Thầy Minh’s Education Studio

Full Test
The unique subak water management system used to The Egyptian plover—a bird native to Africa—has a
irrigate the rice paddy fields of the Indonesian island of symbiotic relationship with the Nile crocodile. While a
Bali has a rich cultural, philosophical, and historical crocodile rests on land with its mouth open for
significance dating back to the ninth century. The extended periods of time, the plover eats the food that
many elements of subak—terraces, canals, and water is stuck in the crocodile’s teeth. This ___ relationship
temples—are ___; they are joined together into a provides a nutritious meal for the bird and removes
single cohesive unit. potentially dangerous bacteria from the crocodile’s
mouth.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical
and precise word? Which choice completes the text with the most logical
and precise word?
A. informal
A. reciprocal
B. optional
B. interchangeable
C. outmoded
C. inefficient
D. interconnected
D. unequal

Traditionally, certain features of mosque architecture

Wildfires likely never happened in Antarctica. That's are nearly_____, such as the ablution (ritual cleansing)
what scientists used to think, but then a team of area, which almost all mosques include. But mosques
researchers discovered charcoal from the Cretaceous can also be built to reflect a multitude of different
period in Antarctica. The team analyzed the charcoal architectural styles, as in the case of the Federal
and found that it likely came from a tree that burned in Territory Mosque, which includes elements from the
a fire. This suggests that wildfires may have indeed Ottoman and Malay styles.
____ in Antarctica millions of years ago.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
and precise word or phrase?
A. illusory
A. occurred
B. idealized
B. refrained
C. universal
C. returned D. elaborate
D. rotated
The following text is adapted from Akwaeke Emezi’s In 2016 Ana Filipa Lopes and colleagues published a
2019 novel Pet. Jam is a teenager who lives with her study concluding that ocean acidification has a strong
father, Aloe, and her mother, Bitter, who is a painter: effect on the behavior of Atherina presbyter, a species
of fish. However, Lopes and colleagues’ study relied
Bitter finished the painting in the dark morning of a
on a mean sample size of only about 15 fish. In a 2022
day—it was well past midnight when Jam heard the
review of various scientists’ conclusions about the
studio door creak open. She stared into the velvet black
of her room and listened to her mother’s footsteps impacts of ocean acidification on fish behavior,
walking in her [mother] and Aloe’s bedroom. There Timothy D. Clark and colleagues caution that relying
was a weight thrumming through the floorboards in a on such a relatively small sample size can increase the
low song, and that was how Jam knew the painting was potential for biased analysis. Such analysis, in turn, can
done. Bitter’s feet were singing the news. contribute to reports of exaggerated effects.

Which choice best states the function of the underlined Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
sentence in the text as a whole?
A. To discuss an aspect of ocean acidification that is
A. It describes Aloe’s reaction upon seeing the frequently overlooked
painting for the first time.
B. To note a potential concern about the findings of a
B. It indicates that Jam is more interested in music than scientific study
in art.
C. To present a debate between two research teams
C. It adds to the idea that Bitter’s footsteps reveal
about a cause of ocean acidification
something to Jam.
D. To explain how the behavior of a fish species has
D. It indicates that Bitter always sings when working
on a painting. changed over time
Habitat navigation is a skill that helps animals reach Examples of Hoards found in Ireland and Northern Ireland
food or safety. To test how navigation works in fish,
Shachar Givon and colleagues taught goldfish to drive Hoard name Date of contents Year of discovery description
a vehicle—a motorized fish tank with wheels—on Carrick-on-Suir th
17 century CE 2013 Gold coins
land. The vehicle was programmed to move in the Hoard
Ardagh Hoard 10h century CE 1968 Silver and bronze
same direction that the fish swam within the tank. In piece
the experiment, the fish were tasked with driving their Balline Hoard 4th century CE 1940 Silver pieces
tank to a pink board. They received a treat when they
succeeded, and they often did. Because the fish could
move their tank to the board, Givon concludes that
Deposits of valuable objects, or hoards, have been
their navigational skills aren’t specific to an aquatic
unearthed in many different parts of Ireland and
environment.
Northern Ireland. Some of these hoards were
discovered before 2000; for example, ___
Which choice best states the main idea of the text?
Which choice most effectively uses data from the table
A. Fish can navigate only within their natural aquatic
to complete the statement?
environment in order to find food and safety.
A. the Ardagh Hoard was discovered in 1868, and the
B. An animal’s navigational skills directly depend on
Balline Hoard was discovered in 1940.
that animal’s particular environment.
B. the Ardagh Hoard was one of several hoards
C. Researchers can train animals to complete many
discovered in the 1800s.
different tasks when they offer the animals treats.
C. the Balline Hoard and the Carrick-on-Suir Hoard
D. Research shows that although they live in the water,
were both discovered in the 2000s.
fish can navigate on land with a little mechanical help.
D. the Carrick-on-Suir Hoard was discovered in 1940,
and the Balline Hoard was discovered in 2013.
 Olms are salamanders that live in underwater caves.
Scientists once thought that olms stay in their caves all
their lives. However, Raoul Manenti and team claim
that olms regularly come to the surface to perform
important activities such as finding food.

Which finding, if true, would most strongly support the

underlined claim?

A. Researchers discover that earthworms from surface

soils are a major part of olms’ diet.

B. Researchers learn that olms’ brains differ from other

salamanders’ brains.
Researcher Helen O’Neill and her team were studying C. Researchers confirm that olms live in only a few
sponges in the family Irciinidae when they discovered cave systems.
that three of the sponges were functioning as
microhabitats for banded sand catsharks D. Researchers determine that olms don’t breed often.
(Atelomycterus fasciatus). Additionally, the team
found that male and female A. fasciatus share the same
sponge (the same microhabitat), a behavior not found
among Port Jackson sharks (Heterodontus
portusjacksoni), another seabed-dwelling species.

Which choice best describes data from the graph that

support the underlined claim?

A. Each of the three sponges was inhabited by at least

one male A. fasciatus and at least one female A.
fasciatus.

B. Sponge 1 was inhabited by 17 male A. fasciatus.

C. Each of the three sponges was inhabited by at least

one male A. fasciatus and at least one undetermined A.
fasciatus.

D. Sponge 1 was inhabited by 13 female A. fasciatus.

 Elisabeth Pötzelsberger and colleagues gathered data
on 23 non-native tree species grown in Europe. They
analyzed reports from Denmark, Finland, and Belgium
Studies have shown that plants usually have a negative
about the number of these species grown by the timber
electrical charge, while bees and other pollinators tend
industries in those countries. The researchers
to have a positive charge. Because negatively and
positively charged objects attract, a team of researchers concluded that none of these countries’ timber
examined whether this mechanism plays a role in the industries grow all 23 species.
transmission of pollen between plants and pollinators. Which choice best describes data from the graph that
The researchers’ experiments showed that positive support Pötzelsberger and colleagues’ conclusion?
charges above 200 picocoulombs (pC) could draw
pollen grains to a pollinator, so they concluded that A. There are species other than those reported by
both bumblebees and European peacock butterflies can Belgium that are important to its timber industry, but
attract pollen. they’re native to the country.

Which choice best describes data from the graph that B. Some of the species that Finland reported are not
support the team’s conclusion? among the 23 tree species that Pötzelsberger and
colleagues were evaluating.
A. Both the bumblebees and the European peacock
butterflies were found to have maximum charges C. Denmark, Finland, and Belgium each reported at
greater than 200 pC. least 4 of the 23 species.
D. Denmark, which reported more of the 23 species
B. The bumblebees were found to have a maximum
than either Finland or Belgium did, reported fewer than
charge many times greater than that found for the
15 of the species.
houseflies.

C. The European peacock butterflies were found to

have a greater maximum charge than the bumblebees
and the houseflies were found to have.

D. The houseflies were found to have a maximum

charge below 200 pC.
Creeping dogwood (Cornus canadensis) plants are Southern Colorado’s Conejos County is among the
native to Alaska, where harsh conditions have most rural counties in the United States: the US Census
historically limited potential invasive species. As the Bureau classified it as 100% rural in 2010. Researchers
climate there has warmed in recent decades, however, studying populations of counties like Conejos often
common invaders (Veronica anagallis-aquatica) have struggle to recruit and retain participants. Melissa
established themselves in Alaska. In an experiment Valerio and colleagues tested whether a method called
that simulated freezing temperatures at different times snowball sampling could improve recruitment and
in autumn, researchers investigated how invasive and retention. Working in two rural counties, the
native species respond to freezing. Biologists Chris researchers identified a small number of people who
Muir and Katie Spellman tracked C. canadensis and V. had the characteristics desired for a proposed study and
anagallis, along with other native and invasive species, asked them to recruit additional participants from their
over several years, concluding that invaders are social networks. Valerio and colleagues found that
advantaged by delays in subfreezing temperature onset participants recruited via snowball sampling showed a
in Alaska. much higher retention rate than did people recruited by
strangers, suggesting that _____.
Which finding, if true, would most directly support
Muir and Spellman’s conclusion? Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. Although C. canadensis and V. anagallis both A. Social networks can become large enough that two
tended to produce leaves later in autumn in years with people can share a network but nevertheless regard
late subfreezing temperature onset, the invaders each other as strangers.
remained green for a far longer time than C.
B. Snowball sampling is more likely to improve
canadensis.
retention rates among rural participants than among
B. Although C. canadensis and V. anagallis both nonrural participants.
tended to produce more dense leaves in years with
C. People with relatively small social networks are
historically typical temperature patterns than in years
inherently less likely to be recruited to participate in a
with late subfreezing temperature onset, the invaders
study via snowball sampling than are people with
grew leaves that were similar in appearance to those of
relatively large social networks.
C. canadensis.
D. Being recruited to participate in a study by someone
C. Although C. canadensis and V. anagallis tended to
with whom one is socially connected may impart a
stop producing leaves at about the same time in years
feeling of obligation to persist with participation in the
with historically typical temperature patterns, in years
study.
with later subfreezing temperature onset the invaders
continued to produce leaves long after C. canadensis
did.
D. Although other seasonal variations in subfreezing
temperature onset were observed during the study, V.
anagallis did not experience greater advantages over C.
canadensis with those other seasonal variations in the
cessation of leaf production.
 In the periodic table, an element’s atomic number The Borgia map is a mappa mundi from the fifteenth
indicates how many protons there are in an atom of the century. Currently held at the Vatican Library in
element. For example, a xenon atom ___ 54 protons. Vatican City, it is one of over 1,000 such world maps
Professor Raymond Chang explains this concept in from the European Middle Ages still remaining, with
more detail in the textbook Chemistry. the even older Hereford map from the fourteenth
century (now held at Hereford Cathedral in Hereford,
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to England) ___ another one.
the conventions of Standard English?
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to
A. had the conventions of Standard English?
B. has had A. being
C. has B. is
D. is having C. has been
D. was
Koulsy Lamko, born in 1959, is a playwright from
Dadouar, Chad. In recent years more writers from
Chad, including Lamko, ___ to reach audiences
beyond the African nation’s borders. The African baobab (Adansonia digitata), known as
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to Panke Baobab, located in Zimbabwe, was one of the
the conventions of Standard English? oldest known trees in the world, at 2,419 years old.
With over two millennia of climate data in its tree ___
A. have begun single tree like this, claims dendrochronologist Valerie
B. is beginning Trouet, can tell the history of the world.

C. has begun Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to

the conventions of Standard English?
D. begins
A) rings, a
B) rings. A
C) rings and a
D) rings; a
The transit method, a means of indirect planetary While studying jorō spiders, a large species originally
discovery, has detected previously unknown from East Asia, University of Georgia researchers
exoplanets at vast distances from ___ the super Earth wondered if the spiders’ rapid spread throughout the
TRAPPIST-1 b; at 352 light-years away, the super southeastern US was a result of aggressive behavior.
Earth Kepler-102 f; and, as of 2023, over 4,000 other ___ they discovered that jorō spiders are gentle giants
exoplanets that are too far away and dim to be who react to even minor disturbances by “freezing” in
observed directly. place for an hour or more.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to Which choice completes the text with the most logical
the conventions of Standard English? transition?

A. Earth: at 41 light-years away, A. In other words,

B. Earth at 41 light-years away: B. Therefore,

C. Earth, at 41 light-years away, C. For example,

D. Earth at 41 light-years away, D. Instead,

L. Leann Kanda, a researcher and sewing enthusiast, Some bands choose a name that’s as unique as possible
experimented with several techniques in her attempt to to distinguish themselves from other bands. The
replicate the famous pleating of the Fortuny Delphos electronic rock band Primary, ___ took a different
gown. The specific method, which the fashion ___ approach. They chose to name themselves after a song
developed in the early twentieth century, is considered by a well-known band, the Cure.
lost.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to transition?
the conventions of Standard English?
A. therefore,
A. designers, Henriette Nigrin and Mariano Fortuny y
B. by contrast,
Madrazo
C. for example,
B. designers Henriette Nigrin and Mariano Fortuny y
Madrazo D. secondly,
C. designers Henriette Nigrin and Mariano Fortuny y
Madrazo,
D. designers, Henriette Nigrin and Mariano Fortuny y
Madrazo,
Portuguese researcher Isabel C.F.R. Ferreira reports While researching a topic, a student has taken the
that the caffeic acid in termite mushrooms benefits the following notes:
mushroom by combating harmful molecules called free
• A supercontinent is a single landmass made up of
radicals. ____ Ferreira suggests that the acid can
most or all of Earth’s continents.
promote cellular health in humans, who also
experience free radical damage. • Over time, continents merge together to form
supercontinents, which then break apart.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical
transition? • This process is believed to take hundreds of millions
of years and is known as the supercontinent cycle.
A. Conversely,
• Ur was a supercontinent that formed about 3.1 billion
B. Moreover,
years ago.
C. Rather,
• Pangaea was a supercontinent that formed about 300
D. For example, million years ago.
The student wants to emphasize the order in which the
supercontinents were formed. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
The Eloi are not real; they are fictional creatures that accomplish this goal?
feature in H.G. Wells’s acclaimed science fiction A. The supercontinent Pangaea formed long after the
novella The Time Machine. ___ the Eloi were prime supercontinent Ur.
candidates for inclusion in Jorge Luis Borges and
Margarita Guerrero’s The Book of Imaginary Beings, a B. Forming and breaking apart over hundreds of
compendium of fantastical entities from legend and millions of years, supercontinents are made up
literature.
of most or all of Earth’s continents.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical
C. Ur and Pangaea were both supercontinents, single
transition?
landmasses made up of most or all of Earth’s
A. Granted, continents.

B. In reality, D. Ur formed about 3.1 billion years ago but

eventually broke apart.
C. As such,
D. For example,
While researching a topic, a student has taken the While researching a topic, a student has taken the
following notes: following notes:
• Charles Bertram Johnson (1880–1958) was an • Body positions are an important part of dance.
African American poet.
• In ballroom dance, there is a position called closed
• Johnson also worked as an educator and minister. facing position.
• “Old Things” is a poem by Johnson. • It is one of several positions for partner dancing.
• It was published in the March 1923 issue of The The student wants to provide an example of a position
Crisis. in ballroom dance. Which choice most effectively uses
relevant information from the notes to accomplish this
• The Crisis is an influential Black literary magazine.
goal?
The student wants to provide an example of a poem by
A. Closed facing position is an example of a position
Johnson. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
in ballroom dance.
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
B. In dance, some positions are for partner dancing.
A. Johnson was an African American poet, educator,
and minister. C. Body positions are an important part of dance,
including ballroom dance.
B. Johnson published poetry in a literary magazine
called The Crisis. D. Ballroom dance includes several dance positions for
partner dancing.
C. One example of a poem by Johnson is “Old Things”
(1923).
D. The Crisis is an influential Black literary magazine
that has published poetry.
Studying advertisements for defunct amusement parks, Run by researchers in multiple countries, the Study on
postcards from vanished tourist destinations, and Global Ageing and Adult Health (SAGE) is an
handbills promoting long-forgotten political candidates examination of aging that has attempted to track
may seem like a frivolous pursuit, but ephemeral approximately 66,000 people for several years. Long-
objects like these are useful as evidence of cultural running studies like this need a lot of participants not
change: they can ___ shifts in norms, values, and merely for statistical robustness but also because of
concerns that traditional objects of historical inquiry ___; over such a length of time, a substantial number
may not. of participants will withdraw or fall out of contact with
the researchers.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical
and precise word or phrase? Which choice completes the text with the most logical
and precise word or phrase?
A. dissociate from
A. impartiality
B. attest to
B. circumspection
C. collude with
C. replicability
D. compensate for
D. attrition

In the architectural process called modular Some ethicists challenge the concept of personal
construction, a building is manufactured in modules character, claiming that if it were meaningful,
under controlled conditions and then assembled at its situational factors could not, as they clearly can,
intended location. ___ of this approach cite the induce behavior contrary to that character. As Rachana
production of less material waste and the need for Kamtekar observes, this argument is difficult to
fewer personnel. reconcile with our lay conception of character: we
expect a person of helpful character to be frequently
Which choice completes the text with the most logical helpful, not ___ helpful.
and precise word or phrase?
Which choice completes the text with the most logical
A. Safeguards and precise word or phrase?
B. Components A. sporadically
C. Epitomes B. unfailingly
D. Proponents C. grudgingly
D. self-servingly
The Reckoning and Resilience (2022) exhibition at The Heege Manuscript (HM) is a collection of
Duke University’s Nasher Museum of Art in Durham, booklets of once-unbound paper sheets on which
North Carolina, was curated to feature the work of Richard Heege copied various texts at his fifteenth-
thirty North Carolina artists. The included artists century home between Derbyshire and
represent a wide variety of artistic disciplines, from Nottinghamshire in England. Most other
painters such as William Paul Thomas to the mixed- contemporaneous personal manuscripts like the
media artist Johannes Barfield. In its inclusion of many Findern Anthology (FA) consist primarily of pieces for
borrowed works, the exhibition is atypical for the polite society like courtly love poems and other
Nasher Museum, which tends to curate its exhibitions readings favored by elites, whereas the HM has a
around the permanent collection of contemporary art distinctive emphasis on the popular, including
that it owns. entertainments like nonsense verse, and the practical,
with advice about medicine.
Which choice best describes the overall structure of
the text? Which choice best describes the function of the
underlined portion in the text as a whole?
A. It discusses the wide range of disciplines
represented in an art exhibition, then explains why A. To provide context for the text’s suggestion that the
curators included works in those disciplines. HM is an outlier among collections of its time
B. It provides an overview of an art exhibition, then B. To suggest that the FA is a poor point of
explains what makes the exhibition unusual for the comparison for a collection like the HM
institution that organized it.
C. To emphasize the ubiquity of hand-copied
C. It explains how an art exhibition differs from many collections like the FA and the HM in medieval
other exhibitions, then analyzes the significance of that England
difference.
D. To illustrate how the discussion of the HM earlier in
D. It presents the unusual goals curators had for an art the text can improve historians’ understanding of the
exhibition, then evaluates whether the curators FA
achieved those goals.
Vertical gene transfer involves the transmission of Text 1 is T.E. Hulme’s 1912 poem “Above the Dock.”
genetic material from a parent to offspring; horizontal Text 2 is from Amy Lowell’s 1912 poem “The Crescent
gene transfer, on the other hand, involves the exchange Moon.”
of genetic material between organisms not in a parent-
Text 1
offspring relationship. While horizontal gene transfer
is common among prokaryotes—single-celled Above the quiet dock in mid night,
organisms, such as the bacteria Brevibacillus
Tangled in the tall mast’s corded height,
borstelensis and Lactobacillus curvatus—it has rarely
been observed among eukaryotes (multicellular Hangs the moon. What seemed so far away
organisms). However, new studies suggest that
horizontal gene transfer is more common in eukaryotes Is but a child’s balloon, forgotten after play.
than originally thought. Text 2
Which choice best states the function of the underlined Slipping softly through the sky
sentence in the text as a whole?
Little horned, happy moon,
A. It argues that two biological phenomena are more
similar than they may initially appear to be. Can you hear me up so high?

B. It contrasts the frequency with which a biological Will you come down soon?
phenomenon has been detected in two categories of Which choice best describes a notable difference in
organisms. how the speaker of Text 1 and the speaker of Text 2
C. It explains why a common perception of a portray the moon?
biological process is flawed. A. While both speakers characterize the moon as an
D. It indicates a distinction between the mechanics of entrapped figure, only the speaker of Text 2 describes
two kinds of biological processes. the moon as being content with this fate.
B. While the speaker of Text 1 presents the moon as an
object of play, the speaker of Text 2 presents the moon
as an object of serious study.
C. While the speaker of Text 1 presents the moon as
seeming to be very close, the speaker of Text 2
emphasizes the moon’s distance from the speaker.
D. While both speakers present the moon as a tangible
object, only the speaker of Text 1 addresses the
moon’s beauty.
Biologist Abbigail Merrill and colleagues conducted a Mauricio Drelichman and Hans-Joachim Voth’s
study of how butterfly color and weather conditions research into the debt defaults of Philip II (who ruled
relate to butterfly behavior, which wouldn’t have been an empire including Spain and Sicily from 1556 to
possible without data gathered by students and other 1598) relates to other work on European early modern
amateur science enthusiasts in the community. state finance, including Hoffman and Norberg’s
Considering over three years’ worth of data, the research on the relationship between state finance and
researchers found that orange butterflies were observed political development. But Drelichman and Voth’s
in the evening more often than any other butterflies, unique contribution to the field is their reconstruction
and that butterflies tended to prefer orange and red of the earliest extant set of annual fiscal records for
flowers on cloudy days and multicolor flowers on any sovereign state, demonstrating in turn that Philip’s
partly cloudy days. debt defaults were caused by short-term cash
shortages, not long-term unsustainable debts.
According to the text, which factors seemed to be
linked to the behavior of butterflies in Abbigail Merrill Which choice best states the main idea of the text?
and colleagues’ study?
A. The research by Drelichman and Voth suggests that
A. Butterfly color but not weather conditions the logistics of ruling both Spain and Sicily led to
short-term problems with cash that forced Philip II to
B. Weather conditions but not butterfly color
default on his debts.
C. Neither butterfly color nor weather conditions
B. Drelichman and Voth advanced the field of research
D. Both butterfly color and weather conditions on European early modern state finance by assembling
a novel collection of evidence that gave them insight
into Philip II’s debt defaults.
C. Analysis of the earliest available records of a
sovereign state’s finances can be found not in the work
of Hoffman and Norberg but in that of Drelichman and
Voth.
D. Drelichman and Voth’s research on Philip II’s debt
defaults builds on earlier work by Hoffman and
Norberg, adding nuance to the earlier work’s findings.
The following text is adapted from William In what is now southern Florida, the Calusa people
Shakespeare’s 1597 play The Tragedy of King Richard (circa 1000–1600 CE) supported their relatively large
III. Richard is reflecting on the recent arrest of his population’s dietary needs with hydrological
brother, the Duke of Clarence, on suspicion of treason engineering rather than terrestrial farming methods.
against King Edward IV. Derby, Hastings, They constructed watercourts (gated coastal
Buckingham, Rivers, Dorset, and Grey are also enclosures) out of shells and sediments to trap a variety
members of the English nobility. of fish as waters rose and fell with tides and seasonal
RICHARD: I do the wrong, and first begin to brawl. sea level shifts; watercourt pools then held the fish for
later consumption. Archaeologist Theresa Schober has
The secret mischiefs that I set [flowing]
posited an additional purpose of these enclosures,
I lay unto the grievous charge of others. suggesting that they were intended to foster conch. She
ties this hypothesis to the high value the sea snails
Clarence, whom indeed I love, I cast in darkness,
would have had for the Calusa, both nutritionally and
I do beweep to many simple [gullible] people, as a building material (conch shells are highly
durable).
Namely, to Derby, Hastings, Buckingham;
And tell them ’tis the Queen and not my allies Which finding, if true, would most directly weaken
Schober’s hypothesis?
That stir the King against the Duke my brother.
A. Samples of animal remains collected at Calusa sites
Now they believe it, and withal whet me reflect a greater diversity of marine species,
To be revenged on Rivers, Dorset, Grey. particularly among sea snails, within the perimeter of
watercourts than in locations known to have been
Which choice best describes what happens in the text? devoted to the preparation and consumption of food.
A. Richard attributes Clarence’s troubles to both his B. Radar surveys of Calusa sites reveal watercourt
own secret plotting and the distrust of Clarence that the
dimensions suitable for sustaining fish of many local
queen and her allies Derby, Hastings, and Buckingham
species but not conducive for maintaining the shallow
have planted in the king’s mind.
environments with ample seagrasses that allow sea
B. Richard describes having wept as he informed snails to thrive.
Derby, Hastings, and Buckingham that the queen and
her allies convinced the king to act against Clarence, C. Sediment layers excavated from Calusa watercourt
and says that the earnestness of his grief caused them sites contain heterogeneous mixtures of scales from
to accept his version of events. multiple species of fish and fragments of shells from
various types of sea snails, but conch shells do not
C. Richard indicates that he has pretended to be
constitute the majority of the mixture in most of those
aggrieved about Clarence’s situation and has
proclaimed it to be the fault of the queen and her allies, layers.
but in reality, he has caused the hostility the king feels D. Historical population-size estimates suggest that the
toward Clarence. sea snails and fish most common in the Calusa diet
D. Richard acknowledges that his mischievous nature were plentiful in open coastal waters when the
has spurred him to commit misdeeds in the past, watercourts were constructed but decreased in
including instigating enmity between the king and abundance in the years immediately after construction.
Clarence, but he reports that he has hitherto not lost the
trust of the queen and her allies.
 Although Grant Tavinor concludes that computer
games are art by virtue of their forming a subcategory
of fiction, and Berys Gaut similarly places them within
the realm of cinema, neither approach adequately
captures a central aspect of playing these games: when
the player no longer attends to the narrative and is
instead simply absorbed in the instrumentalities of
gameplay. This is among the reasons philosopher C.
The mating environment hypothesis predicts that Thi Nguyen understands the work of computer game
populations of flowering plants compensate for designers in what he calls the medium of player
reduced mating opportunities due to dichogamy (a agency, which the designer prescribes through rules
plant’s expression of male and female functions at and goals, and which elicits aesthetic experiences in
separate times to prevent self-pollination) by adjusting the players who agree to adopt it. Therefore, Nguyen’s
the bias of floral sex allocation during the flowering position is that Tavinor’s and Gaut’s frameworks_____
period, increasing the probability of successful cross-
Which choice most logically completes the text?
pollination. Researchers tested the hypothesis by
examining a population of broadleaf arrowhead, a A. subsume computer games under other categories of
plant for which bloom onset generally takes longer for media that do not address a feature of games that is
male flowers than for female flowers, during the integral to player enjoyment.
flowering season. They concluded that the mating
B. overstate the influence of fiction and cinema on the
environment hypothesis is not well supported by their
narrative elements of computer games.
observational data.
C. are helpful starting points for studying computer
Which choice best describes data from the table that
games as art, even though these frameworks are overly
support the researchers’ conclusion?
simplistic.
[Link] the total number of open flowers per
D. are useful for analyzing the narrative aspects of
growth unit peaked on day 15, the proportion of male
computer games, even if neither attempts to address
flowers experienced a peak earlier in the flowering
player agency.
season, on day 10.
B. Despite the sharp reduction in the total number of
open flowers per growth unit from day 15 to 20, there
was no decline in the estimated reproductive success
rate of male flowers in that interval.
C. Although sex allocations became overwhelmingly
female biased by day 20, male flowers’ estimated
reproductive success rate did not vary from day 5 to
20.
D. Sex allocations were largely evenly distributed on
days 10 and 15 but were female biased on days 5 and
20.
As observed in a 1990 study by Kristina Sundbäck and Neuroscientist Artin Arshamian and his team sought to
colleagues, macroalgal proliferation may have a determine what affects a person’s perception of an
suppressive effect on the abundance of chlorophytes odor as pleasant: is it culture, personal taste, or aspects
and other microphytobenthos (MPB)—chlorophyll- of human anatomy? The team assessed odor
producing microbes inhabiting marine sediment—in preferences in ten groups of people with different
part by reducing the amount of sunlight available to modes of living (urban, agricultural, and hunter-
MPB. Examining benthic chlorophyll concentrations gatherer) including the Semang Berti people from a
(widely used proxy for MPB biomass) in mudflats in small community in the Malay Peninsula and the
Hummock Cove and other coastal sites in Virginia, Imbabura Quichua people from a small community in
Alice F. Besterman and Michael L. Pace found that Ecuador. The team observed that across cultures,
those concentrations did not negatively correlate with people generally rated odors about the same:
macroalgal proliferation. However, they noted that phenylethyl alcohol, which smells like roses, was
MPB may respond to low-light conditions by typically rated more pleasant than mushroom alcohol,
producing higher-than-normal concentrations of which smells like fungus. The team’s study thus
chlorophyll, and they thus concluded that _____ undermined the idea that______
Which choice most logically completes the text? Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. researchers ought to account for the possibility that A. a person who perceives certain odors as pleasant
because MPB have the capacity to compensate for will likely perceive the odors as roughly equal in
reduced sunlight availability, benthic chlorophyll pleasantness.
concentrations may not always be a reliable indicator
B. culture significantly influences whether a person
of MPB biomass.
perceives an odor as pleasant or unpleasant.
B. although elevated levels of macroalgae do not
C. people agree in their perception of odors as pleasant
always correspond to increased levels of benthic
or unpleasant regardless of where they live.
chlorophyll, there is likely a larger trend in MPB
biomass that is related to macroalgal presence but D. personal taste has little influence on whether odors
unrelated to light conditions. are perceived as pleasant or unpleasant.
C. the effect of macroalgal concentrations on MPB
abundance that Sundbäck and colleagues reported was
not observed in Hummock Cove and other Virginia
sites because low-light conditions likely are not
generalizable across the sites in the studies.
D. although their finding was inconsistent with that of
Sundbäck and colleagues, this discrepancy was not
attributable to the ability of MPB to accelerate
chlorophyll production to mitigate the negative impact
of macroalgal accumulations.
Branching in Jurisprudential Schools is one of the Following the formation of the European Union (EU)
hundreds of thousands of manuscripts that have that same year, the organizers of the 1992 Tour de
survived from roughly the sixteenth century to the France wanted the bike race to reflect the cross-
present, ___ being passed down through private national flow of people and trade that the EU had made
libraries in the city of Timbuktu, Mali. Many of these possible. The resulting course was 2,500 miles long
manuscripts can be found at the Ahmad Boularaf ___ __seven separate borders of neighboring countries,
Library. modeled a vision of the EU’s unifying aims.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to
the conventions of Standard English? the conventions of Standard English?
A. day by A. and, crossing
B. day by, B. and crossed
C. day. By C. and, crossed
D. day; by D. and had crossed

The terms included in Barry Lopez and Debra As part of his Today series, Japanese conceptual artist
Gwartney’s Home Ground: A Guide to the American On Kawara spent nearly fifty years—with near daily
___, such as “erg,” which refers to a large area covered consistency—writing the date in simple white strokes
by a sea of windswept sand dunes—illustrate the rich on a monochrome background, resulting in pieces such
vocabulary used to describe the landforms of North as 24 JAN. 1971. Such meticulous documentation of
America. mundane ___ artworks “that resonate with existential,
psychological and scientific implications about the
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to
time-space continuum,” according to the New York
the conventions of Standard English?
Times, became Kawara’s life’s work.
A. Landscape
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to
B. Landscape— the conventions of Standard English?
C. Landscape, A. information, has generated
D. Landscape. B. information, generating
C. information generated
D. information generates
For her film I Am Somebody (1970), a documentary In a 1997 study by Mofareh et al., the researchers’ aim
about a successful months-long strike held by Black was to analyze the diet composition of cattle in New
female hospital workers in Charleston, South Carolina, Mexico. _____ they aimed to analyze the ratio of three
director Madeline Anderson chose a narrator who had different plant subtypes within these animals’ diet:
participated in the ___; by allowing the narrative to be graminoids, forbs, and browse.
shaped by one of their own, amplified the agency and
Which choice completes the text with the most logical
power the workers possessed.
transition?
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to
A. Specifically,
the conventions of Standard English?
B. Instead,
A. protest; a decision that,
C. All the same,
B. protest a decision that,
D. Therefore,
C. protest. A decision that
D. protest, a decision that,

At a time when many women writers used male DeWitt Clinton employed the pseudonym “Atticus”—a
pseudonyms to gain greater freedom of self- reference to an ancient Roman figure— in political
expression by evading gender conventions, Katherine essays he wrote in 1795, a choice that accomplished
Bradley and Edith Cooper adapted the practice by far more than simply concealing his authorship. _____
publishing poetry, prose, and drama for four decades it wasn’t an arbitrary pen name but rather a complex
under the shared name Michael Field. _____ the duo rhetorical strategy through which Clinton aligned his
was able to express the joint creative vision that political views with the venerated republican ideals of
sustained their long personal and professional the ancient world, thereby bolstering the authority of
partnership. his writing.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical Which choice completes the text with the most logical
transition? transition?
A. In this way, A. Indeed,
B. On the other hand, B. However,
C. For instance, C. In addition,
D. Later, D. Conversely,
 A. Snow hydrologist Julie Koeberle helps maintain
automated snow monitoring stations known as
SNOTEL sites.
While researching a topic, a student has taken the
following notes: B. The SNOTEL site at Castle Creek is one of around
90 automated snow measurement stations in Wyoming.
• Brussels sprouts are vegetables that contain ascorbic
acid, an essential nutrient for humans. C. The data collected by SNOTEL sites can help
• Grapes are fruits that contain ascorbic acid. researchers predict downstream water supplies.
• There is 80 milligrams (mg) of ascorbic acid per
every 100 grams (g) of brussels sprouts. D. Located throughout Wyoming, SNOTEL sites
• There is 10 mg of ascorbic acid per every 100 g of monitor snow conditions.
grapes.
• Humans cannot make ascorbic acid in their bodies, so
they must get it from foods, including fruits and While researching a topic, a student has taken the
vegetables. following notes:
• Ascorbic acid is also known as vitamin C. • The nautical mile (6,076 feet) is the measure of
The student wants to refute a claim that grapes are a distance used in seafaring navigation.
better source of vitamin C than brussels sprouts are. • A nautical mile directly correlates to one minute
Which choice most effectively uses relevant (1/60th of a degree) of latitude.
information from the notes to accomplish this goal? • The curvature of Earth affects the accurate
measurement of long distances when using flat maps.
A. Humans cannot make ascorbic acid in their bodies, • Measuring distances with latitude and longitude
but they can get it from brussels sprouts and grapes. coordinates takes into account Earth’s curvature.
B. Brussels sprouts contain vitamin C (also known as • Mariners use nautical charts marked with latitude and
ascorbic acid); in fact, there is 80 mg of vitamin C in longitude to quickly calculate distances and positions.
every 100 g of brussels sprouts. The student wants to explain why nautical miles are
C. Brussels sprouts contain ascorbic acid (also known used to measure distances in seafaring navigation.
Which choice most effectively uses relevant
as vitamin C), and grapes do too.
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
D. With 80 mg of vitamin C per every 100 g, brussels
sprouts are actually a better source of vitamin C than A. Using nautical miles for navigation at sea takes
Earth’s curvature into account, whereas measuring
grapes, which contain only 10 mg per every 100 g.
distances with latitude and longitude coordinates does
not.
B. Nautical charts use latitude and longitude to
• Snow hydrologist Julie Koeberle helps maintain measure long distances; these charts are more accurate
automated snow measurement stations. than flat maps for measuring distances in seafaring
• They are called SNOTEL sites. navigation because they account for Earth’s curvature.
• There are around 90 stations throughout Wyoming.
• One is at Castle Creek. • C. Since they directly correlate to the coordinates on
The data collected can help researchers make nautical charts, which take into account Earth’s
curvature, nautical miles are an efficient way to
downstream water supply predictions.
calculate distances at sea.
D. Nautical miles are a measure of distance equal to
Which choice most effectively uses information from one minute of latitude, which is a feature nautical
the given sentences to provide an example of a charts use to calculate distances and positions.
SNOTEL site?