How to Test NPN and PNP Transistors
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Knowing whether a transistor is NPN or PNP and identifying the base, collector, and emitter seems, to the beginner
In electronics, a somewhat complicated task, but which is actually quite simple. This tip
So it is for those who are taking their first steps in electronics. For better
Understanding requires explaining (and showing) the basic structure of a transistor.
Basic Structure of Transistors
The structure of a transistor is represented by two diodes interconnected at a terminal.
common(base). Remembering that the figure is a representation of the basic structure, in
Real transistors do not always have the base as the middle terminal.
To know if a transistor is NPN or PNP, it is necessary to identify which of the three 'legs' is the base.
that is, which terminal is common to the other two. This is done with a multimeter, the terminal that
maintaining continuity with the other two will be the basis. The transistor will be NPN, if the tip of the
Multimeter (on base terminal) for positive (Red), it will be PNP if the probe is negative (black).
This is valid for the digital multimeter.
Enough with the blah-blah, let's go for a practical test. You will need a digital multimeter and
two transistors. For better didactic use, two will be used as the test object
well-known transistors (even by beginners) which are the BC548 and the BC558. Then,
based on this practical test, you will be able to identify any type of
transistor (and its terminals).
First:
["Set the multimeter to the diode measuring scale.","Place the BC548 transistor 'belly' up."]
down
(or as a friend who acts intellectual says: the 'angled' side facing down) - with the terminals
focused on you - In the picture, the transistor is in a different position just for better
visualization.
Second:
- Place the multimeter probes on the 'pins' of the transistor - as indicated in the figure (F1). In this
The multimeter indicates that there is no continuity between the measured 'legs' (Remember
We are testing the BC548 transistor; there may be continuity in other types.
- Invert the ends of the multimeter - as shown in the figure (F2). Also in this position do not
there will be continuity. Since there was no indication of continuity in the two measurements,
we can affirm that the base is the 'leg' of the medium. To be sure, place the red tip on the
'the middle leg' and, with the black tip, alternate between the other two 'legs' - as indicated in
figures (F3 and F4). Note that the multimeter will indicate a continuity value in both
measurements (which can vary between 500 to 700 ohms) - note each indicated value or memorize it,
because it will be through these values that we will know who the collector is and who the emitter is.
Based on the measurements above, we can draw the following conclusions:
The 'leg' in the middle is the base.
The transistor is of the NPN type - Since it is the positive tip (red) of the multimeter that is
polarizing it.
The collector is the terminal that showed the lowest value.
The issuer is the terminal that presented the highest value.
NOTE:
- The ohmic difference between the emitter and collector is a few ohms (it ranges from 1 to 10 ohms) - Type:
Emissor = 715 ohms; Coletor = 710 ohms.
If you made the measurements with the transistor in the suggested position (the 'flattened' side facing down with
the terminals pointing in your direction), then the collector is the terminal on the right side and the
emitter the terminal on the left side (remembering that we are measuring the BC548 transistor).
Now that you have got the 'hang of it', do the same checks with the BC558 transistor -
to do this you just need to follow the sequence of the figures (F1 to F6) and you will find out that it is a
PNP type transistor (it is polarized with a negative signal at the base) and the position of the base,
the collector and emitter is identical to that of the BC548
Posted by [Link] at11:54
Collection 555
Compilation 555
The CI 555 is the famous all-purpose tool, as it has a thousand and one uses, and requires very few.
components to create various circuits, it is easily found in any
store that sells electronic components. These characteristics made him one of the most
known and used ICs by hobbyists and technicians in electronics.
Below I display some electronic circuit diagrams using the 555. These circuits also
they are on my channel, on youtube, any questions about them just access the link below and
select the playlist
compilation 555.
Vd39 - Garage exit alert
Vd40 - Testing the 555
Vd41 - Light Sensor 01
Vd42 - Light Sensor 02
Vd43 - Light Sensor 03
Vd44- Light Sensor 04
Vd46 -Temperature Sensor 01
Vd47 - Temperature Sensor 02
Vd48 - Temperature Sensor 03
Vd49 - Fade Effect 01
Vd50 - Fade Effect 02
Vd51 - Flasher Effect
