Experiment 5

Design of GMSK modulator for GSM system

AIM: To study and design about Gaussian Minimum Shi Keying.

BRIEF THEORY:

Gaussian Minimum Shi Keying, or Gaussian filtered Minimum Shi Keying, GMSK, is a form of
modula on used in a variety of digital radio communica ons systems. It has advantages of being able
to carry digital modula on while s ll using the spectrum efficiently. One of the problems with other
forms of phase shi keying is that the sidebands extend outwards from the main carrier and these can
cause interference to other radio communica ons systems using nearby channels.

In view of the efficient use of the spectrum in this way, GMSK modula on has been used in a number
of radio communica ons applica ons. Possibly the most widely used is the GSM cellular technology
which is used worldwide and has well over 3 billion subscribers.

GMSK basics

GMSK modula on is based on MSK, which is itself a form of phase shi keying. One of the problems
with standard forms of PSK is that sidebands extend out from the carrier. To overcome this, MSK and
its deriva ve GMSK can be used.

MSK and also GMSK modula on are what is known as a con nuous phase scheme. Here there are no
phase discon nui es because the frequency changes occur at the carrier zero crossing points. This
arises as a result of the unique factor of MSK that the frequency difference between the logical one
and logical zero states is always equal to half the data rate. This can be expressed in terms of the
modula on index, and it is always equal to 0.5.

Signal using MSK modula on

A plot of the spectrum of an MSK signal shows sidebands extending well beyond a bandwidth equal to
the data rate. This can be reduced by passing the modula ng signal through a low pass filter prior to
applying it to the carrier. The requirements for the filter are that it should have a sharp cut-off, narrow
bandwidth and its impulse response should show no overshoot.

The ideal filter is known as a Gaussian filter which has a Gaussian shaped response to an impulse and
no ringing. Jn this way the basic MSK signal is converted to GMSK modula on.
Genera ng GMSK modula on

There are two main ways in which GMSK modula on can be generated. The most obvious way is to
filter the modula ng signal using a Gaussian filter and then apply this to a frequency modulator where
the modula on index is set to 0.5. This method is very simple and straigh orward but it has the
drawback that the modula on index must exactly equal 0.5. In prac ce this analogue method is not
suitable because component tolerances dri and cannot be set exactly.

Genera ng GMSK using a Gaussian filter and VCO

A second method is more widely used. Here what is known as a quadrature modulator is used. The
term quadrature means that the phase of a signal is in quadrature or 90 degrees to another one. The
quadrature modulator uses one signal that is said to be in-phase and another that is in quadrature to
this. In view of the in-phase and quadrature elements this type of modulator is o en said to be an I-Q
modulator. Using this type of modulator the modula on index can be maintained at exactly 0.5 without
the need for any se ngs or adjustments. This makes it much easier to use, and capable of providing
the required level of performance without the need for adjustments. For demodula on the technique
can be used in reverse.
Advantages of GMSK modula on

There are several advantages to the use of GMSK modula on for a radio communica ons system. One
is obviously the improved spectral efficiency when compared to other phase shi keyed modes.

A further advantage of GMSK is that it can be amplified by a non-Iinear amplifier and remain
undistorted This i. because there are no elements of the signal that as carried as amplitude varia ons.
This advantage is of par cular importance when using small portable transmi ers such as those
required by cellular technology. Non-linear amplifiers are more efficient in terms of the DC power input
from the power rails that they convert into a radio frequency signal. This means that the power
consump on for a given output is much less, and this results in lower levels of ba ery consump on; a
very important factor for cell phones.

A further advantage of GMSK modula on again arises from the fact that none of the informa on is
carried as amplitude varia ons. This means that is immune to amplitude varia ons and therefore mor
resilient to noise than some other forms of modula on, because most noise is mainly amplitude based.

GMSK highlights

GMSK modula on is a highly successful form of modula on, being used in GSM cellular technology,
and as a result, its use is par cularly widespread. ]t is also used in other radio communica ons
applica ons because of its advantages in terms of spectral efficiency resilience to noise and its ability
to allow the use efficient transmi er final amplifiers. Even though other radio communica ons systems
u lise other forms of modula on, GMSK is an ideal choice for many applica ons.
SIMULINK PROGRAM:

Output:

Decoded Signal

RESULT:

The Gaussian Minimum Shi Keying modulator has been studied and designed using Simulink.
 Experiment 7

Performance analysis of QPSK and QAM using Simulink

AIM:

To perform a performance analysis of QPSK and QAM in Simulink

So ware Requirements: MATLAB R2020a or later, Simulink Communica on Toolbox, DSP System
Toolbox

BRIEF THEORY:

QPSK and QAM are digital modula on techniques that transmit data by changing the phase and/or
amplitude of a carrier wave. QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shi Keying) is a specific type of QAM where
data is sent by modula ng only the phase of the carrier signal, encoding 2 bits per symbol. QAM
(Quadrature Amplitude Modula on) is a more general scheme that varies both amplitude and phase
to transmit more bits per symbol, allowing for higher data rates but with greater suscep bility to
noise.

PROCEDURE:

To perform a performance analysis of QPSK and QAM in Simulink, build a model with a signal source,
modulator (QPSK/QAM), a channel (like AWGN), a demodulator, and an error rate calcula on block to
measure the Bit Error Rate (BER). The analysis involves plo ng the BER against the Signal-to-Noise
Ra o (SNR) for both schemes and comparing the results to see which performs be er under different
condi ons. QPSK generally offers be er performance at lower SNRs, while QAM is more bandwidth-
efficient at higher SNRs.

1. Build the Simulink model

 Signal Source: Use a Random Integer Generator to create random data, followed by an Integer
to Bit Converter.

 Modulator: Add a QPSK modulator block. If comparing with QAM, also include a QAM
modulator block (e.g., 16-QAM or 64-QAM).

 Channel: Implement an AWGN Channel block to simulate noise. Adjust the noise variance to
control the SNR level.

 Demodulator: Add the corresponding demodulator block (QPSK Demodulator or QAM

 Error Calcula on: Connect the output of the demodulator and the original bits to an Error
Rate Calcula on block to find the BER.

 Visualiza on (op onal): Use a Constella on Diagram block to visualize the transmi ed
symbols and understand the signal points in the complex plane.

2. Perform the analysis

 Iterate through different SNRs: Run the simula on for a range of SNR values by adjus ng the
noise in the AWGN block.
  Record BER: Record the BER from the Error Rate Calcula on block for each SNR value.

 Plot the results: Create a plot with the SNR on the x-axis and the BER on the y-axis (o en using
a logarithmic scale for BER).

 Compare: Compare the BER curves for QPSK and QAM. You can observe that QPSK typically
performs be er at lower SNRs, while QAM is more bandwidth-efficient at higher SNRs, leading
to be er performance as the signal becomes clearer.

SIMULINK PROGRAM:

Output:

QPSK
QAM
OBSERVATIONS:

QPSK

BER
Signal to Noise Ra o
Total No.
dB Total No.
Error rate of Bits
of Errors
processed

QAM

BER
Signal to Noise Ra o
Total No.
dB Total No.
Error rate of Bits
of Errors
processed

RESULT:

The performance analysis of QPSK and QAM in Simulink has been done.