 Asexual Reproduction. Organization and Management of the
Plant Production. .
I.E.S. Federico García Lorca (Churriana de la Vega –
[Link] by cuttings
Rooting of woody cuttings

The propagation material from hardwood cuttings must be taken from plants
healthy, of moderate vigor, that grow with good sunlight. The wood taken should not
to proceed with very vigorous growths with abnormally long internodes, or branches
weak, slow-growing, or from the interior. The most suitable wood is that of size and
moderate vigor. The cuttings should have a ample supply of stored nutrients
to nourish the developing roots and branches until the new plant is self-sufficient.
The tips of the branches, which usually have few food reserves, are discarded. The
best stakes isobtained fromthe central and basal parts.

Hardwood stakes can be of a very variable length, from 10 to 75 cm.

The long stakes, when used as fruiting patterns, allow the grafting of the bud of the
to cultivate in the original branch after it has rooted, instead of doing it in the younger branch
little that comes out of the original stake.

The stake must have at least two nodes. The basal cut is usually made
just below a knot and the upper one 1.5 to 2.5 cm above another knot.

The diameter of the stakes can vary from 0.6 to 2.5 and sometimes up to 5 cm.
depending on the species.
For the preparation and handling of the stakes before planting them, there are several methods of use.
common

•Hardening in the winter.

Direct planting in autumn.

Direct planting in spring.

Hardening in warm temperatures

Background heating hardening.

Hardwood stakes from perennial narrow-leaved species.

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 Asexual Reproduction. Organization and Management of the
Plant Production. .
I.E.S. Federico García Lorca (Churriana de la Vega –
[Link] by cuttings
They must be rooted under conditions that prevent excessive drying.
they are slow to root, sometimes taking from several months to a year. Due to the factor of
the juvenility, the cuttings taken from young mother plants grown from seed root
more easily than those taken from older trees.

The best time to take stakes of narrow-leaved perennials is between

late autumn and late winter. It is important that after taking the material from the
Mother plant, this should be handled promptly.

The cuttings root better in a greenhouse with relatively low light intensity.
high and elevated humidity conditions or with very light fog, without wetting the leaves in
abundance. Good results have been obtained by providing a temperature in the background
from 24 to 26.5°C. The sand alone is satisfactory as a medium for rooting, just like
a 1:1 mixture of perlite and peat.

The type of wood that should be used to make the stakes varies significantly.
according to the species to be rooted. The cuttings are made about 10-20 cm long,
removing all the leaves from the lower half. Generally, the terminal branches are used.
mature from the growth of the previous season. Some nurserymen use tip cuttings,
5 to 7 cm long, placed very close together in a box for rooting.

Semi-hard wooden stakes

Las estacas de madera semidura son obtenidas de especies leñosas, perennes, de

broad leaf, but the leafy summer stakes taken from partially matured wood of
deciduous plants can also be considered as semi-hardwood. The stakes of
perennial broadleaf species are usually taken in the summer from new branches, just
after there has been a period of growth and the wood is partially mature.
Many ornamental shrubs, such as camellia, holly, and others, can usually be
propagated by semi-hardwood cuttings. Also some fruit species, such as the
citrus and olive can be propagated in this way.

The stakes are made 7.5 to 15 cm long, keeping the leaves at the top.
superior. If the leaves are very large, they must be reduced in size to decrease loss.
of water and allow for closer spacing in the growing beds, They are often used
tips of the branches to make cuttings, but the basal parts of the stem also root.
The basal cut of ordinary wood is made just below a knot. The wood for stakes must
to be obtained in the early hours of the morning, when the stems are still turgid and
keep wrapped rolled with damp, clean cloth, or placed in polyethylene bags
They must be protected from the sun all the time, until the stakes are made.

It is necessary that leaf cuttings take root under conditions that

keep water loss from the leaves to a minimum. They are commercially rooted,
under intermittent mist sprays or, in cold and humid climates, beneath films of
polyethylene placed on the stakes. Satisfactory results are obtained with means of
rooting as 1:1 mixes of perlite and peat or perlite and vermiculite.

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 Asexual Reproduction. Organization and Management of the
Plant Production. .
I.E.S. Federico García Lorca (Churriana de la Vega -
Granada).Propagation by cuttings

Softwood stakes

The prepared stakes of soft growths, new, succulent, of spring,

deciduous or perennial species can be properly classified as wooden stakes
blanda. Many woody ornamental shrubs can be started with cuttings of this type,
also many fruit trees, especially under fog.

Softwood stakes root more easily and quickly than others.

type, but they require more attention and equipment. Stakes of this type are always left
some leaves. Therefore, they should be handled carefully to prevent them from drying out.
They must be rooted in conditions that prevent excessive loss of water through the leaves.
In most cases, softwood cuttings produce roots within a period of 2 to 5
weeks. In general, they respond well to treatment with substances that stimulate the
rooting.

When making softwood stakes, it is important to obtain from the mother plant the
suitable material, although this may vary according to the species in question. However, the branches
tender, soft, fast-growing ones are not suitable, as they may be
deteriorate before rooting. At the other end, old woody stems root with
difficulty or they can also just drop their leaves and not do it. The best material for
stakes have a certain degree of flexibility, but they are mature enough to break
when it bends too much. Weak, thin inner branches should be avoided as well as
vigorous, abnormally thick or overripe. The most suitable material is from the branches
lateral branches of the mother plant. By trimming the main branches, the growth of
numerous lateral shoots from which softwood cuttings can be obtained, from 7 to
12 cm long with two or more knots.

The basal cut is usually made just below a node. The leaves are removed.
from the lower portion of the stake and the upper ones are retained. The large leaves must
reduce in size to decrease the transpiration rate and take up less space in the
propagation bed. All flowers or flower buds must be removed. In some nurseries
where a considerable amount of stakes are prepared, the bundles are cut quickly to
a uniform size using shears for paper.

It is better to collect the material early in the day and it should be kept at all times.
fresh and plump, wrapping it in a damp cloth or placing them in polyethylene bags
(sheltered from the sun). The exposure of the prepared material or stakes to the sun,
Even for a few minutes, they cause serious damage. It is not advisable to soak the material.
or the stakes in water to keep them fresh.

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 Asexual Reproduction. Organization and Management of the
Plant Production. .
I.E.S. Federico García Lorca (Churriana de la Vega -
Granada).Propagation by cuttings
Herbaceous stakes

Herbaceous stakes are made from plants.

herbaceous, succulent, like geraniums, chrysanthemums or
carnations. They are 7 to 12 cm long, retaining leaves in the
top part or without leaves. Most floral crops
They propagate through herbaceous stakes that root easily.
They are rooted under the same conditions as the
softwood stakes, needing high humidity. The
bottom heat also helps. In appropriate conditions, the
rooting is fast and with high percentages. The cuttings Cuttings of various herbs
herbaceous plants that exude a sticky sap
they root better if before inserting them into the medium they are left
dry for a few hours.

Leaf stakes

In the leaf stakes, for

to start the new plants, the
limb of the leaf or that of the petiole. In the
roots and a
adventitious shoots that develop
to form the new plant, of which
the original sheet is not included.

One type of propagation by cuttings is the one that involves cutting sections of 7 to
10 cm long, these portions are buried up to three quarters of their length in sand, and
after a while a new plant forms at the base of the leaf, disintegrating it
original stake.

When starting with leaf cuttings of plants with fleshy leaves, they are made to be cut from the
veins, on the underside of the mature leaf, which is then placed flat on the surface of the medium
of propagation. The leaf is fixed or kept in contact with the medium in some way,
leaving the beam of it exposed upwards. After being for a certain time in
In humid conditions, new plants form at the point where each vein was cut.
The old leaf gradually disintegrates.

Leaf cuttings should be rooted under the same conditions of

high humidity used for softwood or herbaceous stakes. The application of
Rooting stimulating substances are usually useful.

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 Asexual Reproduction. Organization and Management of the
Plant Production. .
I.E.S. Federico García Lorca (Churriana de la Vega -
Granada)Propagation by cuttings

Leaf stakes with bud

A leaf cutting with a bud consists of the blade of a leaf, the petiole, and a
short portion of the stem that has an axillary bud.

These stakes are especially valuable in plants from which the leaves
Adventitious roots begin to develop but not stems. The axillary bud that is at the base of the
the petiole gives rise to the new shoot.

Daughter stakes with buds are particularly valuable when the material of
Propagation is scarce, as the same amount of maternal material can yield
twice the new plants than if stem cuttings were made. Each node can be used
for a cutting. In plants with opposite leaves, two cuttings can be obtained from each node.
from leaf cuttings with buds. Leaf cuttings with buds are best obtained from material that has
well-developed buds and healthy leaves that are actively growing.

The treatment of the cut surfaces with one of the substances that
they stimulate rooting, should help with root production. The cuttings are inserted
in the rooting medium, placing the bud at a depth of 1.5 to 2.5 cm in the
rooting medium. High humidity is essential and the heat at the bottom is
convenient for achieving quick rooting. The sand or sand with peat in
1:1 ratio is satisfactory medium for rooting leaf cuttings with
yolk.

Stakesroot

With stakes of this type, the best results can be expected when the
root sections are taken from young mother plants at the end of winter or early in
spring when the roots are well supplied with stored nutrients, but before
let the new growth begin. It is advisable to avoid taking cuttings in spring, when
the mother plant is rapidly developing new branches.

The obtaining of root cuttings in large quantities can be quite

laborious unless the roots of the nursery plants are trimmed upon removal.

In root stakes, it is important to maintain polarity when planting them.

Correct. To avoid planting them upside down, a straight cut can be made at the end.

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 Asexual Reproduction. Organization and Management of the
Plant Production. .
I.E.S. Federico García Lorca (Churriana de la Vega -
[Link] by cuttings
proximal (closer to the plant crown) and an angled cut at the distal end
(the farthest from the crown). The root stakes should always be planted with the end
proximal upwards. When planting, the stake is inserted vertically, so that
that the upper end is level with the ground. However, in many species
It is equally satisfactory to plant the stakes horizontally, at a depth
from 2.5 to 5 cm avoiding the possibility of planting them upside down.

Propagation by cuttings is very simple, but the size of the root being...
whoever pays will be the one to indicate the best procedure to follow:

Plants with small and delicate roots. The root cuttings of such plants
they are started in a greenhouse or hotbed, in sand boxes or finely tilled soil
screening. The roots are cut into small pieces, 2.5 to 5 cm long and are
they are distributed horizontally on the ground surface, covered with a layer
of 1.5 cm of sand or fine soils. After watering them, they are covered up to their
wrapping with polyethylene film or a glass to prevent them from drying out. The
boxes are placed in a shaded area. After the plants are well
formed, they can be transplanted to other boxes.

Plants with somewhat fleshy roots. The cuttings of plants with fleshy roots
You start better in a sandy soil box, in winter or a heated bed. The sections
The roots should be 5 to 7.5 cm long and planted vertically, maintaining the
polarity.

Plants with large roots, propagated outdoors. Large cuttings are made.
from 5 to 15 cm long. They are tied in bundles, ensuring that the ends are all
in the same position to avoid being planted inverted later. The stakes are
they are placed in boxes with sand, sawdust, or moist peat and left for about 3 weeks
keep at about 4.5°C. After this, they are planted at a distance of 5 to 7.5 cm
among themselves in the well-prepared nursery soil, leaving part of the tops of the stakes to
ground level or just a little lower.

3. Cutting techniques.
Mother plants: sources of material for cuttings

In the propagation by cuttings, the source or origin of the material is of great importance.
the mother plants, from which they are obtained, must possess the following characteristics:

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 Asexual Reproduction. Organization and Management of the
Plant Production. .
I.E.S. Federico García Lorca (Churriana de la Vega -
[Link] by cuttings

Be true to the name and type (genotype).

Be free from diseases and pests.

Be in the appropriate physiological state, so that the cuttings taken

they have chances of taking root.

To obtain the appropriate material for stakes, there are several possible sources:

From plants that grow in the landscape, in parks, around houses or buildings, or in
wild state. For nurserymen who propagate plants for sale, this source can be
risky. It may not be of the specific type desired and may carry some
diseases.

The cuttings of young nursery plants obtained by pruning and shaping them.
Many nurseries use these cuttings as the main source of their stake material.
However, sometimes pruning is not done at the right time to root them.
There is a need to store the obtained stakes.

Mother plants maintained as a source of material for cuttings. Although those

Plants may take up valuable space, they are the ideal source of material for stakes.
given that the history and identity of each mother plant can be determined with precision, it is
It is possible to control your health status and maintain an adequate level of nutrition and vigor.

Means for rooting

The stakes of many plant species root easily in a large

diversity of media, but in those that do so with difficulty it can have great
it influences the type of rooting medium used, not only in the percentage of
rooted stakes but also in the quality of the root system formed.

The combination of some of the materials listed below with

frequency yields better results than the use of any of them alone.

Some of the substrates that can be used are:

Soil

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 Asexual Reproduction. Organization and Management of the
Plant Production. .
I.E.S. Federico García Lorca (Churriana de la Vega -
[Link] by cuttings
Usually, soil is used to plant the hardwood stakes of deciduous species.
two root stakes. A sandy soil with a crumbly structure is preferable to a soil
heavy clay, since in the first one a higher rooting percentage is obtained,
with better quality roots. Also in sandier soils, the stakes can be
plant earlier and, once rooted, they can be taken out much earlier, after
the rains, which when heavier soils are used. The nursery soil should be
free of nematodes, verticillium, and Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

The soil is not considered a suitable medium for the rooting of cuttings.
more succulent type, like those of semi-hard and soft wood, although some of the
Commercial viveristas have used it successfully.

Arenas

The sands typically include the grain size fractions comprised

between 0.02 and 2 mm. They can come from quarries or rivers. The former are more
homogeneous and are usually made up of angular particles. The second are more
heterogeneous and their particles are usually rounded. For optimal use
As a substrate, the sands should be free of silts and clays, and also of car-
calcium carbonate.

The most suitable granularity ranges between 0.5 and 2 mm in diameter. Its density
apparent is similar to gravel. Its water retention capacity is medium (of the order
of 20% in weight and more than 35% in volume), its aeration capacity, although it is
Vada can decrease over time due to compaction, its capacity to inter-
Cation exchange is null. It is relatively common for them to have limestone content.
higher than 8%. Some types of sand must be washed before use. Their
pH can vary between 4 and 8. It lasts a long time.

It is widely used as a rooting medium since it is low-cost and easy to obtain.

The sand must be clean, free of organic matter and dirt.

Turbines

They are remains of disaggregated and partially decomposed plant organic matter.
originating from the ancient vegetation of swampy waters in which as a consequence
of poor oxygen environmental conditions and excess water has
the mentioned partial decomposition occurs. They form in very cold regions with
high precipitation and high relative humidity (Canada, Finland, Poland, Russia...)
what determines that this type of peatlands are extremely poor in bases and
nutritional elements and present a strongly acidic reaction. Under these conditions,

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 Asexual Reproduction. Organization and Management of the
Plant Production. .
I.E.S. Federico García Lorca (Churriana de la Vega -
[Link] by cuttings
Only low-demand species such as sphagnum can be established.
(Sphagnum spp, which represent about 90% of the botanical composition of these
peat bogs), ericaceous plants, cyperaceous plants, and others.

Two types of peat are distinguished:

Slightly decomposed brownish light soil. It is.

widely used as substrate, as it is poorly decomposed, retains
partially the structure of moss and possesses excellent physical and chemical properties.

Dark colored or strongly decomposed black peat. It has a quality.

inferior, since it has practically lost its structure, and has a capacity of
lower available aeration and water retention.

It is quite normal for the peat to be sold in bags after being processed.
about her a series of operations, such as:

Ground. Trying to properly shred the pieces of peat obtained;

directly from the peat bog after appropriate drying to values of about 50-60%.

In baled. In blonde crowds whose pH is very acidic, it is common that they.

contribute limestone amendments in order to bring the pH back to values closer to
neutrality.

It is quite common to mix peat with other substrates to improve its

Physical properties. Among other mixtures, the following can be pointed out:

Turna-arena, in various proportions, with frequent mixtures.

ranging from 1:1 to 1:3, for various purposes such as rooting
cuttings, container cultivation, etc.

Peat-perlite or peat-vermiculite in a ratio of 1:1 in both cases for

rooting of cuttings.

Pearl

It is a volcanic aluminosilicate of composition

variable, which depends on the characteristics of the original volcanic rock. The
perlita comes from vitreous volcanic rocks (group of rhyolites), which
have formed by rapid cooling, constituting an amorphous material, which
they contain between 2 and 5% combined water. In their industrial treatment,

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 Asexual Reproduction. Organization and Management of the
Plant Production. .
I.E.S. Federico García Lorca (Churriana de la Vega –
Granada).Propagation by cuttings
the material is fragmented and subjected to 1000°C for 5 minutes. The water
combined evaporates quickly, expanding the product (up to 20 times
its initial volume) to form a lightweight aggregate material with a
approximate density of 125 kg/m3.

The pearl has a rough surface that provides it with a large area.
superficial and allows it to retain water on its surface along with the water it retains in the
existing pores, all released at very low voltages. It is used
widely as an aeration component in growing substrates.

From a chemical point of view, perlite is an inert material that does not
biologically or chemically decomposes. It is fundamentally composed of
silicon and aluminum and, from a practical point of view, it can be considered that
it has no nutrients.

It is widely used as a rooting medium for cuttings of

leaves especially under fog, due to their good drainage properties. It
it can be used alone, but it is better when employed in combination in
variable proportions with peat or vermiculite.

Vermiculite

It is often used as a rooting medium. With a mixture of

vermiculite and perlite in equal parts usually yield better results than
with either of the two materials used alone.

4. Injured

In stem cuttings, rooting can be stimulated

production of roots damaging their base. This practice has
useful result in a certain number of species such as juniper,
maple, the magnolia and the holly. In stakes of perennial species
of narrow leaf, like yours, injuries can be
producing by removing the lateral branches from the bottom of
the stake. It may also be enough to do it with the tip of a
sharp knife a cut of 2.5 to 5 cm on each side of the stake, Injured, roots formed to the
what passes through the bark and reaches the wood. long of the same.

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 Asexual Reproduction. Organization and Management of the
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I.E.S. Federico García Lorca (Churriana de la Vega -
Granada)Propagation by cuttings
A

The larger stakes, such as those of magnolia, can be damaged by

the most effective way by removing a thin layer of bark from each side of its base
about 2.5 cm long, exposing the cambium but without cutting deeply into the wood.
To obtain the greatest benefit, after the stakes are damaged, they should be treated with
some of the compounds that stimulate rooting, whether prepared in talc or
concentrated solution, allowing the material to penetrate into the wound.

5. Treatments of cuttings with growth regulators

The purpose of treating cuttings with growth-regulating substances like auxins.

(hormones) is to increase the percentage of cuttings that form roots, to accelerate the initiation of
they, increase the number and quality of the roots produced by the cuttings and increase the,
uniformity of rooting. It is possible that in plants that root well, there is no
justify the additional expenses and efforts of a treatment. The best use of hormones
Rooting is in plant cuttings that root with difficulty.

Materials

The chemical substances that have been found to be most effective for
stimulate the production of adventitious roots in cuttings is indoleacetic acid (IAA) acid
indolebutyric acid (IBA) and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), although other ones can be used. The acid
Indolebutyric is probably the best material for general use, as it is non-toxic.
for the plant in a wide range of concentrations and is effective for stimulating the
rooting in a large number of plant species. These substances are available
in commercial preparations, dispersed in talc or in liquid formulations that can be:
dilute in water to the appropriate concentration.

Application methods

Commercial preparations in powder.

Commercial preparations come accompanied by introduce the stakes in

complete instructions for its use, along with a list of the dust must be made for them
plants that may respond to specific preparation, a cut at the base. The
Difficult-rooting woody species should be treated. operation is done with
with higher concentration preparations than the species greater speed if the
tender succulents, with easy rooting, in which one stakes are treated in
they should use materials of lower concentration. Shortly before bunches instead of

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I.E.S. Federico García Lorca (Churriana de la Vega -
[Link] by cuttings
to do it individually, being careful to ensure that
the stakes of the inside of the bundle receive the same amount
of dust than those that are outside of it.
For the treatment, just the amount of powder that adheres to
the stakes after having shaken them lightly. The s-
tacas should be inserted in the rooting medium
immediately after treating them.

Powder hormones

Soaking method in diluted solution

In this procedure, the basal part (about 2.5 cm) is soaked for 24 hours in
a diluted solution of the material just before it is placed in the rooting medium. The
concentrations used range from about 20 ppm for easy rooting species to
about 200 ppm for those that are difficult to root.

During the soaking period, the stakes must be kept at a temperature of

around 20°C, but they should not be placed in the sun. The amount of substance absorbed by
the stakes depend in part on the conditions surrounding them during this period, the
which may lead to some variation in the results obtained.

Concentrated solution immersion method

For this method, a concentrated solution of the stimulating substance is prepared.

of rooting that can vary from 500 to 10000 ppm in 50% alcohol and is immersed in
she for a short time (about 5 seconds) from 0.5 to 1.0 cm from the basal portion of the cuttings,
which are then inserted into the rooting medium. It is better to treat the cuttings in bundles and
not individually.

The treatment method with concentrated solution has several advantages over
others. It eliminates the need to have equipment to soak the stakes and then
volverlas a manejar para insertarlas en el medio de enraíce. Además, es muy probable que se
they obtain very uniform results because the surrounding conditions do not influence
both in the absorption of the substance by the stakes and in the other two methods.

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[Link] by cuttings
5. Treatment of stakes with fungicides

As a precaution against fungal infections, it may be advisable to give the material a

you highlight a dip in a fungicide preparation, such as captan and benomyl, either
before or after making the stakes.

Survival is often improved by submerging the bases of the stakes in a

combination of fungicide-indolebutyric acid that with only treatment with IBA

6. Environmental conditions for the rooting of cuttings with

leaves

To succeed in rooting cuttings with leaves, the environmental requirements

essentials are:

Appropriate temperature, 18-27°C.

Atmosphere conducive to low water loss through the leaves.

Amount of light ample, but not excessive.

Clean, moist, well-aerated, and well-drained rooting medium.

The most commonly used techniques for improving plant rooting are calen-
basal treatment and nebulization.

Basal metabolism

The basal heating technique, initially applied to woody cuttings but

subsequently expanded to semi-woody and herbaceous stakes treated with spraying,
consists of subjecting the base of the stakes to heating in order to accelerate the
formation of the roots.

The stakes, previously treated with rhizogenic substances, are placed before their
budding, in suitable trays where a heating element has been installed at the bottom
thermoelectric plant or a piping system through which hot water circulates.

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I.E.S. Federico García Lorca (Churriana de la Vega -
[Link] by cuttings
The substrate is maintained through automated control systems at a
temperature of 20-22°C while the atmospheric temperature near the ground fluctuates,
given the time, on values much lower 5-10°C. Thanks to the constitution of a
thermal gradient, the roots can develop before the shoots.

Nebulization

For herbaceous and semi-woody cuttings, both equipped with leaves, the ...
nebulization technique.

This technique is derived from humidification, which consists of keeping the cuttings
in a humidity-saturated environment using appropriate humidifiers. In these
conditions the stakes significantly reduce the intensity of their transpiration, they do not
withering - as it would occur under conditions of transpiration not compensated by adequate
water supply - and they develop adventitious roots. To achieve a high
hygrometric grade the stakes subjected to humidification must be placed in an environment
confined (greenhouse or boxes with glass cover), although in these conditions,
temperature easily reaches very high and therefore harmful levels.

With the nebulization, the stakes, previously treated with rhizogenic products, are
riegan intermitentemente con agua pulverizada, para controlar tanto la intensidad de su
internal transpiration, and at the same time the stakes can take advantage of the maximum
solar irradiation.

This complex photothermal-hygrometric conditioning derives a series

correlates with important physiological effects: the water balance of the tissues allows
a long survival of the stakes, whose elaborating organs, when found in
favorable light and temperature conditions, continue to actively develop the
synthesis processes of carbohydrates and hormonal substances, creating
very favorable intrinsic conditions for rhizogenesis.

The nebulization can be done both in a greenhouse and outdoors, having the
caution in this case, to protect the rooting beds laterally for
achieve a uniform distribution of water supplied by the sprinklers.

The intermittent operation of the nebulization system is regulated with several

devices: simple timers set up with preset programs,
balance disruptors that work based on the weight of the water collected in an appropriate dish
calibrated, electronic sheets, etc., which are used to reproduce the conditions of
moisture of the leaves of the cuttings when alternating the operating cycles of the system of
nebulization.

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 Asexual Reproduction. Organization and Management of the
Plant Production. .
I.E.S. Federico García Lorca (Churriana de la Vega -
[Link] by cuttings
The rooting substrate must be well-drained to avoid harmful effects.
water stagnation. Thermoelectric resistances can be installed on the same substrate.
to also subject the stakes to basal heating.

In the rooting beds, especially in the final phases of the process, the
stakes can be watered with fertilizers, considering that the leaves are subjected to
losses of macroelements and microelements due to washing effects.
sometidos.

The water used for nebulization should not be hard water and must be free of
impurities (e.g., sand) to prevent clogging in the nozzles.

The barbs (rooted stakes) obtained with nebulization techniques.

they cannot be moved immediately from the air-conditioned environment in which they have
remained outside during treatment. To avoid adaptation problems, they must
acclimatize gradually, progressively extending the interval between one and another
nebulization and then keep them for a certain time in a shaded place.
It is also advisable to root the cuttings in transportable containers (pots of
turbulence, boxes, etc) in order to avoid damage to the delicate root system during transplantation.
recently formed.

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