String Type:

1) What is string?
 string is a data type used to store text, like words or sentences.
 Text is written inside double quotes " ".

string greeting = "Hello, World!";

2) Common Operations:
 Join Strings: Combine two strings with +:

string firstName = "John";

string lastName = "Doe";
string fullName = firstName + " " + lastName;
// "John Doe"
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 Get String Length: Count how many characters are in a string

string text = "Hello";

int length = [Link]; // 5

 Change Case: Make the text uppercase or lowercase

string upper = "hello".ToUpper(); // "HELLO"

string lower = "HELLO".ToLower(); // "hello"

 Input and Output with Strings:

[Link]("Enter your name: ");

string name = [Link]();
[Link]("Welcome, " + name);

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What are Constants?
 Constants in C# are values that never change during the
execution of a program. Example:
 The value of Pi (3.14) or
 The Days In Week = 7.
 How to Declare a Constant in C#
Syntax:

const dataType constantName = value;

Example:

const int DaysInWeek = 7; // Pascal Case

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 dataType
The type of the constant (e.g., int, double, string).

 constantName
The name of the constant (usually in PascalCase by convention).

 value
The fixed value assigned to the constant.

Examples \\ Calculating the Area of a Circle in C#

formula: area = Pi * radius * radius;

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using System;
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
// Define the value of Pi as a constant
const double Pi = 3.14159;

// Ask the user for the radius

[Link]("Enter the radius of the circle: ");
double radius = [Link]([Link]());

// Calculate the area

double area = Pi * radius * radius;

// Display the result

[Link]($"The area of the circle with
radius {radius} is {area}");
}
}
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Basics of Input/Output in C# (Input/Output Statements)
In C#, we can read data from the user (input) or display information
to them (output) using the System library.

 Input Statements
 Used to read data from the user while the program is running.
 The [Link]() method is primarily used for this
purpose. Examples:
 Reading a String:

[Link]("Enter your name: ");

string name = [Link]();
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 Reading an Integer: To convert the input to an integer:
[Link]("Enter your age: ");
int age = Convert.ToInt32([Link]());

 Reading a Double: To convert the input to a decimal number:

[Link]("Enter your salary: ");

double salary = [Link]([Link]());

 Input Formatting: Add clear text to explain to the user what they
need to enter.

[Link]("Enter a number: ");

// Explains to the user what input is expected
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 Output Statements
 Used to display information or results on the screen.
 The methods [Link]() and [Link]() are used
for this purpose.
 Difference Between Write and WriteLine:
[Link](): Prints the text and stays on the same line.
[Link](): Prints the text and moves to the next line.

Examples:
 Simple Output Using WriteLine:

[Link]("Welcome to C#!");
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 Output Without Moving to a New Line Using Write:
[Link]("This text is on the same line. ");
[Link]("Still on the same line.");

 Output Formatting:
 how data is displayed when printed to the screen.
 It helps make the output clear, readable, and structured.

1) String Interpolation (Recommended): Use $ before a string to

insert variables directly into it using {}.
2) Numeric Formatting: You can format numbers to show them
as decimals, currency, or percentages.
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Simple Program Example:
using System;
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
string product = "Laptop";
double price = 799.99;
double discount = 0.15;

[Link]($"Product: {product}");
[Link]($"Price: {price:C}");
[Link]($"Discount: {discount:P}");
[Link]($"Final Price: {(price * (1 -
discount)):C}");
}
}
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 Output (Example):

Product: Laptop
Price: $799.99
Discount: 15.00%
Final Price: $679.99

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Operators and Operations
In C#, operators are symbols used to perform operations on
variables and values. They includes:
1) Arithmetic Operators: Used to perform basic mathematical
operations like addition, subtraction, Etc..

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Examples of Arithmetic Operations:
static void Main()
{
int a = 10;
int b = 3;
[Link]($"Addition: {a} + {b} = {a + b}");
[Link]($"Subtraction: {a} - {b} = {a - b}");
[Link]($"Multiplication: {a} * {b} = {a * b}");
[Link]($"Division: {a} / {b} = {a / b}");
[Link]($"Modulus: {a} % {b} = {a % b}");
}
}

Output:

Addition: 10 + 3 = 13
Subtraction: 10 - 3 = 7
Multiplication: 10 * 3 = 30
Division: 10 / 3 = 3
Modulus: 10 % 3 = 1
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2) Assignment Operators:
Used to assign values to variables, often combined with
arithmetic operations.
The most basic is = (assignment).

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Examples of Assignment Operators:
static void Main()
{
int x = 10;
[Link]($"Initial value: x = {x}");
x += 5; // x = x + 5
[Link]($"After x += 5: x = {x}");
x -= 3; // x = x - 3
[Link]($"After x -= 3: x = {x}");
x *= 2; // x = x * 2
[Link]($"After x *= 2: x = {x}");
x /= 4; // x = x / 4
[Link]($"After x /= 4: x = {x}");
x %= 3; // x = x % 3
[Link]($"After x %= 3: x = {x}");
}
}

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Output:
Initial value: x = 10
After x += 5: x = 15
After x -= 3: x = 12
After x *= 2: x = 24
After x /= 4: x = 6
After x %= 3: x = 0

2) Comparison (Relational) Operators:

Used to compare two values, returning true or false.

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Examples of Comparison Operators:
static void Main() Output:
{
int a = 10; a = 10, b = 5
int b = 5;
a == b: False
[Link]($"a = {a}, b = {b}");
[Link]($"a == b: {a == b}"); a != b: True
[Link]($"a != b: {a != b}");
[Link]($"a > b: {a > b}"); a > b: True
[Link]($"a < b: {a < b}");
[Link]($"a >= b: {a >= b}"); a < b: False
[Link]($"a <= b: {a <=
b}"); a >= b: True
}
} a <= b: False

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Used in if-else statements, loops, and other conditional logic.
static Using
Example: void ifMain()
Statement
{
int age = 20;
if (age >= 18)
{
[Link]("You are an adult.");
}
else
{
[Link]("You are not an
adult.");
}
}
}

Output:

You are an adult.

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