Physical Chemistry Workshop Exercises
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ScribdTranslationsPhysical Chemistry Workshop Exercises
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ScribdTranslationsUNIVERSITY OF CALDAS
FACULTY OF EXACT AND NATURAL SCIENCES
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY WORKSHOP
Indicate if it is true or false
a) By increasing the temperature of the hot source in a machine that operates according to a
Carnot cycle must increase the machine's efficiency.
b) By lowering the temperature of the cold reservoir in a machine that operates according to the cycle of
Carnot must increase the machine's efficiency.
c) A Carnot cycle is a reversible cycle by definition
d) Since a Carnot cycle is a cyclical process, the work done in a Carnot cycle
it is zero
2. Consider a steam machine that uses temperatures of 800°C and 0°C.
a) Calculate the maximum possible yield.
b) If Qentered is 1000J, find the maximum value of -Wy and the minimum value of -Q.
3. Suppose that the cold reservoir we have is at 10°C. If we want a heat engine
with a performance of at least 90%, what should the minimum temperature of the bulb be?
hot?
4. Indicate whether it is true or false.
a) A change of state from state 1 to state 2 produces a greater increase in entropy
if it is done irreversibly than if it is done reversibly
b) The heat for an irreversible phase change from state 1 to state 2 can be
different from the heat for the same state change carried out reversibly.
c) The higher the absolute temperature of a system, the smaller the increase in its
entropy produced by a given positive amount dQrevof reversible heat flow.
d) The entropy of 20g of H2At 300K and 1 bar, it is double that of 10g of H.2At 300K and 1 bar
e) The molar entropy of 20g of H2The entropy of 10g of H at 300K and 1 bar is equal to.2O
(l) at 300K and 1 bar.
For a reversible isothermal process in a closed system, ∆S must be zero.
g) The integral is always equal to Cv ln (T2/T1).
h) The change in the variation of the entropy of the system for an adiabatic process in a
The closed system must be zero.
Thermodynamics cannot calculate ∆S for an irreversible process.
j) For a reversible process in a closed system, dQ is equal to TdS.
5. Find ∆S when 2.00 moles of O2heats from 27°C to 127°C at a constant of 1.00
ATM. Data: Cp,m=a+bT, where a=6.15 cal. mol-1K-1y b=0.00310 cal mol-1K-2
[Link] ∆S when 1.00 mol of water vapor initially at 200°C and 1.00 bar undergoes a
cyclic process with Q=-145J
7. Calculate ∆S for each of the following changes in the state of 2.50 moles of a gas.
ideal monatomic with Cv,m=1.5R for any temperature.
1.50 atm 3.00 atm
2.50 atm 2.00 atm
28.5 L (42.0 L, 400K)
8. Certain perfect gas satisfies the relation Cv,m=a + bT, where a = 25 J/mol.K and b = 0.0300 J/mol.K2.
4 moles of this gas go from 300K and 2.00 atm to 500 K and 3.00 atm. Calculate each of the
the following amounts for the change of state or indicate if it is impossible to obtain any of them
they with the available information. a) Q; b) W; c) ∆U; d) ∆H; e) ∆S.
9. Classify the following processes as reversible or irreversible:
a) Freezing of water at 0°C and 1 atm
b) Freezing of supercooled water at -10 °C and 1 atm
c) Combustion of coal in O
d)2to give CO2800K
e) Roll a ball on the ground with friction
f) The experiment of Joule
g) Infinitely slow increase of pressure, using a frictionless piston, of a
mix in N2, H2and NH3, with the corresponding shift of the equilibrium
10. Determine the first derivatives and the second cross derivatives for
a Van der Waals gas
P = RT / (V - b) - a / V2
10. Determine the first derivatives and the second cross derivatives for
z = y2+ e2x- x
11. One kilogram of water at a temperature of 280 K is mixed with 2 kilograms of
water at 310 K in a thermally isolated container. Determine the change in entropy.
The specific heat of water is 1 cal/gºC
A kilogram of water at 0°C is placed in contact with a heat source at 50°C.
until it reaches 50ᴼ C and then with a heat source at 100 C until it reaches
100 °C. Determine the change in total entropy of the system and the surroundings.
Two moles of an ideal gas undergo an isothermal expansion from 0.02 m.3
up to 0.04 m3at a temperature of 300 K. Determine the change in entropy of the
gas.
A piece of 50 g of aluminum with ce = 1.3 cal/g°C at 50°C is introduced into a
container with 60 g of water at 20°C. Determine the total change in entropy of the water
and aluminum.
15. If the heat capacity of nitrogen gas varies with temperature according to the
equation Cp = 6.524 + 1.25x10-3T-1-10-9T -2 cal/molK. Determine the change of
entropy of one mole of nitrogen when heated from 400 to 800 K at a pressure of 1 atm.
Consider ideal gas.
The specific heat capacity at constant volume of nitrogen at low pressures is given
by Cv = 4.537 + 1.25x10^-3T - 10-9T2cal/molK. Calculate the heat absorbed when six
moles of nitrogen undergo a temperature rise from 127 to 227 C at
constant volume. Also determine the change in entropy.
17. Calculate the increase in entropy that occurs when one mole of gas is heated.
ideal with Cp,m 5/2R from 300 K to 600 K and simultaneously expands from
30L to 50 L.(4,6)
18. An ideal gas sample is compressed isothermally, initially occupying 11
At 270 K and 1.2 atm. To what volume must the gas be compressed to reduce its
entropy in 3 J/K
A Carnot cycle uses one mole of a monatomic ideal gas as the working substance.
work that at the initial state is at 10 atm and 600 K. The gas expands
isothermally up to a pressure of 1 atm (step 1) and then in a manner
adiabatic up to a temperature of 300 K (stage 2). This expansion is followed by
an isothermal compression (stage 3) and subsequently by an adiabatic compression
Q
and ΔS for each stage and for the complete cycle.
20. One mole of Van der Waals gas at 27°C expands isothermally and
reversibly from 0.02 m3up to 0.06 m3If a=0.556 Pa.m6/mol2, b=64x10-6
m3/mol. Calculate Q, W, Y ΔS. Keep in mind that( S/ )T= ( / )V
21. Two moles of water at 50ᴼ C are placed in a fridge (source) at -4ᴼ C. If the capacity
The heat capacity of water is 75.3 J/molK, that of ice is 37.7 J/molK, and the latent heat of
The fusion of ice is 6.02 KJ/mol, calculate
a. The change in total entropy of water
b. The change in entropy of the refrigerator
c. The change in total entropy
[Link] mole of O2a gas is heated from 200 K to 600 K at constant volume. If
Cp,m(J/molK) = 27.28 T + 3.26x10-3T-1+ 5x104T-2
Determine the units in which each of the quantities in the formula for Cp,m is measured.
Determine the change in entropy
23. There is an Otto cycle that has the following stages:
a) Reversible adiabatic compression from A to B
b) Increase in pressure at constant volume from B to C
c) Reversible adiabatic expansion from C to D
d) Decrease in pressure at constant volume from D to A.
Determine the entropy variation for each of the stages and for the cycle.
total
Determine the efficiency of the cycle
Take into account that in state A: VA= 4 L, PA= 1 atm and TA=300K
VA=10VB
PCB=5 and Cp,m = 7/2 R
24. Suppose that the cold reservoir we have is at 10°C. If we want a heat engine
with a minimum performance of at least 90%, what should be the minimum temperature of the bulb
hot?
[Link] mole of Van der Waals gas at 27°C expands isothermally and
reversibly from 0.02 m3up to 0.06 m3If a=0.556 Pa.m6/mol2, b=64x10-6
m3/mol. Calculate Q, W, Y ΔS. Take into account that( S/ )T= ( / )V
Two moles of water at 50ᴼ C are placed in a refrigerator (source) at -4ᴼ C. If the capacity
The heat capacity of water is 75.3 J/molK, that of ice is 37.7 J/molK, and the latent heat of
The fusion of ice is 6.02 kJ/mol, calculate
d. The change in total entropy of water
e. The change in entropy of the refrigerator
f. The change of total entropy
A thermal machine that pumps water to extract it from an underground mine
It accepts 700 kJ of heat and produces 250 kJ of work. How much heat is rejected, in kJ?
A thermal machine with a thermal efficiency of 40 percent rejects 1,000 kJ/kg.
of heat. How much heat does it receive? Answer: 1,667 kJ/kg
A thermoelectric plant with a power generation of 150 MW consumes
coal at a rate of 60 tons/h. If the calorific value of coal is 30,000 kJ/kg,
Determine the total efficiency of this plant. Answer: 30.0 percent
A car engine consumes fuel at a rate of 22 L/h and delivers to the wheels
a power of 55 kW. If the fuel has a calorific value of 44,000 kJ/kg and a
density of 0.8 g/cm3, determine the efficiency of the engine.
Response: 25.6 percent
In 2001, the United States produced 51 percent of its electricity, 1.878 _ 10^12 kWh,
in plants with coal burners. Taking the average thermal efficiency as 34
percent, determine the amount of thermal energy rejected by power plants
of coal in the United States is
the year.
A heat engine receives heat from a heat source at 1,200 °C, and has a
thermal efficiency of 40 percent. The thermal machine performs a maximum work equal to
500 kJ. Determine the heat supplied to the thermal machine by the heat source, the heat
rejected to the thermal sink, and the temperature of the thermal sink.
A heat engine operating in a Carnot cycle has a measured output of
work of 900 kJ, and a heat rejection of 150 kJ to a thermal reservoir at 27 °C.
Determine the heat supplied to the thermal machine by the heat source, in kJ, and the
temperature of the heat source, in °C.
A thermal machine operates in a Carnot cycle and has a thermal efficiency of 75.
percent. The waste heat from this machine is rejected into a nearby lake, at 15 °C, to
14 kW reason. Determine the power output of the motor and the temperature of the source.
879 °C
