FUNDAMENTAL OF IT SYSTEM LAB.

(2418104)

Practical No : 02

Name of Practical : Use of Digital India Platforms – BHIM, DigiLocker, m-

Parivahan, and NPTEL

Objective : To understand and use major Digital India platforms such as BHIM,
DigiLocker, m-Parivahan, and NPTEL for cashless transactions, document storage,
vehicle information, and online learning.

Introduction:

The Digital India Initiative was launched by the Government of India to promote
digital services and make citizens digitally empowered.
It includes various online platforms that help in financial transactions, education,
documentation, and e-governance.

Platforms to Study and Use:

1. BHIM (Bharat Interface for Money):

(i).Purpose: A mobile payment app based on Unified Payments Interface

(UPI) developed by NPCI.

(ii).Use: To send and receive money instantly using mobile numbers or UPI
IDs.

(iii).Steps:

(a).Download the BHIM app from Play Store/App Store.

(b).Register using your mobile number linked with your bank

account.

(c).Set a UPI PIN for transactions.

 (d).Use the app to send, request, or scan QR codes for payments.

2. DigiLocker:

(i).Purpose: A cloud-based platform for issuing, storing, and verifying

documents and certificates digitally.

(ii).Use: To store digital copies of Aadhaar, PAN, Driving License,

Marksheets, etc.

(iii).Steps:

(a).Visit [Link] or install the DigiLocker app.

(b).Sign in using your Aadhaar number or mobile number.

(c).Upload or download official digital documents from partner

institutions.

(d).Access verified documents anytime, anywhere.

3. m-Parivahan:

(i).Purpose: A mobile app developed by the Ministry of Road Transport

and Highways for digital access to vehicle and driving license information.

(ii).Use: To view and verify vehicle registration and driving license details.

(iii).Steps:

(a).Install m-Parivahan from Play Store.

(b).Register using your mobile number.

(c).Search for your vehicle registration number or driving license

number.

(d).Save the digital RC and DL for easy access during verification.

4. NPTEL (National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning):

(i).Purpose: A MOOC platform offering free online courses and

certifications in engineering, science, and humanities.

(ii).Use: To access video lectures from IITs and IISc.

(iii).Steps:

(a).Visit [Link] or [Link]

(b).Create an account or log in using your email ID.

(c).Browse and enroll in desired courses.

(d).Watch video lectures, take quizzes, and earn certificates after

passing exams.

Precautions:

(i). Use only official apps and websites from trusted sources.

(ii).Keep login credentials and OTPs confidential.

(iii).Avoid using public Wi-Fi for financial transactions.

(iv).Regularly update apps for better security.

Result:

After completing this practical, we will be able to:

(i).Use BHIM for secure digital payments.

(ii).Access and manage digital documents through DigiLocker.

(iii).Retrieve vehicle and license information using m-Parivahan.

 (iv).Enroll and learn through online courses using NPTEL.

Practical No : 02

Name of Practical : Installation of Printer and Scanner Driver

Objective : To learn how to install and configure printer and scanner drivers for
proper communication between computer and hardware devices.

Components Involved:

(i).Computer system (Windows/Linux)

(ii).Printer (e.g., HP, Canon, Epson, etc.)

(iii).Scanner or Multi-Function Printer (MFP)

(iv).Printer/Scanner driver CD or Internet connection for driver download

(v).USB Cable / Wi-Fi connectivity

Theory:

A driver is a software program that allows the operating system to communicate

with hardware devices such as printers and scanners.
Without the correct driver, the device may not function properly.

Printers and scanners may be connected through USB, Bluetooth, or Wi-Fi.

Once connected, the driver software helps the computer send print commands or
receive scanned images.

Steps for Printer Driver Installation:

A. Using Driver CD/Offline Installation

1. Insert the Printer Driver CD into the optical drive.

2. Run the [Link] file.
 3. Follow the on-screen instructions.
4. Connect the printer to the computer via USB cable when prompted.
5. Complete installation and print a test page to confirm setup.

B. Online Installation (Without CD)

1. Open your browser and go to the official manufacturer’s website (e.g.,

[Link], [Link], [Link]).
2. Search for your printer model number.
3. Download the latest driver and software.
4. Run the setup file and follow on-screen steps.
5. Once installed, print a test page.

Steps for Scanner Driver Installation:

A. Using CD/Offline

1. Insert the Scanner Driver CD.

2. Open the setup file and install the driver.
3. Connect the scanner through USB cable.
4. Once installation completes, open scanner application (like Windows Fax
and Scan).
5. Scan a document to test functionality.

B. Online Installation

1. Visit the official website of the scanner manufacturer.

2. Search your scanner model number.
3. Download and install the driver and scanning software.
4. Connect and test the scanner.

Precautions:

(i).Always use official and compatible drivers for your device.

(ii).Ensure stable power supply during installation.

(iii).Restart the computer after installation for proper configuration.

 (iv).Avoid connecting multiple printers/scanners during setup.

Result:
Successfully installed printer and scanner drivers, and verified their
functionality by printing and scanning test documents.

Practical No : 03

Name of Practical : Installation of Any Two Freeware or Open Source

Software/Tools Using Web Browser

Objective : To learn how to download, install, and use freeware or open-source

software/tools using a web browser.

Theory:

Freeware and open-source software are applications that are available for free
use.

1. Freeware: Software that is free to use but whose source code is not
available.
Example: VLC Media Player, Google Chrome, WinRAR (trial), etc.
2. Open Source Software: Software whose source code is available for
modification and redistribution.
Example: LibreOffice, GIMP, Audacity, Mozilla Firefox, etc.

Downloading and installing such software through a web browser helps users
enhance computer functionality with legitimate and safe applications.

Requirements:

(a).Computer system with internet connection

(b).Web browser (Google Chrome, Edge, Firefox)

(c).Administrator privileges
Procedure:

Example 1: Installing VLC Media Player (Freeware)

1. Open a web browser (e.g., Google Chrome).

2. Go to the official VLC website: [Link]
3. Click on “Download VLC”.
4. Once downloaded, open the installer file ([Link]).
5. Follow the on-screen installation steps and click Finish.
6. Open VLC Media Player to confirm successful installation.

Example 2: Installing LibreOffice (Open Source Software)

1. Open your web browser.

2. Visit the official LibreOffice website: [Link]
3. Click on “Download Now”.
4. Choose the correct version for your operating system (Windows/Linux).
5. After download completes, run the installer file.
6. Follow the setup wizard and click Finish.
7. Open LibreOffice to verify that it has been installed correctly.

Precautions:

(i).Always download software from official websites to avoid malware.

(ii).Check that the software version matches your OS (32-bit or 64-bit).

(iii).Keep your antivirus enabled during installation.

(iv).Do not install pirated or cracked versions.

Result:

Successfully downloaded and installed two freeware/open-source software —

VLC Media Player and LibreOffice — using a web browser.

Conclusion:

By completing this practical, we learned how to safely install and verify

freeware/open-source tools from official sources using a web browser.
 Practical No : 04

Name of Practical : Installation of Windows and Linux Operating Systems

Objective : To learn how to install and configure Windows and Linux operating
systems on a computer system.

Components Involved:

(i). Computer system (with minimum 4 GB RAM and 100 GB HDD/SSD)

(ii).Bootable installation media (Pendrive/DVD) for:

(a).Windows (10/11)

(b).Linux (Ubuntu / Fedora / Debian / etc.)

(iii).BIOS/UEFI enabled system

(iv).Internet connection (optional)

Theory:

An Operating System (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware,

software resources, and provides common services for computer programs.

There are two main types of OS commonly used:

(i).Windows OS: A GUI-based proprietary operating system developed by

Microsoft.

(ii).Linux OS: An open-source, Unix-like operating system used for

multitasking and networking.

Both systems can be installed as single boot or dual boot setups.

Procedure:

A. Installation of Windows Operating System

1. Insert Installation Media

o Plug in the bootable USB drive/DVD containing Windows setup.
2. Enter BIOS/UEFI Setup
o Press F2, Del, or Esc (depending on manufacturer) while booting.
o Set the boot priority to the USB/DVD drive.
3. Start Installation
o Save BIOS settings and restart.
o The system will boot from the USB/DVD.
4. Setup Process
o Select language, time, and keyboard layout.
o Click Install Now.
o Enter product key (optional for trial).
5. Partition Disk
o Choose Custom: Install Windows only.
o Create partitions as required (C:, D: etc.).
o Select the partition where Windows will be installed.
6. Installation Process
o Files will be copied and system will restart automatically.
7. Initial Configuration
o Enter user name, password, and region settings.
o Choose privacy and network options.
8. Finish Installation
o Desktop screen appears → Installation completed successfully.

B. Installation of Linux Operating System (Ubuntu Example)

1. Insert Bootable Media

o Plug in Ubuntu bootable USB/DVD.
2. Enter BIOS/UEFI
o Press F2/Del/Esc to enter setup.
o Set USB/DVD as the first boot device.
3. Boot and Start Setup
o Choose “Try Ubuntu” or “Install Ubuntu”.
4. Select Language & Keyboard Layout
 o Choose appropriate options and click Continue.
5. Installation Type
o Choose one option:
 Erase disk and install Ubuntu (Single boot)
 Install Ubuntu alongside Windows (Dual boot)
6. Disk Partitioning (if manual)
o Create root /, swap, and home /home partitions.
7. User Information
o Enter username, computer name, and password.
8. Installation Process
o Files will be copied and system will install.
9. Reboot System
o Remove the installation media when prompted.
10. Login Screen Appears → Installation complete.

Precautions:

(i).Take backup of important data before installing.

(ii).Ensure proper power supply during installation.

(iii).Use official ISO files from trusted sources.

(iv).Always verify system compatibility with OS version.

(v).For dual boot, ensure you install Windows first, then Linux.

Result:

Successfully installed Windows and Linux operating systems on the computer

system and verified their functionality.

Conclusion:

By completing this practical, we learned how to install, configure, and manage

both proprietary (Windows) and open-source (Linux) operating systems
effectively.
 Practical No : 05

Name of Practical : Identify the Different Networking Devices

Objective : To identify and understand the functions of various networking

devices used in computer networks.

Components Involved:

(a). Computer system

(b).Different networking devices (Router, Switch, Hub, etc.)

(c).Network cables (Ethernet, Coaxial, Fiber optic)

(d).Internet connection (optional)

Theory:

Networking devices are hardware components that connect computers and other
electronic devices in a network.
They manage communication, data transmission, and connectivity between
networked devices.

Below are the commonly used networking devices and their functions:

1. Network Interface Card (NIC):

 It is a hardware component that connects a computer to a network.

 It can be wired (Ethernet card) or wireless (Wi-Fi adapter).
 Each NIC has a unique MAC address.
 Example: Ethernet Card, Wi-Fi Card.

2. Hub:

 A basic networking device that connects multiple computers in a network.

  It broadcasts data to all devices connected to it.
 Works at Physical Layer (Layer 1) of the OSI model.
 Example: Netgear 8-Port Hub.

3. Switch:

 A smart hub that connects multiple computers but sends data only to the
intended device.
 Works at the Data Link Layer (Layer 2).
 Reduces network traffic compared to a hub.
 Example: Cisco 24-Port Switch.

4. Router:

 A device that connects multiple networks together (like LAN to Internet).

 Routes data packets based on IP addresses.
 Works at the Network Layer (Layer 3).
 Example: TP-Link, D-Link Router.

5. Bridge:

 Connects and filters traffic between two LAN segments.

 Helps reduce network collisions.
 Works at the Data Link Layer.

6. Modem:

 Converts digital signals from a computer into analog signals for

transmission over telephone lines, and vice versa.
 Used to connect to the Internet.
 Types: DSL Modem, Cable Modem.
7. Access Point (AP):

 Allows wireless devices (like laptops and smartphones) to connect to a

wired network.
 Works as a bridge between wired LAN and Wi-Fi devices.

8. Gateway:

 Acts as an entry and exit point for a network.

 Converts data formats and protocols for compatibility between different
systems.
 Works at multiple layers of the OSI model.

9. Repeater:

 Used to amplify and regenerate signals in a network to extend its range.

 Works at the Physical Layer.

10. Firewall:

 A security device that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing

network traffic based on predefined security rules.
 Can be hardware or software-based.

Procedure:

1. Observe and collect different networking devices in the lab.

2. Note down their model numbers and functions.
3. Identify each device physically and understand its ports and LEDs.
4. Record observations in a tabular form.
Observation Table:
Layer in OSI Example /
[Link] Device Name Function
Model Model

Network Interface Connects computer to

1 Layer 2 Intel Gigabit NIC
Card (NIC) network

Connects multiple D-Link 8-Port

2 Hub Layer 1
computers Hub

Sends data to specific Cisco 24-Port

3 Switch Layer 2
devices Switch

Connects LAN to
4 Router Layer 3 TP-Link Router
Internet

Converts analog ↔ BSNL DSL

5 Modem Layer 1
digital Modem

Provides wireless
6 Access Point Layer 2 Netgear AP
connectivity

TP-Link Signal
Booster
7 Repeater Layer 1 Boosts weak signals

Connects different Firewall

8 Gateway Multi-layer
networks Gateway

Result:

Successfully identified various networking devices and learned their purpose and
functions in data communication.
Conclusion:

Understanding networking devices is essential for designing, managing, and

troubleshooting networks effectively.

Practical No : 06

Name of Practical : Configure IPv4 Address in Computers

Objective : Assign and configure IPv4 addresses to computers in a network to

enable communication.

Components Involved:

1. Computers (with network interface card)

2. Ethernet cables or Wi-Fi connectivity
3. Network switch (for wired setup)
4. IP addressing scheme (Subnet, Gateway, etc.)

Theory:

(i).IPv4 Address is a 32-bit address used to identify a device on a network.

(ii).IPv4 addresses are written in dotted decimal notation, e.g.,

[Link].

(iii).Each device in the same network must have a unique IP address.

(iv).Subnet mask defines the network and host portions of an IP address,

commonly [Link] for small LANs.
 (v).Default Gateway is the router address that allows communication outside
the network.

Steps to Configure IPv4 Address in Windows:

1. Open Control Panel → Network and Internet → Network and Sharing

Center.
2. Click on Change adapter settings on the left panel.
3. Right-click the Ethernet or Wi-Fi connection and select Properties.
4. Select Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) and click Properties.
5. Choose Use the following IP address and enter:

(a).IP address: (e.g., [Link])

(b).Subnet mask: (e.g., [Link])

(c).Default gateway: (e.g., [Link])

6. Optionally, enter Preferred DNS server (e.g., [Link]) and Alternate

DNS server (e.g., [Link]).
7. Click OK → Close.
8. Test the connection by opening Command Prompt and pinging another
computer in the network:

ping [Link]

Steps to Configure IPv4 Address in Linux (Ubuntu/Debian):

1. Open the terminal.

2. Check network interface name:

ip addr
 [Link] IP address (example for interface eth0):

ip addr add [Link]/24 dev eth0

[Link] default gateway:

ip route add default via [Link]

5. Test the connection:

ping [Link]

Precautions:

1. Ensure each computer has a unique IP address.

2. Verify subnet mask matches all computers in the same network.
3. Do not use IP addresses reserved for routers or other devices.
4. Test connectivity after configuration using ping command.

Result:
All computers in the network lab have unique IPv4 addresses and are able to
communicate with each other.

Practical No : 07

Name of Practical : Learn different LAN connections

Objective : To understand and set up different types of LAN (Local Area Network)
connections in a computer network lab.

Components Involved:

1. Computers with Network Interface Cards (NIC)

 2. Ethernet cables (Cat5e/Cat6)
3. Network Switch / Hub / Router
4. Wi-Fi router (for wireless LAN)
5. Crimping tools (optional, for cable making)

Theory:
A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that connects computers and devices
within a limited area like a laboratory, office, or building.

Types of LAN Connections:

1. Wired LAN (Ethernet): Computers are connected using Ethernet cables

through a switch, hub, or router.

(a).Advantages: High speed, reliable, secure.

(b).Topology: Star, Bus, or Ring.

2. Wireless LAN (Wi-Fi): Computers connect wirelessly to a Wi-Fi router or

access point.

(a).Advantages: Mobility, fewer cables, easy setup.

(b).Disadvantages: Signal interference, lower security if not

encrypted.

3. Peer-to-Peer LAN: Computers are directly connected using crossover

cables without a central device.
4. Client-Server LAN: Computers connect to a central server for resources
and management.

Steps to Learn LAN Connections in the Lab:

A. Wired LAN Setup (Star Topology using Switch):

1. Place the switch in a central location.

2. Connect each computer to the switch using straight-through Ethernet cables.
3. Configure IPv4 addresses for each computer in the same subnet.
4. Test connectivity by pinging other computers in the network.
B. Wireless LAN Setup:

1. Turn on the Wi-Fi router and note the SSID and password.
2. Connect each computer/laptop to the Wi-Fi network.
3. Ensure all devices are in the same IP range (can use DHCP or static IP).
4. Test connectivity by pinging other devices.

C. Peer-to-Peer LAN (Using Crossover Cable):

1. Connect two computers directly using a crossover Ethernet cable.

2. Assign IP addresses manually in the same subnet (e.g., [Link] and
[Link]).
3. Test connectivity using ping.
4. Share files/folders to verify network functionality.

D. Client-Server LAN (Optional for Lab):

1. Set up one computer as a server (file server or web server).

2. Connect other computers as clients to the server via switch or Wi-Fi.
3. Configure IP addresses or use DHCP from the server.
4. Test access to server resources from client computers.

Precautions:

1. Ensure all cables are properly connected and undamaged.

2. Keep all devices powered on before testing.
3. Avoid assigning duplicate IP addresses in the same subnet.
4. Use a secure password for wireless LAN.

Result:
Students learn different LAN connection types (wired, wireless, peer-to-peer,
client-server) and can successfully establish communication between computers in
the network lab.