DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING – EEE 2005
LAB MANUAL
Win 22-23
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Generation of discrete time sequences
- Unit step sequence
- Unit Impulse sequence
- Sinusoidal sequence
- Ramp sequence
- Exponential sequence
2. Mathematical operations on signals:
- Addition
- Multiplication
- Shifting
- Sampling
3. Time-domain Analysis of Signals (Radar Signals) & LTI Systems using
MATLAB
- Linear Convolution and circular Convolution,
- Comparison of linear and circular convolution
- Auto-Correlation and Cross-Correlation
4. Frequency-domain Analysis of Signals and LTI Systems
- DFT & IDFT – Magnitude and Phase response
5. ECG signal analysis using SP Tool box
IIR Filter – Butterworth (LPF, HPF, BPF & BRF) in MATLAB
- Chebychev (LPF, BPF)
6. Speech signal analysis using SP Tool box and FDA Tool box in MATLAB
FIR Filter– Windowing (Hamming, Hanning, blackman, rectangular and Kaiser)
GENERATION OF DISCRETE TIME SEQUENCES
Ex. No: 1 DATE:
Aim:
To generate the following discrete time sequences using MATLAB
1. Unit step sequence
2. Unit Ramp sequence
3. Impulse sequence
4. Sinusoidal sequence
5. Exponential sequence
Equipments required: MATLAB software
Program:
1. % Unit step response
a=input('Enter the desired length of the sequence =');
b=input('Enter the sampling=');
x=[Link]-1;
y=cos(2*pi*x);
stem(x,y);
xlabel('time index');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('generation of unit step sequence');
%length=10, b=2
2. % Unit Ramp response
a=input('Enter the desired length of the sequence=');
b=input('Enter the sampling=');
x=0:a-1;
y=x;
stem(x,y);
xlabel('time index');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('generation of unit ramp sequence');
%length=10, b=2
3. % %Impulse sequence
a=input('Enter the desired length of the sequence =');
b=input('Enter the sampling=');
x=0:a-1;
y=[cos(2*pi*b*0) zeros(1,a-1)];
stem(x,y);
xlabel('time index');
ylabel('Amplitude');
disp y;
title('generation of unit impulse sequence')
%length=10, b=2
4. %Sinusoidal sequence
N=100;
n=[Link]N-1;
a=input('Enter the desired length of the sequence =');
x1=cos(pi*n);
subplot(3,2,1),stem(n,x1);
xlabel('n'),ylabel('x1(n)');
title('Sinusoidal sequence');
x2=cos(pi/2*n);
subplot(3,2,2),stem(n,x2);
xlabel('n'),ylabel('x2(n)');
title('Sinusoidal sequence');
x3=cos(pi/4*n);
subplot(3,2,3),stem(n,x3);
xlabel('n'),ylabel('x3(n)');
title('Sinusoidal sequence');
x4=cos(pi/8*n);
subplot(3,2,4),stem(n,x4);
xlabel('n'),ylabel('x4(n)');
title('Sinusoidal sequence');
N=100;
n=[Link]N-1;
x5=cos(pi/16*n);
subplot(3,2,5),stem(n,x5);
xlabel('n'),ylabel('x5(n)');
title('Sinusoidal sequence');
x6=cos(pi/32*n);
subplot(3,2,6),stem(n,x6);
xlabel('n'),ylabel('x6(n)');
title('Sinusoidal sequence');
5. %Exponential sequence
x2=exp(-n);
subplot(2,2,3),stem(n,x2);
xlabel('n'),ylabel('x2(n)');
title('Exponential sequence');
OUTPUT:
Result:
MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS ON SIGNALS
Ex. No: 2 DATE:
Aim:
To perform the following mathematical operations on signals using MATLAB
1. Addition
2. Multiplication
3. Sampling
4. Shifting
Equipments required: MATLAB software
Program:
Addition
function [y,n] = sigadd(x1,n1,x2,n2)
% implements y(n) = x1(n)+x2(n)
% -----------------------------
% [y,n] = sigadd(x1,n1,x2,n2)
% y = sum sequence over n, which includes n1 and n2
% x1 = first sequence over n1
% x2 = second sequence over n2 (n2 can be different from n1)
%
Clc
Clear all
n1 = -2:20; x1= [1:12,11:-1:1];
n2 = -2:20; x2= [1:12,11:-1:1];
n = min(min(n1),min(n2)):max(max(n1),max(n2)); % duration of y(n)
y1 = zeros(1,length(n)); y2 = y1; % initialization
y1(find((n>=min(n1))&(n<=max(n1))==1))=x1; % x1 with duration of y
y2(find((n>=min(n2))&(n<=max(n2))==1))=x2; % x2 with duration of y
y = y1+y2;
%n1 = -2:20; x1= [1:12,11:-1:1];
%n2 = -2:20; x2= [1:12,11:-1:1];
[y,n] = sigadd(x1,n1,x2,n2)
Multiplication
function [y,n] = sigmult(x1,n1,x2,n2)
% implements y(n) = x1(n)*x2(n)
% -----------------------------
% [y,n] = sigmult(x1,n1,x2,n2)
% y = product sequence over n, which includes n1 and n2
% x1 = first sequence over n1
% x2 = second sequence over n2 (n2 can be different from n1)
n1 = -2:20; x1= [1:12,11:-1:1];
n2 = -2:20; x2= [1:12,11:-1:1];
n = min(min(n1),min(n2)):max(max(n1),max(n2)); % duration of y(n)
y1 = zeros(1,length(n)); y2 = y1; %
y1(find((n>=min(n1))&(n<=max(n1))==1))=x1; % x1 with duration of y
y2(find((n>=min(n2))&(n<=max(n2))==1))=x2; % x2 with duration of y
y = y1 .* y2; % sequence multiplication
[y,n] = sigmult(x1,n1,x2,n2)
Sampling
T=0.1;t=0:0.05/200:T;
x=cos(200*pi*t);
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(t,x);
title('original input signal');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('ampliude');
s1=400;
tn1=0:(1/s1):T;
xn1=cos(200*pi*tn1);
subplot(2,2,2);
stem(tn1,xn1);
title('Sampled signal when fs>2fm');
xlabel('Time index');
ylabel('amplitude');
s2=200;
tn2=0:(1/s2):T;
xn2=cos(200*pi*tn2);
subplot(2,2,3);
stem(tn2,xn2);
title('Sampled signal when fs=2fm');
xlabel('Time index');
ylabel('amplitude');
s3=50;
tn3=0:(1/s3):T;
xn3=cos(200*pi*tn3);
subplot(2,2,4);
stem(tn3,xn3);
title('Sampled signal when fs<2fm');
xlabel('Time index');
ylabel('amplitude');
Shifting
function [y,n] = sigshift(x,m,k)
% implements y(n) = x(n-k)
% -------------------------
% [y,n] = sigshift(x,m,k)
%
n = m+k; y = x;
n = -2:20; x= [1:12,11:-1:1];
[x11,n11] = sigshift(x,n,5);
[x12,n12] = sigshift(x,n,-4);
[x1,n1] = sigadd(2*x11,n11,-3*x12,n12);
stem(n1,x1);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('x(n)');
OUTPUT:
RESULT:
TIME-DOMAIN ANALYSIS OF SIGNALS (RADAR SIGNALS) & LTI SYSTEMS
USING MATLAB
Ex. No: 3 DATE:
Aim:
To generate the following time domain signals using MATLAB
1. Linear convolution
2. Circular convolution
3. Comparison of Linear convolution and Circular convolution
4. Cross Correlation
5. Auto Correlation
Equipments required: MATLAB software
Program:
Linear convolution
1. a=input('Enter the first sequence =');
b=input('Enter the second sequence=');
c=conv(a,b);
M=length(c)-1;
N=[Link]M;
disp('o/p sequence=')
disp(c);
subplot(3,1,1);
stem(a)
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(b)
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(N,c);
xlabel('time index n');
ylabel('Amplitude');
clc;
clear all;
close all;
x1=input('enter the first sequence'); %input of first sequence
x2=input('enter the second sequence'); %input of second sequence
n1=length(x1);
n2=length(x2);
N=n1+n2-1;
x1=[x1 zeros(1,N-n1)];
x2=[x2 zeros(1,N-n2)];
m=[Link]N-1];
for n=0:N-1
y(n+1)=sum(x2(mod(n-m,N)+1).*x1);
end;
disp('linear convoluted sequence');
y
disp('first sequence');
x1
disp('second sequence');
x2
disp('convolved sequence');
y
subplot(3,1,1);
stem(x1);
title('first sequence');
xlabel('signal');
ylabel('time');
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(x2);
title('second sequence');
xlabel('signal');
ylabel('time');
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(y);
Circular Convolution
a=input('Enter the first sequence x(n) =');
b=input('Enter the second sequence h(n)=');
n1=length(a);
n2=length(b);
N=max(n1,n2);
x=[a zeros(1,N-n1)];
for i=1:N
k=i;
for j=1:n2
H(i,j)=x(k)*b(j);
k=k-1;
if(k==0)
k=N;
end
end
end
y=zeros(1,N);
m=H';
for j=1:N
for i=1:n2
y(j)=m(i,j)+y(j)
end
end
subplot(3,1,1);
stem(a)
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(b)
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(y);
xlabel('time index n');
ylabel('Amplitude');
Comparison of linear and circular convolution
function [yc]=circonv(x,h,N);
Nx=length(x);
Nh=length(h);
x=[x,zeros(1,N-Nx)]
h=[h,zeros(1,N-Nh)]
m=[Link]N-1];
M=mod(-m,N);
h=h(M+1);
for n=[Link]N
m=n-1;
p=[Link]N-1;
q=mod(p-m,N);
hm=h(q+1);
H(n,:)=hm;
end
yc=x*H';
clear all;
x=[1,1,1,2,1,1];
h=[1,1,2,1];
Nx=length(x);
Nh=length(h);
N=max(Nx,Nh);
yc=circonv(x,h,N);
y=conv(x,h);
n=[Link]Nx-1;
subplot(2,2,1)
stem(n,x);
xlabel('n'), ylabel('x(n)')
title ('Input Sequence')
n=[Link]Nh-1;
subplot(2,2,2)
stem(n,h);
xlabel('n'), ylabel('h(n)')
title ('Impulse Sequence')
n=[Link]N-1;
subplot(2,2,3)
stem(n,yc);
xlabel('n'), ylabel('yc(n)')
title ('Output Sequence (circular convolution)')
n=[Link]Nx+Nh-2;
subplot(2,2,4)
stem(n,y);
xlabel('n'), ylabel('y(n)')
title ('Output Sequence (Linear convolution)')
Auto correlation
x=input('Enter the first sequence=');
y=xcorr(x,x);
figure
subplot(2,1,1)
stem(x)
subplot(2,1,2)
stem(fliplr(y))
Cross correlation
x=input('Enter the first sequence=');
h=input('Enter the second sequence=');
y=xcorr(x,h);
figure
subplot(2,1,1)
stem(x)
subplot(2,1,2)
stem(fliplr(y))
OUTPUT:
RESULT:
FREQUENCY-DOMAIN ANALYSIS OF SIGNALS AND LTI SYSTEMS
Ex. No: 4 DATE:
Aim:
To generate the following frequency domain signals using MATLAB
1. Discrete fourier transform
2. Inverse Discrete fourier transform
Equipments required: MATLAB software
Program:
Discrete time fourier transform
I method
x=input('Enter the sequence=');
h=input('Enter the length of FFT=');
y=fft(x,h)
subplot(3,1,1);
stem(x)
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(h)
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(y);
II method
N=input('Enter the length of the sequence');
M=input('Enter the length of DFT=');
u=input('Enter the sequence');
U=fft(u,M);
t=[Link]N-1;
subplot(3,1,1);
stem(t,u);
title('Original time domain sequence');
xlabel('Time index');
ylabel('Ampliude');
subplot(3,1,2);
k=[Link]M-1;
stem(k,abs(U))
title('Magnitude of the dft samples');
xlabel('Frequency index K');
ylabel('magnitude');
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(k,angle(U))
title('Phase of the dft samples');
xlabel('Frequency index k');
ylabel('Phase');
disp('Magnitude of DFT');
disp(abs(U));
disp('Phase of DFT');
disp(angle(U));
IDFT
N=input('Enter the length of the sequence');
M=input('Enter the length of DFT=');
u=input('Enter the sequence');
U=ifft(u,M);
t=[Link]N-1;
subplot(3,1,1);
stem(t,u);
title('Original time domain sequence');
xlabel('Time index');
ylabel('Ampliude');
subplot(3,1,2);
k=[Link]M-1;
stem(k,abs(U))
title('Magnitude of the idft samples');
xlabel('Frequency index K');
ylabel('magnitude');
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(k,angle(U))
title('Phase of the idft samples');
xlabel('Frequency index k');
ylabel('Phase');
disp('Magnitude of IDFT');
disp(abs(U));
disp('Phase of IDFT');
disp(angle(U));
OUTPUT:
RESULT:
ECG SIGNAL ANALYSIS
Ex. No: 5 DATE:
Aim:
To analyse the ECG signal from IIR filter using SP tool box.
1. Butterworth filter (LPF, HPF, BPF & BRF)
2. Chebychev ( LPF, BPF, BRF)
Equipments required: MATLAB software
Program:
Butterworth Low pass filter
clear all;
alphap=0.4
alphas=30;
fp=400;
fs=800;
F=2000;
omp=2*fp/F; oms=2*fs/F;
% To find the cutoff frequency and order of the filter
[n,wn]=buttord(omp,oms,alphap,alphas)
% System function of the filter
[b,a]=butter(n,wn)
w=0:0.1:pi;
[h,om]=freqz(b,a,w,'whole');
m=abs(h);
an=angle(h);
subplot(2,1,1), plot(om/pi,20*log(m));grid;
ylabel('Gain in dB');
xlabel('Normalized frequency');
subplot(2,1,2), plot(om/pi,an);grid;
ylabel('Phase in Radians');
xlabel('Normalized frequency');
Butterworth Band pass filter
clear all;
alphap=2;
alphas=20;
wp=[0.2*pi,0.4*pi];
ws=[0.1*pi,0.5*pi];
% To find the cutoff frequency and order of the filter
[n,wn]=buttord(wp/pi,ws/pi,alphap,alphas)
% System function of the filter
[b,a]=butter(n,wn)
w=0:0.01:pi;
[h,ph]=freqz(b,a,w);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
an=angle(h);
subplot(2,1,1), plot(ph/pi,m);grid;
ylabel('Gain in dB');
xlabel('Normalized frequency');
subplot(2,1,2), plot(ph/pi,an);grid;
ylabel('Phase in Radians');
xlabel('Normalized frequency');
Butterworth high pass filter
clear all;
alphap=0.4
alphas=30;
fp=400;
fs=800;
F=2000;
omp=2*fp/F; oms=2*fs/F;
% To find the cutoff frequency and order of the filter
[n,wn]=buttord(omp,oms,alphap,alphas)
% System function of the filter
[b,a]=butter(n,wn,'HIGH')
w=0:0.1:pi;
[h,om]=freqz(b,a,w);
m=20*log(abs(h));
an=angle(h);
subplot(2,1,1), plot(om/pi,m);grid;
ylabel('Gain in dB');
xlabel('Normalized frequency');
subplot(2,1,2), plot(om/pi,an);grid;
ylabel('Phase in Radians');
xlabel('Normalized frequency');
Butterworth Band reject filter
clear all;
alphap=2;
alphas=20;
ws=[0.2*pi,0.4*pi];
wp=[0.1*pi,0.5*pi];
% To find the cutoff frequency and order of the filter
[n,wn]=buttord(wp/pi,ws/pi,alphap,alphas)
% System function of the filter
[b,a]=butter(n,wn)
w=0:0.01:pi;
[h,ph]=freqz(b,a,w);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
an=angle(h);
subplot(2,1,1), plot(ph/pi,m);grid;
ylabel('Gain in dB');
xlabel('Normalized frequency');
subplot(2,1,2), plot(ph/pi,an);grid;
ylabel('Phase in Radians');
xlabel('Normalized frequency');
Chebyshev Low pass filter
clear all;
alphap=1;
alphas=15;
ws=0.2*pi;
wp=0.3*pi;
% To find the cutoff frequency and order of the filter
[n,wn]=cheb1ord(wp/pi,ws/pi,alphap,alphas)
% System function of the filter
[b,a]=cheby1(n,alphap,wn)
w=0:0.01:pi;
[h,ph]=freqz(b,a,w);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
an=angle(h);
subplot(2,1,1), plot(ph/pi,m);grid;
ylabel('Gain in dB');
xlabel('Normalized frequency');
subplot(2,1,2), plot(ph/pi,an);grid;
ylabel('Phase in Radians');
xlabel('Normalized frequency');
Chebyshev Band pass filter
clear all;
alphap=1;
alphas=20;
ws=[0.2*pi,0.4*pi];
wp=[0.1*pi,0.5*pi];
% To find the cutoff frequency and order of the filter
[n,wn]=cheblord(wp/pi,ws/pi,alphap,alphas)
% System function of the filter
[b,a]=cheby1(n,alphap,wn)
w=0:0.01:pi;
[h,ph]=freqz(b,a,w);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
an=angle(h);
subplot(2,1,1), plot(ph/pi,m);grid;
ylabel('Gain in dB');
xlabel('Normalized frequency');
subplot(2,1,2), plot(ph/pi,an);grid;
ylabel('Phase in Radians');
xlabel('Normalized frequency');
Chebyshev Band reject filter
clear all;
alphap=2;
alphas=20;
ws=[0.2*pi,0.4*pi];
wp=[0.1*pi,0.5*pi];
% To find the cutoff frequency and order of the filter
[n,wn]=cheb2ord(wp/pi,ws/pi,alphap,alphas)
% System function of the filter
[b,a]=cheby2(n,alphas,wn,'stop')
w=0:0.01:pi;
[h,ph]=freqz(b,a,w);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
an=angle(h);
subplot(2,1,1), plot(ph/pi,m);grid;
ylabel('Gain in dB');
xlabel('Normalized frequency');
subplot(2,1,2), plot(ph/pi,an);grid;
ylabel('Phase in Radians');
xlabel('Normalized frequency');
OUTPUT:
RESULT:
SPEECH SIGNAL ANALYSIS USING SP TOOL BOX AND FDA TOOL BOX IN
MATLAB
Ex. No: 6 DATE:
Aim:
To analyse the speech signal from FIR filter using SP tool box in MATLAB.
1. FIR Low pass – Rectangular and Hamming
2. FIR High pass –Rectangular and Blackman
3. FIR Band pass Rectangular and hamming
4. FIR Band reject- Rectangular and Hamming
5. FIR Kaiser – Low pass filter
Equipments required: MATLAB software
Program:
FIR Low pass – Rectangular and Hamming
clear all
wc=0.5*pi;
N=25;
alpha=(N-1)/2
eps=0.001;
n=[Link]N-1;
hd=sin(wc*(n-alpha+eps))./(pi*(n-alpha+eps));
wr=boxcar(N);
hn=hd.*wr';
w=0:0.01:pi;
h=freqz(hn,1,w);
plot(w/pi,abs(h));
hold on
wh=hamming(N);
hn=hd.*wh';
w=0:0.01:pi;
h=freqz(hn,1,w);
plot(w/pi,abs(h),'-.'); grid;
xlabel('Normalized Frequency\omega\pi');
ylabel('Magnitud'); hold off
FIR High pass –Rectangular and Blackman
clear all
wc=0.5*pi;
N=25;
alpha=(N-1)/2
eps=0.001;
n=[Link]N-1;
hd=sin(pi*(n-alpha+eps))-sin(wc*(n-alpha+eps))./(pi*(n-alpha+eps));
wr=boxcar(N);
hn=hd.*wr';
w=0:0.01:pi;
h=freqz(hn,1,w);
plot(w/pi,abs(h));
hold on
wb=blackman(N);
hn=hd.*wb';
w=0:0.01:pi;
h=freqz(hn,1,w);
plot(w/pi,abs(h),'-.'); grid;
xlabel('Normalized Frequency\omega\pi');
ylabel('Magnitud'); hold off
FIR Band pass Rectangular and hamming
clear all
wc1=0.25*pi;wc2=0.75*pi;
N=25;
alpha=(N-1)/2
eps=0.001;
n=[Link]N-1;
hd=sin(wc2*(n-alpha+eps))-sin(wc1*(n-alpha+eps))./(pi*(n-alpha+eps));
wr=boxcar(N);
hn=hd.*wr';
w=0:0.01:pi;
h=freqz(hn,1,w);
plot(w/pi,abs(h));
hold on
wh=hamming(N);
hn=hd.*wh';
w=0:0.01:pi;
h=freqz(hn,1,w);
plot(w/pi,abs(h),'-.'); grid;
xlabel('Normalized Frequency\omega\pi');
ylabel('Magnitud'); hold off
FIR Band reject- Rectangular and Hamming
clear all
wc1=0.25*pi;wc2=0.75*pi;
N=25;
alpha=(N-1)/2
eps=0.001;
n=[Link]N-1;
hd=sin(wc1*(n-alpha+eps))-sin(wc2*(n-alpha+eps))+sin(pi*(n-alpha+eps))./(pi*(n-
alpha+eps));
wr=boxcar(N);
hn=hd.*wr';
w=0:0.01:pi;
h=freqz(hn,1,w);
plot(w/pi,abs(h));
hold on
wh=hamming(N);
hn=hd.*wh';
w=0:0.01:pi;
h=freqz(hn,1,w);
plot(w/pi,abs(h),'-.'); grid;
xlabel('Normalized Frequency\omega\pi');
ylabel('Magnitud'); hold off
FIR Kaiser – Low pass filter
clear all;
wc=0.5*pi;
N=25;
b=fir1(N,wc/pi, kaiser(N+1, 0.5));
w=0:0.01:pi;
h=freqz(b,1,w);
plot(w/pi,20*log10(abs(h)));
hold on
b=fir1(N,wc/pi, kaiser(N+1, 3.5));
w=0:0.01:pi;
h=freqz(b,1,w);
plot(w/pi,20*log10(abs(h)));
hold on
b=fir1(N,wc/pi, kaiser(N+1, 8.5));
w=0:0.01:pi;
h=freqz(b,1,w);
plot(w/pi,20*log10(abs(h)));
xlabel('Normalized Frequency\omega\pi');
ylabel('Magnitude in dB'); hold off
OUTPUT:
RESULT:
