(An Autonomous Institution, Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai)

QUESTION BANK FORMAT

(Should not repeat same questions)

NAME OF THE PROGRAMME ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION LEVEL : UG / PG

ENGINEERING

YEAR / SEMESTER II/IV

REGULATIONS R2022
COURSE CODE EC2405
COURSE NAME COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
FACULTY NAME SENTHILKUMAR A Contact Number 9994432755
REVISED BLOOMS TAXONOMY(RBT) :
L1- Remembering L2 - Understanding L3 - Applying L4 - Analyzing L5 - Evaluating L6 - Creating

UNIT-I: AMPLITUDE MODULATION

Review of signals and systems, Time and Frequency domain representation of

signals, Principles of Amplitude Modulation Systems- DSB, SSB and VSB modulations.
Angle Modulation, Representation of FM and PM signals, Spectral characteristics of angle
modulated signals. SSB Generation – Filter and Phase Shift Methods, VSB Generation –
Filter Method, Hilbert Transform, Pre-envelope & complex envelope AM techniques,
Superheterodyne Receiver.

PART-A (2-Marks)
S.N RBT
QUESTIONS CO
O LEVEL

1 Why DSB – SC is bandwidth inefficient when compared with SSB- SC. CO1 L2

2 List any four advantages of having RF amplifier in AM receiver CO1 L2

Let a frequency modulator has frequency deviation of 75 KHz and CO1

modulates a signal with 15KHz bandwidth. Find the modulated signal
3 bandwidth using Carson’s rule. L3

Let a signal x (t )= ASin ω ct passed through a Hilbert transformer. Find the CO1
4 signal at the output y(t) of the Hilbert transformer. L2

1
 Suggest a modulation scheme for the broad cast video transmission and CO1
5 justify. L2

What are the advantages of converting low frequency signal in to high CO1
6 frequency signal? L2

Let a message signal has bandwidth of ‘w’. Write the modulated signal CO1
7 bandwidth if it is modulated by DSBSC and SSBSC. L2

A frequency modulated signal is given as CO1

s ( t )=20 cos ⁡(2 π f c t +4 sin (200 πt )). Determine the required transmission
8 bandwidth. L2

A carrier of 6 KV is amplitude modulated by an audio signal of 3 KV. Find CO1

9 the modulation index. L2

10 Define heterodyning. CO1 L2

11 Why the strength of carrier in FM spectrum is not constant like AM? CO1 L2

Consider an angle modulated signal x (t )=3 cos ⁡(2 π 106 t +2 sin ( 2 π 103 t ) ).
12
Find its instantaneous frequency at time t=0.25ms CO1 L2

Consider a modulating signalm ( t ) =2sin ⁡(2 π 103 t ) is used to modulate a CO1

13
carrier of frequency106 Hz . Find the bandwidth for PM and FM. Use β=10. L2

14 State the differences between SSB and VSB systems. CO1 L2

15 List the advantages of AM and FM. CO1 L2

16 Define modulation index of FM and PM. CO1 L2

17 State the Carson’s rule. CO1 L1

18 What is meant by frequency translation? CO1 L2

A carrier is modulated by a sinusoidal modulating frequency of 2KHz CO1

19 resulting in a frequency deviation of 5KHz. What is the bandwidth
modulated by a carrier waveform? L2

For an AM system the instantaneous values of carrier modulating signal CO1

20
are 60sin ⁡(ω t) and 40sin ⁡(ω t) respectively determine modulation index. L2

RBT
PART-B (13- Marks Or 16-Marks or 8-Marks) CO Marks
Level
(i) Describe the concepts of AM modulation and derive the equation of an CO1
1 AM wave. Draw the phasor diagram, spectrum and modulated wave. (9) L2 13

2
 (ii) A carrier of 20MHz is amplitude modulated with a signal frequency of
3KHz and amplitude 5V. If modulation index is 0.5, determine the
bandwidth and spectra of the waveform. (4)

Derive the expression for DSB-SC and calculate its power and efficiency. CO1
2 Explain a method to generate and detect it. L2 13

(i)Explain the working of Super heterodyne receiver with a neat diagram. CO1
(9)
(ii) A 10 KW carrier wave is amplitude modulated at 80% depth of
modulation by a sinusoidal modulating signal. Calculate the sideband
3 power, total power and the transmission efficiency of the AM wave. (4) L2 13

(i)Draw the VSB spectrum and explain the significance.(9) CO1

4 (ii) A 1000KHz carrier is simultaneously AM modulated with 300Hz, 800Hz

and 1.5KHz audio sine waves. What will be the frequencies present in the
output? (4) L3 13

Draw the spectrum and explain the generation and detection process of CO1
5
SSB –SC using filtering and Phase shift method. L2 13

(i)Explain the Hilbert Transform with an example (5) CO1

6
(ii) Explain the pre- envelope and Complex envelope with one example. (8) L2 13

(i)In a super heterodyne receiver having no RF amplifier, the loaded Q of CO1

the antenna coupling circuit is 90. If the intermediate frequency is 455KHz.
Calculate Image frequency and image rejection ratio at 950KHz and
10MHz. (5)
7
(ii) A amplitude modulating signal 20 sin ⁡(2 π 103 t) is used to modulate a
carrier signal 40 sin ⁡(2 π 10 4 t) find out (i) Modulation Index, (ii) Percentage
Modulation and (iii) Frequencies of the sideband components and their
amplitudes.(8) L3 13

(i)Find pre-envelope and complex envelope for the signal CO1

x (t )= A (1+m(t))sin wc t. (4)

8 (ii) A 20MHz is frequency modulated by sinusoidal signal such that the

maximum frequency deviation is 1000KHz. Determine the modulation
index and approximate bandwidth of the FM signal for the following
modulating signal frequencies. (i) 1KHz (ii) 100 KHz (iii) 500 KHz. (9) L3 13

9 (i) Illustrate the operation of VSB transmission and detection. (8) CO1 L2 13

3
 (ii) A 107.6 MHz carrier signal is frequency modulated by a 7KHz sine
wave. The resultant FM signal has a frequency deviation of 50KHz.
Determine the following.
a. Carrier swing b. the highest and lowest frequencies attained by the
modulated signal. c. the modulation index. (5)

(i)An AM signal is generated by modulating the carrier fc=800MHz by the CO1

signal m ( t ) =sin ( 3000 π t )+ 0.5 cos ( 5000 π t ) the AM signal
s ( t )=100[1+m ( t ) ]cos ( 2 π f c t ) is fed to a 50Ω load. (i)Determine the
average power in the carrier and in the sidebands (ii) Find the modulation
10 index and peak power delivered to the load. (8)
(ii) For an AM DSBFC wave with peak unmodulated carrier voltage Vc=10V,
RL=10Ω and a modulation coefficient m=1, determine a)Powers of the
carrier and the upper sidebands, b) Total sideband power, c) Total power
of unmodulated wave, and d) Draw the power spectrum. (5) L3 13

11 CO1

12 CO1

13 CO1

14 CO1

15 CO1

16 CO1

17 CO1

18 CO1

19 CO1

20 CO1

RBT
PART-C (15 - Marks) CO Marks
Level
1 (i) A message signal m ( t ) =cos ( 2000 πt ) +2 cos 4000 πt ¿ modulates the carrier CO1 L3 15
c ( t ) =100 cos ( 2 π f c t ), where f c = 1 MHz to produce the DSB signal m(t)c(t) .

(1) Determine the expression for the upper-sideband (USB) signal.

(2) Determine and sketch the spectrum of the USB signal. (5+5)

4
 (ii)Write a brief note on VSB. (5)

An AM signal has the form u ( t )=¿ ¿ cos ( 2 π f c t ) , where f c = 105Hz. 1. Sketch the
(voltage) spectrum of u (t). 2. Determine the power in each of the frequency
2 L3 15
components. 3. Determine the modulation index. 4. Determine the sidebands' power, the
total power, and the ratio of the sidebands' power to the total power. CO1

3 CO1

4 CO1

5 CO1

UNIT-2: RANDOM PROCESS & SAMPLING

Review of probability and random process. Gaussian and white noise characteristics, Noise
in amplitude modulation systems, Noise in Frequency modulation systems. Pre-emphasis and
De- emphasis, Threshold effect in angle modulation. Low pass sampling – Aliasing- Signal
Reconstruction-Quantization - Uniform & non-uniform quantization - quantization noise -
Nyquist criterion- Logarithmic Companding –PAM, PPM, PWM, PCM – TDM, FDM

PART-A (2-Marks)
S.N RBT
QUESTIONS CO
O LEVEL

1 Find the Nyquist rate for analog frequency of (a) 4 KHz (b) 10 KHz CO2 L2

2 State Sampling theorem CO2 L1

3 Define companding CO2 L1

4 Define PWM CO2 L1

Find noise figure and equivalent noise temperature for a receiver CO2
connected to an antenna whose resistance is 100Ω and equivalent noise
5 resistance is 50Ω. L2

6 What is meant by aliasing CO2 L2

7 Compare FDM with TDM CO2 L2

8 List the type of PAM and its uses. CO2 L2

9 Define Pulse width modulation CO2 L2

5
 Find the value of ‘a’ is fixed where probability distribution function of X is CO2

10 defined as f x ( x ) =a e −0.2 x for x ≥ 0 and zero elsewhere. L3

11 Define random variables. CO2 L3

12 Define random process. CO2 L1

13 State white noise. State its power spectral density. CO2 L2

14 What is FM threshold effect? CO2 L2

15 What is pre- emphasis? CO2 L2

16 What is meant by quantization? CO2 L2

17 How to achieve threshold reduction in FM receiver? CO2 L2

18 Define Gaussian process. CO2 L2

19 Point out µ-law of compression. CO2 L2

20 What is quantization error? How can it be reduced? CO2 L2

RBT
PART-B (13- Marks Or 16-Marks or 8-Marks) CO Marks
Level

1 Explain PCM with neat block diagram CO2 L2 13

2 Explain the concept of FDM and TDM with a suitable block diagram. CO2 L2 13

(i)Develop an expression for maximum signal to quantization noise ratio in CO2

PCM system that uses linear quantization and also find the signal to
quantization noise ratio for sinusoidal signal with amplitude of Vm.(8)
(ii)A television signal having a bandwidth 0f 4.2 MHz is transmitted using
binary PCM system. Given that the number of quantization levels is 512.
Determine code word length, Transmission Bandwidth and output signal to
3 quantization noise ratio(5) L3 13

Explain the effects of noise on the carrier in a FM receiver with suitable CO2
4
mathematical derivations. L2 13

(i)Show the FOM for AM system for non coherent system, with suitable CO2

5 assumptions (8)
(ii) Explain pre-emphasis and De-emphasis with neat circuit.(5) L2 13

6 (i)Explain white noise and Gaussian Noise. (8) CO2 L3 13

6
 (ii) An amplifier operating on a frequency range from 18 to 20 MHz has
a 10kΩ input resistance. Find the rms noise voltage at the input to this
amplifier if the ambient temperature is 17°C. (5)

Construct the circuit for construction and reconstruction of PAM, PWM CO2
7
and PPM waves. L2 13

(i) Find mean and variance of random variable X which is uniformly CO2
distributed between ‘a’ and ‘b’, a < b. (8)
(ii)The joint probability density of the random variables X and Y is
1
8 f ( x , y )= e −|x|−| y|, −∞ < x <∞ , −∞ < y < ∞ (a) Are X and Y statistically
4
independent random variables? (b) Calculate the probability that X ≤ 1 and
Y ≤ 0. (5)

L3 13

(i) An RC filter based preemphasis- deemphasis is employed in FM system. CO2

The deemphasis first order RC filter has R=1KΩ and C=1µF. Find the gain in
dB in an FM broadcasting systems which has baseband bandwidth 15KHz.
9 How is the improvement if baseband bandwidth is increased to 30KHz. (8)
(ii) Show that, PWM demodulation can be achieved by simple time
averaging of PWM pulses by an averaging low pass filter. (5) L3 13

10 CO2

11 CO2

12 CO2

13 CO2

14 CO2

15 CO2

16 CO2

17 CO2

18 CO2

19 CO2

20 CO2

PART-C (15-Marks) CO RBT Marks

7
 Level
(i) State the properties of a Gaussian process. (7) CO2

(ii) For the sine wave process X (t) = Y cosωt, − ∞< t< ∞ , where
1 ω=constant, the amplitude Y is a random variable with uniform
distribution in the interval 0 and 1. Check whether the process is
stationary or not. (8) L3 15

(i)State and prove sampling theorem for band limited signals. (10) CO2

2 (ii) For a PAM transmission of voice signal having maximum frequency L3 15

equal to f m=3 KHz, calculate the transmission bandwidth. It is given that
the samplinf frequency f s=8 KHz and the pulse duration τ=0.1Ts.(5)

(i) Find the sampling rate for the following signal CO2
m(t)=2[cos(500*pi*t).cos(1000*pi*t)] . (8)
3 L3 15
(ii) Determine the Nyquist Rate for
m(t)=5*cos(5000*pi*t).cos²(8000*pi*t).(7)

4 CO2

5 CO2

UNIT-3: DIGITAL MODULATION-I

Pulse modulation -Differential pulse code modulation. Delta modulation, Noise

considerations in PCM,,Digital Multiplexers, Channel coding theorem - Linear Block
codes - Hamming codes - Cyclic codes - Convolutional codes - Viterbi Decoder

PART-A (2-Marks)
S.N RBT
QUESTIONS CO
O LEVEL

8
1 List the drawbacks of delta modulation CO3 L2

Define Hamming distance and calculate its value for two code words 11100 CO3
2 L2
and 11011.
3 State the principle of DPCM CO3 L2

4 CO3 L1
Define syndrome vector.
5 How PWM is converted into PPM CO3 L2

6 Compare DPCM and DM CO3 L2

7 Discuss noise effect in PCM. CO3 L2

8 How can you classify digital multiplexers? CO3 L2

9 Write the advantages of digital multiplexing. CO3 L2

10 Define bandwidth efficiency of multiplexing system. CO3 L2

11 What is meant by systematic and nonsystematic codes? CO3 L2

12 What is meant by linear code? CO3 L2

What are the error detection and correction capabilities of Hamming CO3
13
codes? L2

14 What is meant by cyclic code? CO3 L1

15 Define constraint length in convolutional codes. CO3 L2

16 What is meant by syndrome of linear block code? CO3 L2

17 What is the difference between block codes and convolutional codes? CO3 L2

18 Define minimum distance CO3 L2

19 What are the conditions to satisfy the Hamming code? CO3 L2

20 Define code rate of a block code. CO3 L2

RBT
PART-B (13- Marks Or 16-Marks or 8-Marks) CO Marks
Level
Explain the working of a delta modulation system and state the drawbacks CO3
1 of DM L2 13

2 Explain DPCM technique with neat block diagram. CO3 L2 13

3 (i)Develop an expression for maximum signal to quantization noise ratio in CO3 L3 13

PCM system that uses linear quantization and also find the signal to
9
 quantization noise ratio for sinusoidal signal with amplitude of Vm. (8)
(ii) A television signal having a bandwidth 0f 4.2 MHz is transmitted using
binary PCM system. Given that the number of quantization levels is 512.
Determine code word length, Transmission Bandwidth and output signal to
quantization noise ratio.(5)

The parity check matrix for (7,4) Hamming code is given below CO3

a. Identify parity check matrix

4
b. Solve all the code vectors and determine the error detecting and
correcting capability
c. Model the encoder and syndrome calculation circuits.
d. Solve the syndrome for the receiver
Y=[1 1 0 1 0 0 1]
e. Decode the received sequence L3 13

Consider a linear block codes with generator matrix CO3

( )
1 1 01 0 0 0
0 1 1 01 0 0
G=
1 1 10 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 0 01

a. Solve parity check matrix

5 b. Identify all the code vectors and determine the error detecting and
correcting capability
c. Construct the encoder and syndrome calculation circuits.
d. Solve the syndrome for the receiver Y=[1 1 0 1 0 1 0]
e. Decode the received sequence

L3 13

6 CO3 L3 13
Design the encoder for the generator polynomial G(x) =1+x2+x3 and obtain

10
 the syndrome for the message word m=(1100101)

The generator polynomial of a (7, 4) cyclic code is G(p)=1+p+p2. Find all the CO3
7
code vectors for the code in non-systematic form (cyclic codes). L2 13

Consider the following convolution encoder determine the following 1. CO3

Dimension of the code, 2. Code rate, 3. Constraint length, 4. Generating
sequences and 5. Output sequences for message sequence m=10111.

L3 13

A rate of 1/3 convolution encoder has generating vectors as G1=(100), CO3

9 G2=(111) and G3=(101). Sketch the encoder configuration, code tree, code
trellis and state diagram. L3 13

Describe how convolutional codes can be generated with the help of an CO3
10
example. L2 13

11 Explain the sampling process with necessary details. CO3 L2 13

12 Eplain quantization process and its types. CO3 L2 13

13 CO3

14 CO3

15 CO3

16 CO3

17 CO3

18 CO3

19 CO3

20 CO3

11
 RBT
PART-C (15-Marks) CO Marks
Level
The T1 carrier system used in digital Telephony multiplexes 24 voice CO3
channels based on 8 but PCM. Each voice signal is out through a LPF with
cut off frequency of [Link] LPF output is sampled at 8 KHz. Then a
1 single bit is added at the end of the frame for the purpose of
synchronization.
Calculate (i) Bit duration (5) (ii) Transmission Rate (5) (iii) Nyquist
bandwidth (5) L3 13

A generator matrix for a (6, 3) block code is given below CO3

a) List all the code vectors. b) Find out minimum distance & weight of the
code.
2 c) How many errors can be detected & corrected?

[ ]
1 0 00 1 1
0 1 01 0 1
0 0 11 1 0 L3 13

A DM system is designed to operate at 3 times the Nyquist rate for a signal CO3
with 3 KHz bandwidth. The quantizing step size is 250mV. (i) Determine
3 the maximum amplitude of a 1 KHz input sinusoid for which delta
modulator does not show slope overload. (ii) Evaluate the post filtered
output SNR for the signal L3 13

4 CO3

5 CO3

UNIT- 4: DIGITAL MODULATION -II

Geometric Representation of signals - Generation, detection, IQ representation, PSD & BER

of Coherent BPSK, BFSK, & QPSK - QAM - Carrier Synchronization - Structure of Non-
coherent Receivers Synchronization and Carrier Recovery for Digital modulation, Spectrum
Analysis – Occupied bandwidth – Adjacent channel power, EVM, Principle of DPSK

PART-A (2-Marks)
S.N QUESTIONS CO RBT

12
O LEVEL
In a BFSK system a bit rate of 2kbps is used. If the lower frequency signal
is 10KHz, find higher frequency signal if minimum separation is used
1 between the two signals. CO4 L2

2 CO4 L1
Define QAM and draw its constellation diagram for M=8
3 Write the features of DPSK CO4 L1

4 CO4 L1
What is meant by symbol synchronization?
5 Differentiate coherent and non-coherent detection. CO4 L2

6 Define bit rate and baud rate. CO4 L2

7 Define PSK. CO4 L1

8 Draw the PSK output waveform for the binary signal 1 0 1 0 1 1. CO4 L2

9 Draw the constellation diagram for QPSK. CO4 L1

For QPSK digital modulation systems, operating with an information bit CO4
10 rate of 12kbps, determine bandwidth and baud rate. L2

11 Compare BFSK and BPSK. CO4 L2

Determine the minimum bandwidth for a BPSK modulator with a carrier CO4
12
frequency of 40MHz and an input bit rate of 500kbps. L2

In a digital communication system, the bit rate of NRZ data stream is CO4
1Mbps and carrier frequency of 100MHz. Compute the symbol rate of
13
transmission and the bandwidth requirement of channel for BPSK system
and QPSK system. L2

14 Compare QPSK and ASK CO4 L2

15 Which digital modulation technique gives better error probability? CO4 L2

16 What is the difference between PSK and FSK? CO4 L2

17 Explain coherent detection. CO4 L2

Draw the waveform for the binary data sequence 101100 modulated CO4
18
under FSK and PSK L2

19 What is signal constellation diagram? CO4 L2

20 What is a non coherent detection system? CO4 L2

13
 RBT
PART-B (13- Marks Or 16-Marks or 8-Marks) CO Marks
Level
(i)Explain BPSK system with the help of transmitter and receiver and state CO4
its advantages/disadvantages over other system. (8)

1 (ii) Derive an expression for probability of BPSK. (5) L2 13

(i)With the help of block diagram and relevant expressions/waveforms CO4

explain QPSK transmitter and receiver. (8)

2 (ii) Calculate symbol error probability of QPSK receiver. (5) L2 13

(i)Explain QAM system with its transmitter, receiver and signal space CO4
representation. (8)

3 (ii)Derive the probability of error for QAM. (5) L2 13

(i) Illustrate the transmitter, receiver and the generation of the DPSK with CO4
neat sketch. (8)
4
(ii) If the binary sequence is 1100100010 is applied to DPSK transmitter,
sketch the resulting waveforms at transmitter output. (5) L2 13

5 Explain Baseband transmission of digital data CO4 L2 13

Explain FSK system with the help of transmitter and receiver and state its CO4
6
advantages/disadvantages over other system. L2 13

7 Explain Elements of detection theory with details. CO4

8 CO4

9 CO4

10 CO4

11 CO4

12 CO4

13 CO4

14 CO4

15 CO4

16 CO4

17 CO4

14
 18 CO4

19 CO4

20 CO4

RBT
PART-C (15-Marks) CO Marks
Level

(i)Explain carrier synchronization. (8) CO4

(ii) Determine (a) the peak frequency deviation, (b) minimum

1 bandwidth, and baud for a BFSK signal with a mark frequency of
49KHz, a space frequency of 51KHz, and an input bit arte of 2kbps.
(5) L2 15

With neat diagrams describe the generation and detection of coherent binary FSK. CO4
2 Explain probability of error of this scheme. L2 15

3 CO4

4 CO4

5 CO4

UNIT-5: DEMODULATION TECHNIQUES

Elements of Detection Theory, Optimum detection of signals in noise, Coherent

communication with waveforms- Probability of Error evaluations. Baseband Pulse
Transmission- Inter symbol Interference, Optimum demodulation of digital signals over band-
limited channels.
PART-A (2-Marks)
S.N RBT
QUESTIONS CO
O LEVEL

1 Mention the practical difficulties of ideal Nyquist channel. CO5 L2

2 CO5 L1
Define roll off factor.
3 What is meant by ISI in communication system? How it can be minimized? CO5 L2

4 CO5 L2
Examine Nyquist second and third criteria to realize zero ISI.
5 Discuss how pulse shaping reduces ISI. CO5 L2

15
6 Compare the matched filter and correlation receiver. CO5 L2

7 What is meant by duobinary signal pulse CO5 L2

8 What is meant by precoding and where it is applied? CO5 L2

9 What is called whitened matched filter. CO5 L1

10 Define constant false alarm rate. CO5 L1

11 What is the optimal decision rule? CO5 L1

12 CO5

13 CO5

14 CO5

15 CO5

16 CO5

17 CO5

18 CO5

19 CO5

20 CO5

RBT
PART-B (13- Marks Or 16-Marks or 8-Marks) CO Marks
Level
CO5

1 With a neat sketch explain the working of correlation receiver L2 13

2 Elaborate how ISI occurs in base-band binary data transmission system. CO5 L2 13

Explain in detail with necessary equations about probability of error due CO5
3 to noise L2 13

Describe about optimum detector for a nonideal band limited channel CO5
4
with ISI and AWGN. L2 13

5 With a neat sketch explain the working of viterbi receiver. CO5 L2 13

6 Explain various equalization techniques with neat block diagram CO5 L2 13

7 Explain various equalization techniques with neat block diagram CO5 L2 13

16
 8 CO5

9 CO5

10 CO5

11 CO5

12 CO5

13 CO5

14 CO5

15 CO5

16 CO5

17 CO5

18 CO5

19 CO5

20 CO5

RBT
PART-C (15-Marks) CO Marks
Level

1 CO5

2 CO5

3 CO5

4 CO5

5 CO5

RBT LEVEL: L1- Remembering, L2 – Understanding, L3 – Applying, L4 – Analyzing, L5 – Evaluating, L6 – Creating

17