VIDEO TRANSMISSION VIA LI-FI

Project Report Submitted

To

Electronics And Telecommunication Engineering

KIIT POLYTECHNIC

IN PARTIAL FULLFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS

FOR THE DIPLOMA IN ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING

By
Under Guidance of Samiya Afsar F23019003042
Srushti Shraddha F23019003054
Dr. Upali Aprajita Dash Saniya Parween F23019003044
Sreyash Pradhan F23019003053

KIIT POLYTECHNIC, KIIT

BHUBANESWAR

Batch- 2023-26

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 VIDEO TRANSMISSION VIA LI-FI

A Project Report Submitted

To

Electronics And Telecommunication Engineering

KIIT POLYTECHNIC

In partial fulfillment of the requirements

For the diploma in Electronics and telecommunication engineering

Photograph of project

By

Name of the Students Regd. No

Samiya Afsar F23019003042

Srushti Shraddha F23019003054
Saniya Parween F23019003044
Sreyash Pradhan F23019003053

KIIT POLYTECHNIC, KIIT

BHUBANESWAR

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 Department of Electronics and
Telecommunication Engineering,
KIIT Polytechnic, KIIT
Bhubaneswar-751024 (Odisha)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this project entitled “Video Transmission Via Li-Fi” submitted
by Sri/Ms, Samiya Afsar, Saniya Parween, Srushti Shraddha, Sreyash Pradhan
(Registration Number: F23019003042, F23019003044, F23019003054,
F23019003053), a final semester Diploma student in the department of
ELECTRONICS & TELECOMMUNICATION Engineering of KIIT Polytechnic,
Bhubaneswar in the academic session 2023-2026, towards partial fulfillment of the
requirement of Diploma examination under SCTE&VT, Odisha is a bonafied record
of practical works carried out by him/her. The report has been examined and is found
to be suitable for award of Diploma in ELECTRONICS &
TELECOMMUNICATION.

Dt: 29/11/2025

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We sincerely acknowledge the inspiration, motivation and guidance of our project

guide Dr. Upali Aparajita Dash. We express our special thanks to staff members of
our department for their cooperation during the project work.

We feel indebted to our teaching and also non-teaching staff for guiding us and
providing us with the lab facilities.

We are grateful to our Head of the Department Mr. Arun Kumar Gochhayat for his
ever-helping attitude and encouraging to excel and studies . He has been a source of
inspiration during our entire period of project.

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 ABSTRACT

Light Fidelity (Li-Fi) is a next-generation optical wireless communication technology

that utilizes visible light instead of radio frequency (RF) waves to transmit data. It
operates by modulating the intensity of light from Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) at
extremely high speeds, which are undetectable to the human eye but can be captured
by a photodiode receiver. Li-Fi offers several advantages over Wi-Fi, including
higher data transmission rates, improved security (as light cannot pass through
walls), low power consumption, and it is free from electromagnetic interference.

In this project, our team focuses on implementing a Li-Fi system capable of

transmitting video data. While earlier experiments in Li-Fi communication have
primarily dealt with text messages and still images, our objective is to enhance the
bandwidth and signal processing to enable smooth and real-time video transmission.
The system uses an LED as the optical transmitter and a photodiode as the receiver.
The video signal is converted into a modulated light pattern, transmitted through the
optical channel, and then decoded back into video format using electronic circuitry
and software processing.

The project demonstrates the feasibility of high-speed data transfer through visible
light and explores practical challenges such as synchronization, noise interference,
and signal attenuation. Successful video transmission through Li-Fi highlights its
potential to revolutionize short-range wireless communication in environments like
smart homes, offices, hospitals, and even underwater communication where RF waves
are ineffective. This work thus contributes to advancing Li-Fi technology as a
powerful, energy-efficient, and secure alternative to existing wireless
communication systems.

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 CONTENTS

Acknowledgement

Abstract

Contentes

List of Figures

List of Symbols

Problem Statement

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 Chapter ID Title Page

Chapter-I Introduction 1

1.1 Background 1

1.2 Relevance of the work 2

1.3 Review of related works 3

1.4 Objectives 5

Chapter-II Product Design 6

2.1 Alternate Product Design available 8

2.2 Current product Design 12

Chapter-III Resource Planning 15

3.1 Material Resource Planning 16

3.2 Design of Methods/Experiments 20

3.3 Schedule Planning 24

3.4 Financial Planning 24

Chapter-IV Product Fabrication 25

4.1 Work Stages 26

4.2 Experiences and Constraints 27

Chapter-V Product Demonstration 29

Please attach the photograph of the Project work

5.1 Product Specification 31

5.2 Product Description 33

Chapter-VI Product Testing 35

6.1 Testing Methodology 36

6.2 Test Results 39

6.3 Discussion 41

7.1 Economic Feasibility 45

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 List of Figures

Figure
Description Page
ID

1.1 Raspberry pi 4 Model B

1.2 Monochrome OLED display SSD1306 128*64

1.3 LED driver

1.4 BC547 traansistor driver

1.5 1W high power LED

1.6 LM358 Amplifier

1.7 1k ohm resistor and 220 ohm resitor(base)

1.8 BPW34 Photodiode

1.9 L14G2 Phototransistor

2.1 MCP 3008 ADC Interface

2.2 USB power/ 5v Adapter

2.3 Heatsink for LED

2.4 Micro SD card UHS-l

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 List of Symbols

Symbol Description

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 PROBLEM STATEMENT

In today’s world, the demand for high-speed and secure data transmission is
continuously increasing due to the rapid growth of multimedia applications such as
video streaming, online conferencing, and real-time data sharing. Conventional
wireless technologies like Wi-Fi and Bluetooth rely on radio frequency (RF)
communication, which faces several limitations including limited bandwidth,
spectrum congestion, interference with other electronic devices, and potential security
vulnerabilities due to signal leakage through walls.

Although Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) has emerged as a promising alternative that uses
visible light for wireless data transmission, most existing implementations are limited
to low-bandwidth applications such as text and image transfer. The challenge lies in
achieving reliable, high-speed, and noise-resistant data transfer sufficient for
continuous video transmission through visible light communication.

Therefore, the problem addressed in this project is to design and develop a Li-Fi-
based communication system capable of transmitting video data effectively,
overcoming the limitations of RF-based systems while maintaining data integrity,
minimal latency, and high transmission quality.

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 MOTIVATION
Motivation for choosing and persuing this project is described below:

The world is becoming increasingly dependent on wireless communication for day-

to-day activities such as video conferencing, online education, multimedia streaming,
and the Internet of Things (IoT). However, the growing demand for higher data rates
and secure connections has placed immense pressure on existing radio frequency (RF)
technologies like Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. These systems face several challenges,
including limited bandwidth, interference from other electronic devices, and
vulnerability to hacking or signal leakage.

In contrast, Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) offers a revolutionary alternative by using visible

light instead of radio waves to transmit data. Since visible light has a much wider
spectrum than the RF band, it provides a solution to the problem of spectrum
congestion and enables much higher data transfer speeds. Moreover, Li-Fi signals are
confined to the illuminated area, making the communication channel more secure and
energy-efficient.

Our motivation for this project emerges from the desire to explore the future potential
of Li-Fi technology and its real-world applications. While previous projects have
demonstrated Li-Fi communication for text and image transfer, we aim to take this
concept a step further by transmitting video data, which demands higher bandwidth
and better system synchronization. Successfully achieving video transmission through
Li-Fi will not only showcase the practical capabilities of optical wireless
communication but also contribute to developing faster, safer, and greener alternatives
to wireless networks.

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 OBJECTIVE

The objective of this project is to transmit video signals through visible light using
Li-Fi technology. The main objectives are:

 Transmitting video data using visible light

 Use high brightness LED as the transmitter source to send video signals.
 Replace RF communication with light based data transmission.

 Achieving high-speed data transfer

 Ensure smooth and clear video transmission without buffering or delay.
 Optimize modulation techniques to increase data rate through light.

 Developing a cost-effective Li-Fi system

 Using available and affordable components like LEDs, Photodiodes,and
microcontrollers.
 Minimize overall systems cost while maintaing performance quality.

 Reducing Electomagnetic Interference(EMI)

 Utilize visible light to prevent interference caused by radio waves.
 Make the system suitable for environments such as hospitals and aircrafts.

 Designing efficient transmitter and receiver circuits

 Develop a reliable LED based transmitter circuit for modulating video signals.
 Create a sensitive photodiode or solar panel receiver to decode transmitted light
into video data.

 Ensuring High-Quality Video output

 Maintain video clarity and reduce distrtion, or data loss during transmission.
 Improve synchronization between transmitter and receiver.

 Analyzing Performance parameters

 Study the effect of distance, ambient light,and LED brightnesson video
transmission quality.
 Measure data rate, range, and signal-to-noise ratio(SNR).

 Exploring potential application of Li-Fi

 Apply Li-Fi video transmission in areas like smart classroom, defense
communication, multimedia systems.
 Demonstrate the potential of Li-Fi as an alternative to Wi-Fi for high speed video
data transfer.

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 LITERATURE SURVEY

 2011-12 - Introduction of Li-Fi and early commercial interest

Harald Haas demonstrated video transmission using LED lights at a TED talk.
The term “Li-Fi” (Light Fidelity) was coined.
Startups like pureLiFi began developing Li-Fi hardware for real-world applications.

 2013–2014
Researchers focused on improving the data transmission speed and modulation
techniques used in Li-Fi systems.
Early experiments demonstrated that visible light could successfully transmit video
and data in indoor environments such as classrooms, offices, and retail spaces.

 2015–2016
Development of high-speed LED transmitters capable of supporting continuous data
and video streaming.
Researchers emphasized the reliability and interference-free nature of Li-Fi, proving
its potential advantage over traditional Wi-Fi in sensitive environments.

 2017 - 2018
Introduction of Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) techniques helped increase
data rates significantly.
Li-Fi began to gain attention for secure communication applications in areas such as
hospitals, aircraft, and military offices where radio waves are restricted.

 2019–2020
Several pilot projects and real-world implementations were carried out in smart
offices, factories, and homes.
Hybrid systems combining Li-Fi and Wi-Fi were also developed to extend
communication range and reliability.

 2021–2022
It focused on mobility support, faster video transmission, and Internet of Things (IoT)
integration.
Researchers also worked on enhancing LED modulation efficiency to improve the
stability and brightness of transmitted signals.

 2023–2024
Li-Fi research expanded into miniaturized transceiver designs suitable for
smartphones and portable devices.
The technology began to be tested for indoor navigation, smart lighting, and secure
real-time video streaming applications.

 2025-Current Innovation
Current research is on gigabit-class Li-Fi systems that use advanced LEDs and laser-
based transmitters to achieve ultra-high data speeds.
Li-Fi is now being integrated with AI and IoT technologies to enable energy-efficient,
secure, and high-speed communication

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 Product Design
Light Fidelity is a wireless communication technology that uses visible light for data
transmission . This project mainly focuses on transmitting monochrome video from
SD card to an OLED display using Li-Fi technology, presenting a real time video
transmission at high speed with enhanced security.

System Overview
The system focuses on converting video signal into light intesnity variation at the
transmitter end. These light signals are then detected by the photodiode
receiver,which converts them back into an electrical signaland reconstructs the
original video frames for display.

Hardware Required:
 Li-Fi transmitter (LED based)
 Li-Fi receiver (photodiode)
 Raspberry Pi 4 model B

Software Required:

 Python programming Language

 PyQt 5 (for GUI development)
 Open CV (processing of video frames)

Transmission Process:

 The raspberry-Pi reads the monochrome video and converts pixel intensity into
LED brightness modulation.
 The LED emits modulated lights and the beam travels through air.

Receiving Process:

 The photodiode senses the varying light intensity and generates a proportional
voltage.
 The OP-Amp amplifies the signal and sends it to the raspberry-pi.
 The raspberry-pi reconstructs the video frames and shows them on OLED display.

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 Components Required

1) Raspberry-Pi 4 model B:

Figure
Raspberry-Pi is a micro processor based development board. It is a 40-pin general
purpose input/output (GPIO) header. The header allows the raspberry-pi to physically
connect and control electronic components like sensors, LEDs, motors, and custom
circuit boards. It is an essential tool for electronic projects and Internet of Things (IoT)
based projects.
In this product we will be using Raspberry-Pi 4 model B which is a powerful, low
cost, compact sized single board computer (SBC) which is a viable choice for Li-Fi
based projects. It uses a camera serial interface port to connect directly to the
raspberry-pi camera modules at the receiver side. This interface provides high speed
video transmission to capture uncompressed video frames.

Objectives:
The raspberry pi is a highly capable bridge between a digital video processing and the
high frequency electrical signal during Li-Fi transmission.

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2) LED Driver:

LED Driver is a crucial high speed interface between the raspberry pi and the LED
used for transmitting data. It converts the digital video signal into controlled current
pulses matching the data streams that represents the video. Since the raspberry pi
GPIO pins can supply only few mA at 3.3 volts, the LED cannot be drived directly.
The LED driver amplifies the input signal and ensures high speed controlled current
without damaging the LED.

 Signal Amplification: Signal amplification increases the logic level signal to

drive the LED at higher current (100 mA to 1 A).
 Current Regulation: It keeps LED brightness and modulation, linear with the
input signal which prevents the flicker distortion.
 Switching Speed: It supports high frequency switching (>1 MHz) for smooth
video transmission.

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3) Transistor BC-547:

BC-547 transistor is the most common and widely used general purpose NPN Bipolar
Junction Transistor. It is a versatile component in electronics for both switching and
amplification purpose.

Function:
It uses a small electrical current applied to its base pin to control high current flow
between the collector and emitter pins. It has a maximum collector current of 100 mA.

 Cut-off region (off state) : In this mode no current flows from collector to emitter.
The base-collector junction and base-emitter junction is reverse biased. So it is
used in switching.

 Saturation Region (ON state) : In this mode maximum current flows from
collector to emitter. Here both base-collector junction and base-emitter junction is
forward biased. So it is used in switching.

 Active/Linear Region (Amplification state) : In this mode collector current is

proportional to base current. Here base-emitter junction is forward biased and
base collector junction is reverse biased. So it is used for linear amplification.

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4) LM358 Amplifier:

The LM358 is a low power dual operational amplifier (OP-Amp) integrated circuit. It
can operate over a voltage range of 3V to 32V.
It is used in the receiver circuit of the Li-Fi video transmission system to perform
signal conditioning on the weak analog input signal captured by the photodiode. It
also functions as a trans-impedance amplifier (TIA), which converts the minute
electrical current generated by the photodiode into a usable voltage signal.
The second LM358 amplifier can be used to further amplify and buffer the voltage
signal ensuring that it is strong enough before being passed to a high speed
[Link] final conversion into digital signals (1 & 0) that the raspberry pi will
decode.

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5) High Power LED

 High Data Rates (Bandwidth): High-power LEDs (especially micro-LEDs and

arrays of LEDs) have high modulation bandwidths, meaning they can be switched
on and off very rapidly (at speeds undetectable to the human eye, millions of
times per second).
 Extended Transmission Range: The higher optical power and brightness of
these LEDs allow the light signal to travel a greater distance and maintain signal
integrity before it is affected by ambient light interference or physical
obstructions.
 Improved Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR): A stronger initial signal from a high-
power LED helps maintain a better signal-to-noise ratio at the receiver
(photodiode), which leads to higher-quality data transmission and reduced bit
error rates (BER), critical for clear video quality.
 Dual Functionality: Integrating Li-Fi capabilities into these existing high-power
lighting infrastructures allows for data transmission without requiring separate,
additional hardware, making the system cost-effective and energy-efficient.
 High Density Connectivity: The focused light from high-power LEDs
enables high-density data transmission in a confined area (e.g., within a
specific room) without interfering with signals in adjacent spaces, which
increases the overall network capacity and provides greater security

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6)1K ohm Resistor

Transmitter side:-
On the transmitter side of a Li-Fi video system, a 1 kΩ resistor is mainly used to
limit the current flowing into the LED or the transistor that drives the LED. Since
the video signal rapidly varies, the resistor ensures that the LED operates safely
without being damaged by excess current while still allowing proper modulation of
brightness according to the video amplitude. It also helps stabilize the signal by
preventing overloading of the video source and keeping the LED driver within a
linear operating range, which is essential for transmitting clear video without
distortion.

Receiver side:-

On the receiver side, the 1 kΩ resistor is used as a load resistor for the photodiode
or phototransistor. When light from the LED reaches the photodetector, it generates a
small current, and the 1 kΩ resistor converts this current into a usable voltage signal.
This resistor sets the sensitivity and bandwidth of the receiver, ensuring that the fast-
changing video information is captured accurately. It also provides proper biasing and
a stable voltage level for the amplifier stage that follows, allowing the video signal to
be reconstructed clearly.

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7)BPW34 Photodiode

The BPW34 photodiode acts as the optical receiver in the Li-Fi system. When the
LED on the transmitter side rapidly changes brightness according to the video signal,
the BPW34 senses these tiny, high-speed variations in light intensity. Because it is a
fast, high sensitivity PIN photodiode, it responds quickly enough to detect the rapid
modulation required for video data. As light hits the photodiode, it generates a small
electrical current proportional to the intensity of the incoming light. This current is
then converted into a voltage (usually by a load resistor or transimpedance amplifier)
and amplified so that the original video signal can be reconstructed. In simple terms,
the BPW34’s function is to convert the modulated light back into an electrical video
signal with high speed and accuracy.

Light received → Photocurrent produced → Amplified → Video signal restored

BPW Photodiode → TIA → Video Filter/Buffer → Output/Display

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8)L14G2 Phototransistor

1. Light Detection:
The L14G2 is sensitive to visible and near-infrared light (around 700–1100
nm).When the light from the Li-Fi transmitter LED hits the transistor:Photons
generate electron–hole pairs inside the [Link] creates a collector–emitter
current proportional to light intensity.

2. Signal Amplification: The L14G2 amplifies the photocurrent internally, because

it is a transistor, not just a photodiode.

The L14G2 phototransistor performs the essential function of converting

modulated Li-Fi light back into an electrical video signal by:

 Detecting rapid light intensity changes from the LED

 Producing a proportional electrical signal
 Amplifying the optical signal internally
 Delivering an analog output suitable for video processing

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9)MCP 3008 ADC Interface

The MCP3008 acts as the Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) that converts the
analog video signal received from the phototransistor L14G2 into digital data so that a
microcontroller or processor can transmit, process, or reconstruct video frames.

The MCP3008 digitizes the analog waveform, enabling video data to be transmitted
or reconstructed. It will be use don the receiver side and the process is as shown
below:-

L14G2 phototransistor → analog video signal → MCP3008 → Microcontroller →

Display / Decoder

It enables High-Speed Sampling. It samples upto 200 ksps on 5V and 75–100 ksps on
3.3V (Raspberry Pi)

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10)OLED display SSD1306

The SSD1306 monochrome OLED display functions as the final output device
that shows the video frames recovered from the optical signal. After the modulated
light is received by the phototransistor and converted to digital data through the
MCP3008 ADC, a microcontroller processes this data into pixel information. The
SSD1306 does not participate in the optical transmission itself; instead, it receives the
processed frame data over I²C or SPI and stores it in its internal display RAM
(GDDRAM), which it refreshes continuously to produce a stable image. Because it
supports fast screen updates and low-power operation, the SSD1306 is well-suited for
displaying low-resolution, monochrome video that has been transmitted through Li-Fi,
making it an effective and compact visual output for demonstrating optical wireless
video communication.

Modulated LED light

L14G2 Phototransistor (optical → analog)

MCP3008 ADC (analog → digital)

Microcontroller (process video data)

SSD1306 OLED (display the video frames)

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