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Voltmeter Design Based on ADS1115 and Arduino Uno for DC Resistivity

Measurement

Article in JTERA (Jurnal Teknologi Rekayasa) · July 2020

DOI: 10.31544/jtera.v5.i1.2019.73-80

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JTERA (Jurnal Teknologi Rekayasa), Vol. 5, No. 1, Juni 2020, Hal. 73-80 p-ISSN 2548-737X
Terakreditasi “Peringkat 3” oleh Kemenristek/BRIN, Nomor SK: 85/M/KPT/2020 e-ISSN 2548-8678
DOI: 10.31544/jtera.v5.i1.2020.73-80

Voltmeter Design Based on ADS1115 and

Arduino Uno for DC Resistivity Measurement
Risky Martin Antosia#
Geophysical Engineering Department, Institut Teknologi Sumatera
Jalan Terusan Ryacudu, Way Hui, Jati Agung, Kabupaten Lampung Selatan, Lampung, Indonesia
#
[Link]@[Link]

Abstract
One part of the geoelectric method is DC (Direct Current) resistivity measurement. Physical parameters measured
by the system are the current and potential difference. From these two parameters, the resistance value is obtained based
on Ohm’s law. Based on the current-potential electrodes configuration in the DC resistivity measurement, there is the
possibility of contact between the potential-current electrodes and also the position of the potential electrodes that can
be exchanged. Thus, an auto-range Voltmeter is needed which can measure the potential difference with the order of
mV up to hundreds of volts and can measure negative potential difference value (reversed polarity). This research aims
to build a Voltmeter prototype using ADS1115 (namely ADC with 16-bit resolution) and Arduino Uno, which can be
applied in DC resistivity measurement. In this system, there is internal resistance and switch. The internal resistance is
around 2.4 MΩ, arranged into a voltage divider circuit to be able to measure the maximum potential input around 1,600
V. The switch function is to set the measurement mode (as auto-range), which is set by Arduino Uno. Furthermore,
ADS1115 uses a differential measurement method to be able to measure a negative potential difference. Based on the
results of tests on several resistor components with an adjustable voltage source, the Voltmeter is good at measuring the
potential difference in resistor values below 10 KΩ with a confidence level of around 97%.

Keywords: DC resistivity, Voltmeter, auto-range, ADS1115, Arduino Uno

Abstrak
Salah satu bagian dari metode geolistrik adalah pengukuran resistivitas DC (Direct Current). Parameter fisis yang
diukur oleh sistem adalah arus dan beda potensial. Dari kedua parameter tersebut, nilai resistansi diperoleh
berdasarkan hukum Ohm. Berdasarkan konfigurasi elektroda arus-potensial pada pengukuran resistivitas DC, ada
kemungkinan terjadi kontak antara elektroda arus-potensial dan juga posisi elektroda potensial dapat tertukar. Maka
diperlukan suatu Voltmeter auto-range yang dapat mengukur beda potensial dengan orde mV hingga ratusan volt dan
dapat mengukur nilai beda potensial negatif (reversed polarity). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat sebuah
prototype Voltmeter dengan menggunakan ADS1115 (yaitu ADC dengan resolusi 16-bit) dan Arduino Uno, yang dapat
diaplikasikan dalam pengukuran resistivitas DC. Dalam sistem tersebut terdapat internal resistansi dan Switch.
Internal resistansi yang digunakan sekitar 2,4 MΩ, yang disusun menjadi rangkaian pembagi tegangan agar dapat
mengukur input potensial maksimal sekitar 1.600 V. Switch berfungsi untuk mengatur mode pengukuran (sebagai auto-
range), yang diatur oleh Arduino Uno. Selanjutnya ADS1115 menggunakan metode pengukuran differensial agar dapat
mengukur nilai beda potensial negatif. Maka berdasarkan hasil pengujian pada beberapa komponen resistor dengan
sumber tegangan yang dapat diatur keluarannya, Voltmeter baik dalam mengukur beda potensial pada nilai resistor di
bawah 10 KΩ dengan tingkat kepercayaan sekitar 97%.

Kata kunci: resistivitas DC, Voltmeter, auto-range, ADS1115, Arduino Uno

I. INTRODUCTION measurement. Based on [4]-[6], in general, the main

DC resistivity measurement system consists of a
The geoelectric method is one of the methods in power source, Amperemeter, and Voltmeter. The
the geophysical field that is widely used for the measurement is carried out by a power source
exploration of natural resources [1]-[3]. One part of employing electrical energy into the earth through
the method is DC (Direct Current) resistivity two current electrodes (A and B electrodes), then

Diterima: 30 April 2020; Direvisi: 7 Juni 2020; Disetujui: 10 Juni 2020 73

JTERA, Vol. 5, No. 1, Juni 2020
© 2020 JTERA (Jurnal Teknologi Rekayasa), Politeknik Sukabumi
Risky Martin Antosia: Voltmeter Design Based on ADS115 ...
the Amperemeter measures the current flowing at 1. Short-circuit between current and potential
the electrodes and the Voltmeter measures the electrodes. This will cause the Voltmeter to
potential difference response through two potential measure the potential difference of more than 5
electrodes (M and N electrodes) with the volts and will cause the Voltmeter and its
configuration shown in Figure 1. In this microcontroller to be damaged. Even a similar
configuration, there are two physical parameters device that has been circulating on the market,
measured by the system, the current value ( ), and the output voltage can reach 500 V [8].
the potential difference ( ). Referring to Ohm’s 2. The position of the electrodes of M and N are
law, the resistance value ( ) will be obtained with switched. The position of the exchanged
the following formula: potential electrodes (with a fixed position of
current electrodes) will cause the negative
(1) reading of the potential difference.
Thus the system needs an auto-range Voltmeter,
The resistance from (1) represents the resistance of
which is a Voltmeter that can measure potential
material/rock in the earth's layer which is limited in
difference values with a wide measurement range,
measurement according to Figure 1. Resistance is
order mV up to hundreds of volts, and can also
directly proportional to resistivity, so knowing the
measure the potential difference that is a negative
resistance value will give an idea of the magnitude
value (reversed polarity). This research aims to
of the resistivity value.
build a prototype Voltmeter using ADS1115
Electrical energy applied to the earth can be
(namely ADC with 16-bit resolution) and Arduino
either a current source or a voltage source. The
Uno, which can be applied in DC resistivity
development of current source systems has been
measurement.
carried out by [4] and [7]. Whereas [5] and [6]
developed a voltage source system. Research of [7]
only focuses on developing the electrical source II. RESEARCH METHOD
(constant current source), while [4]-[6] develop a
complete system of DC resistivity measurement. This research consists of two steps design
Amperemeter is in the form of a current sensor and methods which are hardware design and Arduino
Voltmeter uses voltage sensors in the form of ADC Uno programming.
(Analog to Digital Converter). In these studies, the
Voltmeter uses ADC with a 10-bit resolution, which A. Hardware
is an integrated ADC with a microcontroller. The ADS1115 component in method [9] can
Reference [4] explained that the change in each measure battery voltages up to 20 V using a voltage
ADC bit is worth about 4.8 mV (or written 4.8 divider circuit. The circuit becomes the internal
millivolts) with a 5 V reference voltage, so the resistance of the Voltmeter. According to [10], a
maximum potential difference value that can be Voltmeter must have a very large internal resistance
measured is 5 V as well. if it is used to measure the potential difference of a
Looking back at Figure 1, two possibilities will material resistance in an electrical circuit as in
occur in the configuration assembly: Figure 2.

A
A
DC R
V
M

VS R r ADC

a a a N

Voltmeter
R
A M N B
B
Resistance Medium (Earth)
Figure 2. The equivalent electrical circuit for the
Figure 1. Example of current-potential configuration configuration example in Figure 1 (R is material
(modified from [1]-[4]) resistance)

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 Risky Martin Antosia: Voltmeter Design Based on ADS115 ...

In(+)
Control from Arduino

1.2M

a
Mode A

3k c A0
Input Potential

d A1
Mode B ADS1115

3k Switch

1.2M

In(-)

Figure 3. Auto-range and reversed polarity schematic

Based on Ohm’s law, the potential difference at ( )

( )
(8)
MN points is
(2) There is a relationship between (2) and (8), so it is
obtained the following equation
where and are the potential difference at
the MN points and the current flowing at that point. ( )
(9)
Before installing the Voltmeter in the circuit of
Figure 2, the current flowing at the MN points is The measured value of the Voltmeter in (2) must be
equal to the total current flowing in the circuit as close to the calculated value (before installing the
follows Voltmeter). If given a limit that the approaching
value which measured by the Voltmeter is 90% of
the calculated value, the potential difference value
at the MN points based on (4) becomes
(3)
( ) (10)
Thus the relationship between (2) and (3) is
Then (10) is substituted in (2), the following
(4) equation is obtained
(11)
where and are the voltage source and the
total current flowing in the circuit. Then after Then (11) is substituted in (9), so that it is obtained
installing the Voltmeter (with its inner resistance ) the following equation
in the circuit of Figure 2, the current flowing at that
point is the difference in total current with the (12)
current flowing at the Voltmeter is From the derivation result of (12) and refer to
( ) Figure 2, the minimum value of internal resistance
( )
(5) ( ) of a Voltmeter is 6 times greater than the
and material resistance that will be measured by its
(6) potential difference value. According to the
example of the resistivity value of [1], there is a
Based on Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL), material/rock with a resistivity value of 10,000 Ωm.
(7) Based on Ohm’s law, the relationship of resistivity
( ) and resistance is as follows
with and are the potential
difference and the current flowing at the Voltmeter. ( ) (13)
Thus (6) can be written as follows

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Risky Martin Antosia: Voltmeter Design Based on ADS115 ...
with and are the cross-sectional area and length maximum input potential is set at 4 V (the value is
of material. If the dimensions of the material are chosen to make it easier to do calculations), so that
one square meter and one meter long; and referring in this mode the measurement range is below 4 V.
to (13), the material resistance shall be 10,000 Ω (or Whereas in Mode B, the input potential enters the
10 KΩ can be written). Regarding (12), the voltage divider circuit. By giving a potential
minimum value of internal resistance in a Voltmeter difference limit at a-b points ( ) of 4 V, the
of 60,000 Ω (or 60 KΩ can be written) is required. maximum potential input value ( ) is
In method [9], the Voltmeter design cannot be used
to measure the potential difference values of a large (17)
material resistance in an electrical circuit.
Thus, the measurement range is above or equal to 4
The use of the ADS1115 component as a
V to a maximum of 1,600 V.
Voltmeter is also found in method [11], the ADC
Also, this design needs to consider the power
can measure the battery voltage using differential
dissipation of the use of resistor components. Using
measurement to measure negative voltage if
Ohm's law formula, the maximum current ( )
reversed polarity. Therefore, to get an auto-range
passing through the resistor component is equal to
measurement of potential difference up to hundreds
of volts and can also be reversed polarity, it is (18)
necessary to modify the methods [9] and [11] as
shown in Figure 3. Then the power dissipation ( ) on the resistor
The Voltmeter design in this study uses an inner component ( ) is
resistance of around 2.4 MΩ. This value is obtained
( )
from the sum of all resistor components between the
input potential (see Figure 3). The use of resistance ( ) (19)
with this value is intended so that the approaching
value can be better in measuring the potential Based on (19), the power dissipation is obtained for
difference of material resistance. For example a 1.2 MΩ resistor of 0.5333 W and a 3 KΩ resistor
measuring the potential difference in material of 0.0013 W. Thus the use of resistor components in
resistance of 10 KΩ with the configuration as Figure 3 must be greater than the calculation of the
shown in Figure 2 (in the above explanation that power dissipation. The resistor component on the
appropriate to (12) with the Voltmeter internal market has the lowest dissipation power of 1/8 W or
resistance of 6 times greater than the value of 0.125 W. Therefore, the resistor component used in
material resistance, a potential difference the design of Figure 3 must use a 1.2 MΩ resistor
measurement approaching of 90% is obtained). So with a minimum power dissipation of 1 W and a 3
by looking at (3), the current flowing through the KΩ resistor with a minimum power of 1/8 W.
material resistance ( ) is equal to
B. Arduino Uno Programming
(14) Arduino Uno programming flowchart can be
seen in Figure 4. The initialization section in the
Then the calculation of the current flowing at the flowchart explains the initial steps of Arduino
material resistance according (9), the material running a program. There are four initial steps.
resistance measured by the Voltmeter which has an First, Arduino Uno regulates communication with
inner resistance ( ) of 2.4 MΩ is the ADC. Arduino Uno can communicate with
ADC through I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit)
( ) (15) communication by connecting each SCL and SDA
Thus, by substituting calculation (15) in (2), the pins as shown in Figure 5. According to [12],
potential difference value in the material resistance Arduino Uno needs to access the address of 0x48 on
is ADS1115 so that communication can occur. The
following code is exemplified by [12]
( ) (16) Adafruit_ADS1115 ads(0x48);
[Link]();
Judging from the result of (16), the potential
difference value measured by the Voltmeter is Second, Arduino Uno regulates internal serial
99.72% from the results of calculations in (4). communication so that it can display data on the
The Switch function in Figure 3 as an auto-range Serial Monitor. The following code is exemplified
measurement. The reference voltage used by the [9] and [11]
ADC is 5 volts. The reference voltage is uncertain [Link](9600);
at 5 V, usually around 4.9 V. So in Mode A, the

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 Risky Martin Antosia: Voltmeter Design Based on ADS115 ...
Third, Arduino Uno sets the variables declaration set to low state, the Switch is inactive and in this
that will be used in the program. The variables are condition, the measurement is in Mode B. If the pin
dAI, realValue, and multiply. The dAI is set to high, the Switch becomes active and the
variable is a variable for storing the result of the measurement is in Mode A. In this study, the digital
conversion of the differential method in the form of IO pin uses pin 2. At the initial step, this pin is set
16-bit integers. The choice of data forms on the to low. The following codes are
dAI variable accords to the maximum amount of pinMode(2, OUTPUT);
data that can be converted, which also matches the digitalWrite(2, LOW);
ADC used. The realValue variable is a variable
to change the value of the dAI variable to the actual The process part of the flow chart is the ADC
value in the form of float. The multiply variable looping process of converting data. Analog data
is a multiplier in the form of a 16-bit integer in the conversion into digital data in the form of 16-bit
calculation of the realValue variable. The integer data, so the total integer data is 2 16 = 65,536
following variable declaration codes are data. Referring to [9] and [11] with the default
setting of the internal data gain of ADC, each bit of
int16_t dAI;
ADS1115 has a value of 0.1875 mV. This value is
uint16_t multiply;
float realValue; far better than the value of each bit in [4]-[6]. The
differential measurement using pins A0 and A1 on
Fourth, one digital IO (Input-Output) pin of ADS1115 [11], the following codes are
Arduino Uno is set as output. The function is to
dAI=ads.readADC_Differential_0_1();
control the Switch (see Figure 3 and Figure 5). The realValue=dAI*multiply*0.1875;
pin can be set to low or high states. When the pin is

Start

Initialization:
- Setup ADS1115
- Setup Serial Communication
- Variable declaration
- Setup digital IO

Loop Process
Mode B measurement

Data:
- Read analog data
- Real value calculation

no Check if (real value > 4 volt

Mode A measurement
and real value < -4 volt)?

yes

Display data

End

Figure 4. Flowchart of Arduino Uno programming

77
Risky Martin Antosia: Voltmeter Design Based on ADS115 ...

Control to Switch

(from Switch) c d

Figure 5. Arduino Uno and ADS1115 assembly (modified from [11] and [13])

The value of the multiply variable adjusts the of resistor components ( ) (tolerance of 5%) that
mode used. In Mode A, the multiply variable assembled according to Figure 2. The system testing
has a value of 1 and in Mode B, the multiply has is divided into two parts, testing on large resistances
a value of 400 (see the multiplier value in (17)). The and small resistances. Testing on large resistances is
first time the ADC converts data, the measurement carried out by providing the value variations of the
is in Mode B. Then the mode selection is automatic voltage source ( ) from 1.5 to 60 V on the
depending on the input potential value (see Figure component with values of 10 KΩ and 100 KΩ.
3). For this reason, it needs a conditioning state so Whereas testing on the small resistances is carried
that the mode selection can be achieved, which is at out by giving a of 3 V to the component with
a value of 4 V. The calculated value on the values of 15 Ω, 100 Ω, and 1,000 Ω.
realValue variable has a unit of mV, then the The measurement results in the circuit are
conditioning state value becomes 4,000 mV. This compared with the measurement results of a
design can allow reversed polarity, so there is an voltmeter with UT61B type in the same circuit.
additional conditioning state value of -4,000 mV. UT61B is an auto-range multimeter that can
The following is the conditioning state code for measure the potential difference from the order of
auto-range to occur, mV up to 1,000 V with internal resistance between
3 MΩ - 10 MΩ [14].
if(realValue < -4000.00 and
realValue > 4000.00)
{
multiply = 400; //Mode B
digitalWrite(2, LOW); //Switch off
}
else
{
multiply = 1; //Mode A
digitalWrite(2, HIGH);//Switch on
}
Then the realValue value is displayed on the
Serial Monitor. The value is displayed continuously
with an interval of one second.

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figure 6 is a prototype system. The system
testing is carried out by measuring the potential
Figure 6. Voltmeter prototype
difference value on material resistances in the form

78
 Risky Martin Antosia: Voltmeter Design Based on ADS115 ...
In the measurement table, there are several B. Testing on Small R
symbols used, namely , , and . is the Testing using a 3 V voltage source is carried out
potential difference value in the unit of volt so that the potential difference value based on
calculated based on (4). is a potential difference calculations and measurements is equal to 1 V. This
value in the unit of volt based on measurement data is because looking at the actual raw measurement
using a UT61B Voltmeter. The measurement data data in the field from [3], the potential difference
of potential differences in units of mV is carried out data has an average of about 1 V with an average
by a prototype system with the symbol of . Then resistance value obtained around 100 Ω.
there is the term in the unit of percentage, Measurements in Tables 5 and Table 6 show stable
which shows the different measurements made by data even though the value approach (or level of
the system and the UT61B Voltmeter with the confidence) is around 97% of the UT61B data
following equation results.
( )
Measurement data in Tables 5 and Table 6 show
| | (20) measurement data with a better value approach
( )
compared to measurement data in Tables 1 - Table
A. Testing on Large R 4 on the use of the same voltage source. The use of
Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, and Table 4 show that component has a tolerance of 5%, so this will
measurements on the system are unstable. Each give the effect that the value approach is not
adjustment of the voltage source that applied to the appropriate if the values in Table 1 – Table 6 are
circuit, the measurement error rate shows a greater substituted in (9) and (2), which should produce a
pattern even though there are some data with confidence level of around 99%.
smaller error rates compared to data before and after
the adjustment of the voltage source occurs. This Table 3. Potential difference measurement in normal
likely happened because there was random noise in position with 100 KΩ
the system.
(volt) (volt) (volt) (millivolt) (%)
Table 1. Potential difference measurement in normal
position with 10 KΩ 1.50 0.50 0.50 357.75 28.45
2.10 0.70 0.70 487.31 30.38
2.70 0.90 0.90 642.75 28.58
(volt) (volt) (volt) (millivolt) (%)
3.00 1.00 1.00 650.25 34.98
1.50 0.50 0.51 402.75 21.03
6.00 2.00 1.98 1,430.06 27.77
2.10 0.70 0.71 562.13 20.83
12.00 4.00 3.97 3,282.19 17.33
2.70 0.90 0.91 770.81 15.30
18.00 6.00 5.88 5,407.50 8.04
3.00 1.00 1.01 942.38 6.70
24.00 8.00 7.84 7,647.75 2.45
6.00 2.00 2.02 1,854.94 8.17
30.00 10.00 9.80 8,729.25 10.93
12.00 4.00 4.02 3,737.44 7.03
60.00 20.00 19.59 17,844.75 8.91
18.00 6.00 5.93 5,484.75 7.51
24.00 8.00 7.98 7,647.75 4.16
Table 4. Potential difference measurement in reversed
30.00 10.00 9.97 9,810.75 1.60 polarity with 100 KΩ
60.00 20.00 19.95 19,776.00 0.87
(volt) (volt) (volt) (millivolt) (%)
Table 2. Potential difference measurement in reversed
polarity with 10 KΩ 1.50 0.50 -0.50 -276.19 44.76
2.10 0.70 -0.70 -444.56 36.49
2.70 0.90 -0.90 -559.88 37.79
(volt) (volt) (volt) (millivolt) (%)
3.00 1.00 -1.00 -647.44 35.26
1.50 0.50 -0.51 -410.81 19.45
6.00 2.00 -1.98 -1,423.13 28.12
2.10 0.70 -0.71 -609.19 14.20
12.00 4.00 -3.95 -3,129.94 20.76
2.70 0.90 -0.91 -772.50 15.11
18.00 6.00 -5.88 -5,716.50 2.78
3.00 1.00 -1.01 -903.00 10.59
24.00 8.00 -7.83 -7,416.00 5.29
6.00 2.00 -2.02 -1,857.38 8.05
30.00 10.00 -9.79 -8,883.75 9.26
12.00 4.00 -4.02 -3,756.56 6.55
60.00 20.00 -19.59 -17,999.25 8.12
18.00 6.00 -5.98 -5,871.00 1.82
24.00 8.00 -7.98 -7,416.00 7.07
30.00 10.00 -9.98 -9,888.00 0.92
60.00 20.00 -19.95 -19,698.75 1.26

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 Risky Martin Antosia: Voltmeter Design Based on ADS115 ...
Table 5. Potential difference measurement in normal Metode Geolistrik Resistivitas Konfigurasi Wenner
position with a voltage source of 3 V dan Schlumberger Di Kampus 2 Universitas
Cokroaminoto Palopo,” Jurnal Fisika Flux, vol. 15,
Resistor no. 1, pp. 6-12, Feb. 2018.
(ohm) (volt) (volt) (millivolt) (%) [2] F. D. Sastrawan and J. A. Latifan, “Estimasi
15 1.00 1.01 987.75 2.20 Kedalaman Akuifer Dangkal Daerah TPA Manggar
dengan Menggunakan Metode Geolistrik
100 1.00 1.02 996.75 2.28
Konfigurasi Wenner”, Jurnal Sains Terapan, vol. 5,
1,000 1.00 1.03 1006.88 2.24 no. 2, pp. 131-136, Oct. 2019.
[3] Hakim and R. H. Manrulu, “Aplikasi Konfigurasi
Table 5. Potential difference measurement in reversed Wenner Dalam Menganalisis Jenis Material Bawah
polarity with a voltage source of 3 V Permukaan”, Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Fisika Al-
BiRuNi, vol. 05, no. 1, pp. 95-103, Apr. 2016.
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(ohm) (volt) (volt) (millivolt) (%) M. H. Basri, and H. Sunarno, “Rancang Bangun
15 1.00 -1.01 -973.31 3.63 Sistem Pengukuran Resistivitas Geolistrik dengan
menggunakan Sumber Arus Konstan”, Jurnal
100 1.00 -1.02 -989.06 3.03
Fisika Dan Aplikasinya, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 83-89,
1,000 1.00 -1.03 -1002.75 2.65 Jun. 2016.
[5] Maison, K. N. Sawitri, Samsidar, L. Handayani, R.
The Voltmeter in the systems of [4]-[7] didn't Purbakawaca, and J. Nurjaman, “Design of digital
take into account the potential difference resistivity-meter for subsurface exploration”, in IOP
measurements when reversed polarity, so this Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Sriwijaya Int.
prototype system can replace them. This system is Conf. on Basic and Applied Science, 2019, pp. 1-8.
very good at replacing the Voltmeter at [4] and [5] [6] D. Fatahillah, Darsono, and Nuryani, “Low-cost
multi electrode resistivity meter based on
because of the potential difference measurements is
microcontroller for electrical resistivity tomography
up to tens of volts. Whereas the Voltmeter in [6] purpose”, in IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics:
and [7] took the measurements in a range of under 9th Int. Conf. on Physics and Its Applications
tens of mV, so this system hasn't been tested the (ICOPIA), 2019, pp. 1-6.
measurements in the unit range due to limited [7] I. C. Setiadi, “Desain Sumber Arus untuk Electrical
testing facilities. Impedance Tomography (EIT)”, Jurnal Arus
Elektro Indonesia, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 27-33, Dec.
IV. CONCLUSION 2015.
[8] Scintrex Automated Resistivity Imaging System
(SARIS) Operation Manual, rev. 2, Scintrex Ltd.,
Based on the system testing with several Concord, Ontario, Canada, 2013, pp. 5-1.
conditions, the system built using ADS1115 and [9] (2020) Electronoobs. [Online]. Available:
Arduino Uno components can be used as an auto- [Link]
range Voltmeter and measure the potential hp
difference value in reversed polarity, so the system [10] S. R. Manurung and M. Sinambela “Perangkat
can be applied for DC resistivity measurement. Pembelajaran IPA Berbentuk LKS Berbasis
Based on the measurement data, the Voltmeter is Laboratorium”, Jurnal Inovasi Pembelajaran
good for measuring potential difference value in Fisika, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 80-87, Feb. 2018.
low material resistances below 10 KΩ with a [11] (2020) Henrysbench website [Online]. Available:
[Link]
confidence level of 97%. Whereas in large material
bench/arduino-voltage-measurements/arduino-
resistance is not good if the measurements are made ads1115-differential-voltmeter-tutorial/
above 10 KΩ. For further development, it is [12] (2020) Henrysbench website. [Online]. Available:
necessary to reduce noise in the system and need a [Link]
voltage source with a range of below hundreds of bench/arduino-voltage-measurements/arduino-
mV for testing the potential difference measurement ads1115-module-getting-started-tutorial/
in the unit range of mV because there is a [13] (2019) Bill Earl. [Online]. Available: [Link]
possibility when measuring the actual DC [Link]/downloads/pdf/adafruit-4-
resistivity, the potential difference value will be in [Link]?timestamp=1591600159
that unit range. [14] Model UT61A/61B/61C/61D/61E: Operating
Manual, rev. 9, UNI-Trend Technology (China)
Co., Ltd., Dongguan, Guangdong, China, 2018, pp.
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[1] R. H. Manrulu, A. Nurfalaq, and I. D. Hamid,
“Pendugaan Sebaran Air Tanah Menggunakan

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