Vision

To become a Centre of excellence in Technical & Professional education.

Mission
M1: To commit for high standards in technical and professional education.
M2: To impart quality professional education through ICT initiatives and project
based learning.
M3: To nurture technocrats and professionals with ethics and human values

Quality Policy
“To Pursue Global Standards in all our Endeavors namely - Teaching, Skill-
empowering, ICT Initiatives and Project Based Learning through Continuous
Processes with Self-evaluation.”

Department of Applied Science and Humanities

Vision
To become a nodal centre to inculcate high standard of Applied Science and
Humanities in order to address professional and technical requirements.

Mission
M1: To carefully plan and implement lessons to prepare students to think
logically, communicate clearly, question critically and live ethically.
M2: To develop applied knowledge of basic science through smart learning.
M3: To create social awareness among students, so that they can play a
responsible role in society.

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 Engineering Physics-I (FEL101) | SEM-I

Betegaon, Boisar Chilhar Road, Boisar (E), Tal.: Palghar, Dist.: Palghar -401501

This is to certify that Mr. / Miss

of First Year Engineering Division Roll No.: Exam
Seat No.: has performed the experiments mentioned above in the premises of the
institution during the academic year 20 -20 and has successfully completed all the
practicals in the subject of as prescribed
by University of Mumbai.

Practical Incharge Head Of The Department

Date Date

Principal

Date With College Seal

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 Engineering Physics-I (FEL101) | SEM-I

Continuous assessment
(Experiment /Assignment / Tutorial /Project activity etc.)
 Candidate shall be assessed continuously for his sincerity, punctuality, and discipline
along with the understanding of facts, principles, theories and application.
 Term Work and presentation for each practical made by candidates shall be assessed on
following parameters.
C: Cognitive – Content Knowledge, Understanding, Retention parameters of the
experiment etc. (2-3 related questions to be asked)
Weightage: 4marks
P: Psychomotor Skills – To draw, to fit, to perform etc. Observe hands on skills
performance & ask questions.
Weightage: 4 marks
A: Affective Domain – Such as punctuality, Timely submissions, Neatness etc,
Weightage: 2marks.
Parameter C P A Total Sign. With Date
Marks Obtained
Max. Marks 4 4 2 10

1. Each practical should be assessed for maximum of 10 marks.

2. Total marks of practical work are calculated at the end of the term and converted to a
base as per teaching Examination Scheme.
3. Record of continuous assessment of candidates should be maintained by lecturer in
charge and kept in the custody of Head of the Department after completion of the term.
4. Marks obtained by candidate after assessment of each practical work shall be shown to
candidate for improvement in subsequent practical.
5. Term work marks shall not be kept confidential. Marks obtained by candidate in term
work after continuous assessment shall be displayed on notice board and true marks are
sent to MU.

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 Engineering Physics-I (FEL101) | SEM-I

Laboratory Instructions

 The objective of the laboratory is learning. The experiments are designed to illustrate
phenomena in different areas of Physics and to expose you to measuring instruments.
Conduct the experiments with interest and an attitude of learning.

 You need to come well prepared for the experiment

 Work quietly and carefully (the whole purpose of experimentation is to make reliable
measurements!) and equally share the work with your partners.

 Be honest in recording and representing your data. Never make up readings or doctor
them to get a better fit for a graph. If a particular reading appears wrong repeat the
measurement carefully. In any event all the data recorded in the tables have to be
faithfully displayed on the graph.

 All presentations of data, tables and graphs calculations should be neatly and carefully
done.

 Bring necessary graph papers for each of experiment. Graphs should be neatly drawn
with pencil. Always label graphs and the axes and display units.

 If you finish early, spend the remaining time to complete the calculations and drawing
graphs. Come equipped with calculator, scales, pencils etc.

 Handle instruments with care. Report any breakage to the instructor. Return all the
equipment you have signed out for the purpose of your experiment.

…………..

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 Engineering Physics-I (FEL101) | SEM-I

Index

Sr. Name Of The Page Date Of Date of Remark/

Sign.
No. Experiment No. Performance Submission Grade
1 Determination of radius of
curvature of Plano convex
lens using Newton’s Ring
2 Determination of
Wavelength using LASER
3 Determination of
Numerical Aperture of an
optical fibre
4 Determination of Plank’s
constant
5 Determination of energy
bandgap using virtual lab

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Engineering Physics-I (FEL101) | SEM-I

Experiment No.: 1 Newton’s Rings

Aim: To determine the radius of curvature of given Plano convex lens by Newton’s rings.
Apparatus:
Sodium light traveling microscope, convex lens of large focal length, convex lens of
short focal length, lens holder, glass plates etc.
Formula:
𝐃𝟐𝐧 + 𝐩– 𝐃𝟐𝐧
𝝀=( )
𝟒𝒑𝑹

Where, : wavelength of the incident light.

Dn: diameter of nth dark ring.

D n + p: diameter of (n + p)th dark ring.

R: radius of curvature of the surface of the lens, which is in

contact with the glass plate.

𝑫𝟐 𝒏+𝟓−𝑫𝟐 𝒏
R=
𝟒𝒑𝛌

𝑫𝟐 𝒏+𝟓−𝑫𝟐 𝒏
For p = 5 R=
𝟐𝟎𝛌

𝟐
𝑫𝟐 𝒏+𝟓−𝑫𝟐 𝒏
Where, ∆𝑫 =
𝟐𝟎𝛌
𝟐
𝑹= 𝑫
𝟐𝟎𝝀
 Engineering Physics-I (FEL101) | SEM-I

Observation:
1) Wavelength of incident light  = .............................. cm.
Smallest division on the main scale.
2) Least count of microscope =
Total number of divisions on the Vernier scale.

=.................... cm
Observation Table:

Order Microscope reading (cm)

Diameter, D 2
Obs. of the D2 D
(cm)
No. ring Left a Right b (Cm2)
|a – b| (Cm2)
(n)
2
1 1 D1 = D1 =
2
2 2 D2 = D2 = (D26 - D21) =
2
3 3 D3 = D3 =
2 2 2
4 4 D4 = D4 = (D7 - D 2) =
2
5 5 D5 = D5 =
2 2 2
6 6 D6 = D6 = (D 8 - D 3) =
D7 = 2
7 7 D7 =
2 2 2
8 8 D8 = D8 = (D 9 - D 4) =
2
9 9 D9 = D9 =
2 (D210- D25)=
10 10 D10 = D10 =

Mean∆𝐃𝟐 = {(D26 - D21) +(D72 -D22) +(D2 8 - D23) + (D29 - D2 4) + (D210- D25 ) } / 5

∆𝐃𝟐= ...............................................................................................................Cm2
5

∆𝐃𝟐 = ............................................ Cm2

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Engineering Physics-I (FEL101) | SEM-I

Calculations:

𝟐
𝑹= ∆𝑫
𝟐𝟎𝝀

R = ....................................... cm

Result: Radius of curvature of the plano convex lens =................cm.

 Engineering Physics-I (FEL101) | SEM-I

Procedure:

Arrange the apparatus as shown in fig. P1 is a plane glass plate and L1 is a convex lens of
long focal length. Find roughly the focal length of lens L2 of short focal length and place
it in front of the source at a distance equal to its focal length so that a parallel beam of
light falls on the glass plate P1. Adjust the plate at 45° to the horizontal so that on looking
downloads the rings are visible with the naked eye.

They are formed in the air between the lens L1 and plate P1 and are due to interference.

Place the microscope above the plate P2 and focus it on the rings. Adjust the microscope
so that the center of the crosswire coincides with the dark center of the ring pattern. The
rings should be will illuminated and in good focus.

Now move the microscope to, say 12th dark ring on the left of the center. Set the
crosswire on it in the middle and record the microscope readings. In this way, set the
cross wire on each dark ring in succession, turning the slow-motion screw in one
direction, and continue to record black spot and it again on the 12th dark ring ob. the right
of the center.

Measure the radius of curvature of the surface of the lens, which is in contact with the
plate by using a lens formula.

Precautions - Clean the surface of L2 and P2 using a little spirit and a clean piece of cloth.
Place plate P2 on a piece of black paper.

Theory:

The phenomenon of Newton’s rings is an illustration of the interference of light waves

reflected from the opposite surfaces of a thin film of variable thickness. The two
interfering beams, derived from a monochromatic source satisfy the coherence condition
for interference. Ring shaped fringes are produced by the air film existing between a
convex surface of a long focus plano-convex lens and a plane of glass plate. When a
plano-convex lens (L1) of long focal length is placed on a plane glass plate (P1), a thin
film of air enclosed between the lower surface of the lens and upper surface of the glass
plate. The thickness of the air film is very small at the point of contact and gradually
increases from the center outwards. The fringes produced are concentric circles. When
viewed with the white light, the fringes are coloured.

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 Engineering Physics-I (FEL101) | SEM-I

A horizontal beam of light falls on the glass plate (P2) at an angle of 45o. The plate P2
reflects a part of incident light towards the air film enclosed by the lens L1 and plate
[Link] reflected beam from the air film is viewed with a microscope. Interference
takes place and dark and bright circular fringes are produced. This is due to the
interference between the light reflected at the lower surface of the lens and the upper
surface of theplate P1.

Precautions:

Clean the surface of L2 and P2 using a little spirit and a clean piece of cloth. Place plate P2 on a
piece of black paper.

Parameter C P A Total Sign. With Date

Marks Obtained
Max. Marks 4 4 2 10
 Engineering Physics-I (FEL101) | SEM-I
Experiment No.2: Determination of wavelength using LASER
Aim: - To determine the wavelength of the Laser source using grating.

Apparatus: - Grating, screen, measuring scale

Figure:

--------------------L-------------------

Theory:

The Diffraction Grating

When a collimated beam of light passes through an aperture, or if it encounters an obstacle, it spreads out and the
resulting pattern contains bright and dark regions. This effect is called diffraction, and it is characteristic of all wave
phenomena. It can be understood by considering the interference between different parts of the wavefront, which
was altered in passing through the aperture. The angle of diffraction is of order λ / d with λ the wavelength and d the
dimension of the aperture. Thus, for visible light, apertures in the range 10-100 μm produce easily resolved
diffraction patterns. The diffraction phenomena has been treated in the post Light as a Wave : Slit Diffraction.

If instead of a single slit, two slits are illuminated by a plane wavefront, a series of interference fringes parallel to the
slits will appear on a far screen, as shown in the image below.
 Engineering Physics-I (FEL101) | SEM-I

This is the classical experiment of Thomas Young (1800). If the spacing between the slits is d and the width of the
slits b is greater than the wavelength, the Fraunhofer diffraction equation gives the intensity of the diffracted light as:

Precautions: Do not stair at the LASER Beam directly.

Observation:
Given: Number of lines = 15000 LPI

𝑁
Number of lines per cm =
2.54
2.54
𝑎+𝑏=
𝑁
Distance of the screen from the grating L =……………….cm.

Observation table:
Table 1:

Order of the Y cm
Sr. No. Maxima (n) Mean Y cm

1 Y1=

2 Y2=
 Engineering Physics-I (FEL101) | SEM-I

Table 2 :

Xn ( a+b )sin θ
Sr. No. θn = tan -1 ( ) Sinθn λ=
𝐿 𝑛
(cm)

Mean value of wavelength λ =…….................................(cm)

Mean value of wavelength λ =…….................................( Å)
Formula:
The condition for maxima for the diffraction through grating is,
( a+b ) sin θn = nλ -------------------------(1)
Where, ( a+b ) = Grating element i.e the distance between two successive lines in the grating.
θn = Angle of diffraction of nth maxima
n = Order of the spectral lines or maxima.
λ = wavelength of LASER beam.
From equation (1)
( a+b )sin θ
λ= -------------------------(2)
𝑛

Now, from the figure

Xn
tan θn =
𝐿
Where, Xn = Distance of the nth maximum from the center of the screen.
L = distance of the screen from the grating.
Xn
θn = tan -1 ( )
𝐿
Result:
Wavelength of laser beam =…………………………..Å

Parameter C P A Total Sign. With Date

Marks Obtained

Max. Marks 4 4 2 10
 Engineering Physics-I (FEL101) | SEM-I

Experiment No.3 Numerical Aperture of an Optical Fibre

Aim : To measure the numerical aperture (NA) of an optical fibre.

Apparatus:
Diode Laser Source, Photodetector, Multimeter, Microscope Objective, Fibre
Holders (2 nos.), Optical Fibres, Base with rotational mount, Holders and Bases.

Fig. 1: Experimental setup for NA measurements

THEORY:
Numerical aperture accounts for the light gathering ability of the fibre and it amounts the light accepted by the fibre.
NA refers to the maximum angle at which the light incident on the fibre end is totally internally reflected and is
transmitted properly along the fibre. NA depends only on the refractive indices of the material of the core and the
cladding. Mathematically, NA is defined as sine of angle of acceptance. Thus, if θ0

is the angle of acceptance then:-

NA = sin (θ0) or NA = (n12– n22)1/2/n0

 Engineering Physics-I (FEL101) | SEM-I

NA is also called the figure of merit of optical fibre. The cone formed by the rotation of angle of
acceptance along the axis of the fibre is the cone of acceptance of the fibre. The light should strike the fibre
end within its cone of acceptance else it is refracted out of the fibre. For short length of straight fibre, light
ray incident at angle θ at the input end and must come out at same angle from the output end. So, at the
output end of the fibre also a cone of the same angle appears. Hence, NA can be determined by making
measurements on the cone at the output end for fibre.
Therefore
NA = W / (4L2+ W2)1/2

where W = diameter of circular spot formed on the screen

L = distance between output end of the fibre and screen
 Engineering Physics-I (FEL101) | SEM-I

PROCEDURE:-
[Link] the power to the board.
[Link] one end of the fibre cable to the output socket of the emitter and other end to the numerical
aperture measurement jig.
[Link] the white screen facing fibre such that its cut face is perpendicular to the axis of the fibre. Hold the
white screen with two concentric circles (0.8cm & 1.6cm diameter) Vertically to a suitable distance to make the red
spot coincide with small circle.
[Link] the distance of the screen from the fibre end and the diameter of the spot.
[Link] NA from the formula given above.
[Link] the distance between the screen and the fibre optic cable so that the so coincides with the bigger
circle. Note the distance of the screen from the fibre end.
 Engineering Physics-I (FEL101) | SEM-I

OBSERVATION:-

Sr. No. Diameter of spot Distance between NA = W / (4L2+W2)1/2 Mean NA

(cm) screen and fibre
(cm)
1

2
3
4

Calculation:
 Engineering Physics-I (FEL101) | SEM-I

RESULT:
Numerical aperture of the given optical fibre is _________

PRECAUTIONS:-
[Link] source should be properly aligned with the cable.
[Link] of the launch point from cable should be properly selected to ensure that maximum amount of
optical power is transferred to the cable.
[Link] optical fibre provided should be handled carefully so as to prevent cracks

4. Mounting and coupling should be carefully done.

5. Glass optical fibres are thin, delicate and should be handled carefully.
6. As far as possible, experiment should be conducted in dark room environment.

Sign. With Date

Parameter C P A Total

Marks Obtained
Max. Marks 4 4 2 10
 Engineering Physics-I (FEL101) | SEM-I

Experiment No.:4 Plank’s Constant

Aim:
Determination of Planck’s Constant.
Apparatus:
Photosensitive device, Colour Filters, Power Requirement (220V, 50Hz), Optical Bench.
Figure:

Formulae:
Planck’s Constant = h = 𝑒 ∆𝑠𝑉
∆𝑣
-19
Where, e = 1.602×10 C
OR h = 𝑒 × 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝e

e = charge of electron.
 Engineering Physics-I (FEL101) | SEM-I

Observations:
Observations Table:
Distance between Lamp and Photocell = ........................... cm
Sr. Filters Wavelength v (sec-1)×1014 Stopping voltage(V)
No
1 Red 670 nm
2 Yellow I 590nm
3 Yellow II 570nm
4 Green 520nm
5 Blue 480nm

Graph: Plot the graph of ∆𝑉s 𝑉𝑆 ∆𝑣

Calculation:

Planck’s Constant= h = 𝑒 ∆𝑉𝑠 OR h = 𝑒 × 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒

∆𝑣

= ...................................................................

= ...................................................................

= ...................................................................

Work function ϕ = …………………………

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Theory:
Photoelectric effect
The photoelectric effect happens when a metal surface is illuminated by a light with a
given frequency, causing electrons to be freed. When a photon with energy E collides
with a metal, it transfers its energy to an electron in the crystal structure. The emission of
electrons is deeply connected to the frequency of the light shown upon the surface. For
each metal there is a critical frequency, ν0. If incident radiation has frequency bellow ν0,
then there are no emitted electrons. If the former is above the latter, then the kinetic
energy of the emitted electrons is proportional to the energy of the photons. The light
intensity changes only the number of emitted photoelectrons, not its energy (this goes
against what is expected in the classical theory of radiation).

Einstein proposed the following explanation: light is made of photons with a given
energy, proportional to frequency (ν):

E = hν

Where h is Planck's constant. The photoelectric effect is, essentially, a collision between
a photon (light) and an electron (in the metal) where the former gives all its energy to the
latter. Since the electron's energy is higher when in vacuum (as opposed when it's bound
to the crystal structure of the metal), the electron is only freed if the photon energy is
higher than the difference between the energy of the electron in vacuum and in the metal
(figure 1). Thus, the electron leaves the metal with energy equal to the energy of the
photon minus the amount "spent" when the electron leaves the metal:

E = hν−eϕ

Where the electron charge and ϕ is the difference in work function. As the light
frequency decreases, the photons have less energy. Below a certain critical frequency ν0,
no more photoelectrons are emitted. In this case,

Emax = 0

and we can write:

hν0 = eϕ or ν0 =ehϕ

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Engineering Physics-I (FEL101) | SEM-I

Procedure:
1) Insert the red colour filter, set light intensity at strong light, voltage direction switch a –ve
display switch at current display.
2) Adjust to de- accelerating voltage to 0 V and set current range selector at 0. [Link]
the de- accelerating to decrease the photo current to zero. Take down the de- accelerating
voltage (VS) corresponding to zero current of 635nm wavelength. Get the VS of other
wave lengths, in the same way.

Precautions:
1) This instrument should be operated in a cool, dry indoor space.
2) Phototube particularly should not be exposed to direct light; particularly at the time of
installation of phototube. The room should be only dimly lit.
3) The instrument should be kept in dust proof and moisture proof environment, if there is
dust on the phototube, colour filter, lens etc. clean by using absorbent cotton with a few
drops of alcohol.
4) The colour filter should be kept in dry and dust proof environment.
5) After finishing the experiment switch of the power and cover the drawtube with lens
cover provided.
6) Phototube is light sensitive device and its sensitivity decreases with exposure to light, due
to ageing.
Result:
Planck’s Constant= h= _ _ _ _
Planck’s Constant has been Studied.

……………………………….

Parameter C P A Total Sign. With Date

Marks Obtained
[Link] 4 4 2 10
 Engineering Physics-I (FEL101) | SEM-I

Experiment No.:5 Determination of Energy Band Gap

[Link]

Virtual Labs ([Link])

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Program outcomes
A student will be able to:
PO1: Engineering Knowledge: acquire and apply knowledge of mathematics, science and
fundamentals to solve complex engineering problems
PO2: Problem Analysis: identify, formulate and analyze complex engineering problems to
derive conclusions
PO3: Design & Development of Solutions: design algorithm, system, and circuit to develop
solutions for complex systems to meet desired needs.
PO4: Conduct investigation of Complex Problem: Design and conduct experiments, analyze
and interpret data
PO5: Modern Tools Usage: Identify and apply appropriate techniques and modern
engineering tools in the modeling and design of engineering practice.
PO6: Engineer and Society: apply appropriate knowledge to assess societal, health, safety,
legal and cultural issue and consequent responsibilities to the professional engineering
practice.
PO7: Environment & Sustainability: Understand the impact of engineering solutions on
society and environment for sustainable development.
PO8: Ethics: Apply knowledge of engineering in profession with ethical responsibilities.
PO9: Individual & Team work: Function effectively both as an individual and as a member or
a leader in a multidisciplinary team.
PO10: Communication: effectively communicate, write report, design documentation and make
presentations for engineering community and society.
PO11: Project management & Finance: demonstrate knowledge and an understanding of
management principles and apply them while managing projects.
PO12: Lifelong Learning: recognize the need for and engage in independent and lifelong
learning in the context of technological change.
PO13: Engineering Knowledge: acquire and apply knowledge of mathematics, science and
fundamentals to solve complex engineering problems
PO14: Problem Analysis: identify, formulate and analyze complex engineering problems to
derive conclusions

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