■ Java Notes (Handwritten Style)
Complete Java Syllabus Notes for Exam Preparation
1. Introduction to Java
Java is a high-level, object-oriented programming language
developed by Sun Microsystems (1995).
Features: Simple, Secure, Platform Independent, Object-Oriented,
Robust, Multithreaded, Portable.
JVM (Java Virtual Machine) → Runs Java bytecode.
JRE (Java Runtime Environment) → Provides JVM + libraries.
JDK (Java Development Kit) → JRE + compiler + tools.
Example Program:
class HelloWorld { public static void main(String[] args) {
[Link]("Hello, World!"); } }
2. Java Basics
Identifiers → Names for variables, methods, classes.
Variables → Containers for storing values. Example: int a = 10;
Keywords → Reserved words like class, public, static, void.
Rules for naming: start with letter, no spaces, case-sensitive.
Data Types: int, float, double, char, boolean, String, Arrays (1D,
2D, Jagged).
Casting: Implicit (automatic widening) and Explicit (manual
narrowing).
3. Operators in Java
Arithmetic (+, -, *, /, %).
Relational (==, !=, >, <, >=, <=).
Logical (&&, ||, !).
Assignment (=, +=, -=, *=, /=).
Unary (++ , --).
Bitwise (&, |, ^, ~, <<, >>, >>>).
Ternary (condition ? value1 : value2).
Precedence: Unary > Multiplicative > Additive > Relational >
Equality > Logical > Assignment.
4. Java Packages
Package = collection of classes & interfaces.
[Link] → String, Math, Object, Wrapper classes.
[Link] → Scanner, ArrayList, HashMap, Collections.
Import syntax: import [Link];
Custom packages: defined using 'package' keyword.
5. Math Functions in Java
abs(x) → absolute value.
max(a,b), min(a,b).
sqrt(x), pow(a,b).
ceil(x), floor(x), round(x).
random() → double between 0.0 and 1.0.
6. Control Statements
Decision-making: if, if-else, nested if, switch.
Loops: for, while, do-while, enhanced for.
Jump: break, continue, return.
Example if-else:
int marks = 75; if(marks >= 50){ [Link]("Pass");
}else{ [Link]("Fail"); }
7. Methods in Java
Method = block of code that performs a task.
Declaration: returnType methodName(parameters).
Example: int sum(int a, int b){ return a+b; }
Actual args = values passed, Formal args = parameters in method.
Pure Function → always same output for same input.
Impure Function → may change external variables.
8. OOP Concepts
Class = blueprint for objects.
Object = instance of class.
Constructor = special method to initialize object.
Types: Default, Parameterized, Copy.
Encapsulation = hiding data using private + getters/setters.
Inheritance = acquiring properties from parent class (extends).
Polymorphism = Method Overloading (compile-time), Method
Overriding (runtime).
Abstraction = Hiding implementation using abstract classes /
interfaces.
Enum = set of predefined constants.
9. Bubble Sort in Java
Algorithm: Compare adjacent elements & swap if out of order.
Code:
int arr[] = {5,3,1,4,2}; for(int i=0; i arr[j+1]){ int temp =
arr[j]; arr[j] = arr[j+1]; arr[j+1] = temp; } } }
10. Practice MCQs
Q1: Which of these is not a Java feature? (a) Object-Oriented (b)
Use of pointers (c) Robust (d) Secure
Q2: Default value of boolean variable? (a) true (b) false (c) 0 (d)
null
Q3: Which package contains Scanner class? (a) [Link] (b)
[Link] (c) [Link] (d) [Link]
Q4: Which keyword is used for inheritance? (a) implement (b)
extends (c) inherit (d) super
Q5: Output of [Link](3.7)? (a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 3.7 (d) Error
