ANALYSIS OF DEODORANTS

ANTITRANSPIRANTS

1. INTRODUCTION

Deodorant is a substance that is applied to the body, especially on

thearmpitsand thepiesto reduce the smell of thesweating.

The smell is caused by abacteriathat thrives in environmentshoty

damp. Because this smell is looked down upon in manycultures,since
they seem to indicate poor personal hygiene and due to the unpleasant smell, recourse is made to
deodorant to reduce or eliminate it.

Deodorants work as follows:

They inhibit the growth of thebacteriathat generates the smell. This is achieved with
antibacterial chemical components.

They includefragrancesyperfumesto mask the smell of sweat.

They block the sweat glands (antiperspirants)

Antiperspirants are a type of deodorant that works by blocking the

sweat glands. The active ingredient most commonly used in the
Antiperspirants are aluminum salts.

Deodorants can be applied with aaerosolin liquid form (through

spray or with a ball called roll-on). There is also deodorant in
bar, which comes in solid state (though soft enough) and in gel.

2. BACKGROUND
The problem of body odor is as old as the attempts that have been made.
man to solve it. All civilizations have left a trace of their
efforts to produce deodorants.

The ancient Egyptians recommended an aromatic bath and, after it, an application.
in the armpits of scented oils made from lemon and cinnamon.

In 1888, Mum was introduced, the first product launched on the market.
specifically to tackle the humidity of the armpits and, therefore, the bad smell of
sweat. The formula was made from a zinc compound and its
the presentation was of a cream. Mum's popularity convinced the
laboratories that there was a great market for antiperspirants.
In the early 20th century, the first deodorants that use chloride appeared.
aluminum, drying compound that is present in most formulas
current.

For many years, the public has been so sensitive to the use of deodorants,
that was requested in pharmacies with great discretion. In 1914, the Odorono
it was presented as a remedy for excessive sweating problems, capable
to keep women 'clean and refined'.

In those days, antiperspirants were advertised exclusively for

women. It was not until the 1930s that companies began to
pursue the male market. After World War II, it became popular
use of deodorant in Western countries.

Currently, there are aerosol, roll-on, stick, and gel deodorants.

3. IDENTIFICATION OF THE PROBLEM

People use many types of deodorants from all kinds of origins. Both the
deodorants like antiperspirants are designed to mask and prevent the
sweat and the bad smell. It is important to highlight at this point that sweat itself does not
smells like nothing. Bad odor occurs when bacteria ferment sweat.
To prevent this biological process, both deodorants and
Antiperspirants contain two common types of substances:

Bactericides: Substances that prevent the proliferation of bacteria so that

avoid the fermentation of sweat. This, in principle, seems to be a
Good idea. The problem, as always, is when altering natural mechanisms.
of life, it eventually takes its toll. As we will see later, the
synthetic substances used for bactericidal purposes also have their
effects on health.

Synthetic perfumes: Perfumes serve, obviously, to camouflage the

color. Again, smelling good is not a bad thing, if that fragrance were
natural and harmless. The problem is that synthetic perfumes that
are commonly used in industrial products (considerably cheaper in the
production that natural essential oils), are suspicious of
produce all kinds of allergies,dermatitiseczema and other ailments
adults.

Aluminum in antiperspirant is used to block the pore and prevent the

sweating. To begin with, as we mentioned before, sweating is a necessity.
physiological. Clogging the pore traps toxins inside.
of the organism... What nonsense to keep the dirt inside my body with
so that no one sees her! If a person suffers from excessive sweating, then it
it is sensible to find out what is happening inside the body and address it
solution through healthy practices (nutrition, exercise, rest,
serenity), not to overlook the real problem and make it even worse
accumulating inside the body what the body tries to expel
desperately.
But the worst of all is that Aluminum has been a major object of research.
in numerous scientific studies since the 1980s for its potential to
develop Alzheimer's (in autopsies of people with Alzheimer, it is found
large amounts of aluminum in the brain). It is also suspected of
generate, along with other niceties that come with deodorants and antiperspirants
(triclosan, parabens, PEGs, etc.), breast cancer, due to their proximity to the armpit.

aluminum sales

In the 1980s, the magazine 'The Lancet' expressed its concern about the
growing increase (50%) of Alzheimer in British populations where
there was more aluminum in the water. It is known that aluminum is neurotoxic and can
to be present not only in antiperspirants but also in tap water, in the
air, in some foods, in tobacco, etc. As we said, in brain tissue
People with Alzheimer's have large amounts of aluminum.
Likewise, numerous studies such as the one from the University of Reading in the UK
United (among many others), pointed out the higher incidence of cancer in the area.
near the armpit and a much higher concentration (25%) of aluminum in that
zone. In addition, aluminum is suspected of causing endocrine dysfunction.

Triclosan

Triclosan is one of the most widely used chemical substances in deodorants.

antiperspirants. A study published by the journal 'Environmental Health'
"Perspectives" conducted by the University of California Davis confirms
the negative effects of Triclosan on brain development. Another study
published by the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences assures
that its use can lead to serious long-term problems and associates it with damage
in the liver and with a higher incidence of cancer. Eroski supermarkets
They decided to eliminate this substance from their products along with parabens.

the parabens

Parabens are bactericides used as preservatives to extend the

life of hundreds of cosmetic, hygiene or even food products. The
the alarm sounded when a study conducted in England and published by the magazine
Journal of Applied Toxicology with women affected by breast cancer revealed
traces of parabens from deodorants and antiperspirants in 90%
from biopsies. This substance has been linked to all kinds of dysfunctions
hormonal.

phthalates

Also used in deodorants and antiperspirants for their function as

solvents. They are called 'environmental poisons' and their use has been linked to
with hormonal dysfunctions, damage to male reproductive DNA and
malformations in the fetus.

oPEG

Used as emulsifiers, the American College of Toxicology assures that

these ingredients accumulate in the tissues of the heart, liver, kidneys and
brain.

4. OBJECTIVES

General Objective:

Conduct a complete analysis of the deodorants based on the parameters that

we want to determine.

Specific Objective:

Based on the results of our analyses, determine if the product meets the requirements.
with the parameters established by international standards, we will be based on
these regulations, since in our country there is no control over the
same.

5. THEORETICAL FOUNDATION

Before starting to talk about deodorants

We must stop to analyze what sweat is
what is its meaning.
In the human body, we can distinguish two types.
of sweat glands, which differ so much in their
anatomy and morphology as in its physiology and
functions. They are:

eccrine sweat glands

apocrine sweat glands.
The eccrine glands are responsible for secreting an aqueous liquid and
generally abundantly. They are distributed throughout the
body and open directly to the skin, resulting in more abundant in
some areas like the scalp and forehead, hands, or feet and more scarce
in others like the lateral flanks of the thorax.

Its main function: It is thermoregulating, providing a liquid that,

Upon evaporating, it lowers the skin temperature. For this reason, it will be secreted.
the greater the amount of sweat, the higher the ambient temperature or if the
body, due to the functioning of the muscular system (for example
derived from intense physical activity), raises its temperature.

The main component of eccrine sweat is water, but there is a series of other
components, both inorganic (mineral salts) and organic (urea,
uric acid, urocanoic acid, etc.).

The glands are apocrine. They open to hair follicles.

found in very specific areas (armpits and anogenital area,
fundamentally). They secrete a milky sweat loaded with substances
organics. They are the cause of the individual characteristic smell, as the
the composition of the secretion is very variable (both between people, as well as
in the same person, varying throughout life.

We must bear in mind that sweat itself has no smell.

unpleasant. In fact, eccrine sweat is practically odorless. It is the
decomposition of it by the microbial flora (that inhabits
our skin) that produces substances with the characteristic bad smell.
In certain areas, either because they are enclosed (as happens in
the feet), either because they are confined between skin folds (like
occurs in the armpits), this decomposition is more evident. In addition, in the
The axillary and anogenital areas will largely contribute to the presence of sweat.
apocrine (with a higher load of organic components, some of them
smelly in themselves.
Deodorants and antiperspirants have a common purpose: to prevent the effects.
sweat's unaesthetic aspects. But their mode of action is completely different, as
deodorants try to prevent or mask the unpleasant smell of sweat,
while antiperspirants prevent sweat production by the
glands.

Active ingredients.

Deodorants work by trying to prevent the bad smell of sweat when it is

decomposed part of its components by fungi and bacteria. To achieve this
there are two basic mechanisms, to prevent the development of bacteria or to neutralize it
bad smell of sweat decomposed by microorganisms.

In the first case, the active ingredient will be a substance that controls development.
of microorganisms, that is, an antimicrobial. There are numerous
different antimicrobials used in deodorants. Almost all the
deodorants contain relatively high amounts of ethyl alcohol, which
it will act as a solvent for other components and as antimicrobials. Among the
the most commonly used organic antimicrobials include chloramides and chlorophenols
such as triclosan and some derivatives of quaternary ammonium.

To neutralize the bad smell of deodorants we have,

Likewise, two options. The first is to use substances.
adsorbents of odoriferous substances, that is,
substances capable of binding to odorous compounds and
neutralize its smell in this way. Among these we can
find from different types of resins to
substances of lipid nature such as zinc ricinoleate.

The second option is to use strong fragrances that mask the smell of sweat.
although this last method is by far the least effective and suitable
(let's keep in mind that, sooner or later, the smell of the fragrance
will disappear).

Antiperspirants try to prevent sweat from being secreted by the gland.

they absorb or adsorb sweat as soon as it is secreted, preventing it from entering
contact with microorganisms. Therefore, we have two options again.

The most common compounds used to prevent the gland from secreting
sweat is aluminum salts, inorganic like the derivatives of the chlorohydrate
aluminum, aluminum chloride or aluminum sulfate, or organic compounds such as salts
aluminum phenolics. They close the glandular duct or obliterate it, preventing the
sweat output.
As for the adsorbents, they are substances generally powdered to which
the surface sticks to the sweat. The powdered calcium and magnesium salts stand out,
like talc, kaolin and its derivatives. Micronized talc is often used, so that
leave no trace on the skin.

Excipients.

Given the variety of cosmetic forms of the

the deodorants is very high, we can find
also several types of excipients. Most of
deodorants and antiperspirants come dissolved or
suspended in water. The presence of is very common.
a hydroalcoholic or hydroalcoholic-glyceric excipient
(it is the excipient of many aerosol deodorants).
The aqueous or hydroalcoholic vehicle can be
modified.

Another possibility is that the cosmetic is presented emulsified, appearing

then an aqueous phase and an oily phase. The oily excipients do not derive
a lot of what we already studied in cleaning emulsions. The emulsions
the most common are oil-in-water (milky emulsions or O/W emulsions),
but we can also find water-in-oil emulsions (emulsions
creamy or A/O emulsions), thicker and more viscous (cream deodorants).

Sometimes they even appear as solid cosmetics, without water (deodorants in

powder), in which the metal salts and talc are incorporated into a
inert solid system.

Additives and correctors

The most important additives in most deodorant cosmetics and

Antiperspirants are perfumes and scents. In some cases, they could
consider even its active ingredient.
It should incorporate, in most cosmetic forms, antioxidants and
antimicrobials. Let us remember that the latter can be the active ingredient in
of the cosmetic itself.
Each specific cosmetic form can also incorporate additives and
correctors who collaborate on the good characteristics and properties of the
product.

ANTIPERSPIRANT DEODORANTS TEND TO BE PACKAGED IN

FOLLOWING TYPES OF PRESENTATION
In light of the confusion regarding the use and purposes of antiperspirant products and
Deodorants are considered useful to distinguish the purposes they intend to fulfill.
Antiperspirants: primarily designed to reduce moisture
(Axilar)
Deodorants: except for soaps, they are designed to reduce body odor.
axillary
Since this is considered a therapeutic purpose, a function is neither alerted.
Physiological of the body, deodorants are classified as cosmetics.

COMPONENTS OF ANTIPERSPIRANTS
Several metal salts have properties astringents. Among them are
they find those of aluminum, zirconium, zinc, iron, chromium, lead, mercury, and others
rare metals.
Several attempts have been made to find the most antiperspirants
The effects of the salts of these metals, however, many have been discarded.
due to its toxicity and the field has been largely reduced to salts of
aluminum and zirconium

Evaluation of Antiperspirants:
Since a product that produces 20 percent of sweat presents
only a barely noticeable antiperspirant effect, the
antiperspirants that achieve less than 20 percent effectiveness in
warm room essays lack value probably in terms
for the benefit of the consumer.
In the activity of antiperspirants, many factors influence a variation.
small in the composition of the formula of the most critical and that little
It is often recognized that an additive to the formula can inhibit.
seriously the antiperspirant activity or in certain circumstances can
increase the activity definitively.

Mechanism of deodorants and their components

Since body odor is mainly produced by the action of bacteria

about the nutrients present in apocrine secretion, in theory, any
combination that inhibits the growth of those microorganisms that
found in the armpits will have deodorant properties. The
antibacterial agents published in the literature or used by the
cosmetic and toiletry manufacturers include compounds of
 quaternary ammonium, such as benzethonium chlorides, compounds
cations, such as chlorhexidine acetates and triclosan.
Before World War II, the most widely used bacteriostatics
they were the cresols and due to their unpleasant odor, their use was limited, the FDA
From the USA in 1972, it took hexachlorophene as safe to use.
bar soap. It is claimed that the effectiveness of this deodorant does not
decreases in seven or fifteen days
The use of baking soda as a deodorant has been known for
Many years ago, it is an acid salt that chemically acts as an alkali.
weak, the volatile scents from the armpits are absorbed by the
sodium bicarbonate
KELLNER and KOBER examined the antibacterial activity of 175 oils.
nine microorganisms and classified 21 of the most active oils according to
its chemical composition, it was also found that terpenes present
antibacterial activities
Evaluation of Deodorants:
The evaluation technique are relatively straightforward: methods
conventional microbiological methods for microbiological content analysis in
conveniently designed experiments where data will be provided
concerning the effectiveness of the components and products
In vitro and In vivo deodorants, the final test for every product
The finished deodorant cosmetic will include studies on axillary odor.

FORMULATIONS OF ANTIPERSPIRANT PRODUCTS

Antiperspirant creams
They are anhydrous antiperspirant creams made of oil and water emulsions.
they provide an ideal vehicle to contain and release active antiperspirants,
compositions of this kind tend to produce an undesirable feeling
moist, cold and sticky when applied and spread over the skin. This is
can you reduce something using compositions in anhydrous form example: this
the formulation is a fundamental anhydrous antiperspirant composition in the form of
cream and resistant to syneresis.
Roll-on antiperspirants
They are products based on emulsions or thixotropic hydroalcoholic solutions.
with cellulose gums, hydroalcoholic products dry faster and are
less sticky than emulsion products, the viscosity of the final product
it is important to prevent it from settling around the ball

Example:

FORMULATIONS OF DEODORANT PRODUCTS

Deodorant soaps
The bar soap market is one of the most important in all
countries, deodorant soaps are considered drugs because
it has a job of antimicrobial agents used in them. Currently the
The most commonly used antimicrobial agents are torclocaban TCC Cloflucarban CF3.
y Triclosan DP300, all except triclosan are just additives against
gram-positive microorganisms in the presence of soap.

Deodorant bars
For some years, deodorant sticks have been based on stearate.
sodium a characteristic formulation is given by this composition

Aerosol deodorants
Aerosol deodorants are based on solutions alcoholic beverages of a
bactericide, in some cases a product called deo-colonia as
body spraying is based solely on an alcoholic solution of a
perfume. Example: typical formulation for aerosol deodorant

6. DEVELOPMENT OF THE PRACTICAL FRAMEWORK

Several sources and bibliographies were consulted to obtain the information.

sufficient to prepare the present work, since this area of the
Chemistry in cosmetics is relatively new (in relation to analysis
chemical and quality control). Even consulting on pages of
foreign universities, sufficient information was not found about
theme. This work is a compilation of various sources.

PARAMETERS TO DETERMINE OF THE PRODUCT

Equipment Materials and Reagents

Materials

-2 beakers of 100 mL
-2 beakers of 250 mL
-1 ball reflux
-1 graduated collector
-1 graduated pipette of 10mL
-1 ball of 250 mL
-1 filtration funnel
-2 crucibles
-2 clock glasses
-2 hoses for the reflux system
-2 pliers and nuts
-1 5 mL pycnometer
-5 test tubes
 PROCEDURE

Determination of Organic Matter

Weigh 2000mg of Combustion

In duplicate in sample Calcine at 550ºC
totally in
analytical balance approximately the bell
for one hour

Cool down based

Weigh the ashes in Cool in
dry for 20
analytical balance desiccator
minutes
aproximadamente

Calculate the
percentage of
inorganic matter

Determination of Dry Residue

Weigh 1000 mg of
sample Take to the stove Cool on a dry base
In duplicate in
approximately drying at 110ºC for 20 minutes
analytical balance approximately
for an hour

With the data of %MI, Cool in

Calculate the % Weigh the residue
determine the % of of the residue desiccator
on balance
Organic Matter and
dry analytics
the % of vehicle
diluent

Determination of the diluent vehicle

Measure 125 mL of Assemble the team

show in reflux
test tube coupling a Obtain
collector approximately
5 mL of del
thinner vehicle
Determination
Using a of the density
pycnometer of the vehicle
diluent
 Determination of pH

Measure 20 mL Take the sample Measure the pH

Filter if it is
as a sample in to a ball of with a
necessary
test tube 250 mL pH meter
calibrated