Journal of Business Research 139 (2022) 1255–1260

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Journal of Business Research

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Usage intention model of mobile apps in membership application

Duen-Huang Huang a, Hao-En Chueh b, *
a
Center of Teacher Education, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung City, Taiwan
b
Department of Information Management, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: The growing ubiquity of wireless network and mobile devices has allowed mobile applications to flourish. Many
Technology acceptance model firms have developed mobile membership applications to provide their customers with diversified and conve­
Perceived risk nient services. To understand the factors influencing the intention to use mobile membership applications, the
Reward program
present study expanded on the technology acceptance model and devised a usage intention model. In this study,
Meta-analysis
Structural equation modeling
meta-analysis and structural equation modeling were used in the validation of the proposed model. The results
indicate that both perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use had a significant positive effect on user attitude
in decision making regarding whether to use a mobile membership application, whereas perceived risk signifi­
cantly negatively affected user attitude. Furthermore, user attitude and the provision of reward program had
significant positive effects on usage intention. Our research findings can help firms develop successful mobile
membership applications to effectively implement customer relationship management.

1. Introduction from Korean users. Park, Nam, and Cha (2012) study the factors
affecting university students’ adoption and use of m-learning by using
Apart from driving the e-commerce revolution and mobile commerce structural equation modeling technique and the Linear Structural
development, the rise of wireless network and mobile devices has Relationship (LISREL) program to a sample of 288 Korean university
prompted firms to undertake digital transformations (Li et al., 2018; students. The study results confirm the acceptability of the model to
Baiyere, Salmela, & Tapanainen, 2020). These transformations have explain students’ acceptance of mobile learning.
enabled the provision of diverse and convenient customer services Regarding research methods, meta-analysis has become popular. For
through information technology, thus facilitating the establishment and example, Yousafzai, Foxall, and Pallister (2007) conduct a meta-analysis
maintenance of direct customer relationships. For example, smartphone of the technology acceptance model (TAM). The study aims to present a
applications, the most popular type of software program in general, narrative literature review of previous papers published on the TAM.
helps users complete work, make commercial transactions, and engage Blut, Wang, and Schoefer (2016) use meta-analysis to analyze the factors
in recreational leisure activities without spatial or temporal constraints influencing customer acceptance of self-service technologies. They
(Dacko, 2017; Ehrenhard et al., 2017; Edney et al., 2020). develop a causal framework that integrates constructs and relationships
Studies investigate the application of mobile technologies in from different technology acceptance theories, and they use the frame­
different areas. For example, Wang, Lin, and Luarn (2006) identify the work to guide their meta-analysis of findings consolidated from previous
factors that affect consumer intention to use mobile services. They add empirical articles. Blut and Wang (2020) use meta-analysis to examine
extra constructs to the technology acceptance model (TAM), theory of the dimensionality of technology readiness (TR), and investigate the
planned behavior and mobile banking acceptance model to examine the mediating mechanisms and moderating influences in the TR–technology
relationships between the proposed constructs on 258 users in Taiwan. usage relationship.
Kim, Mirusmonov, and Lee (2010) analyze the impact of mobile pay­ In response to the emergence of mobile commerce, firms have
ment system and user-centric factors on mobile payment usage across focused on developing new strategies concerning marketing, services,
different types of mobile payment users, and suggested new directions and distribution channels (Rodriguez & Boyer, 2020), such as using
for future research in this emerging field. In addition, they propose an m- mobile membership applications to replace physical membership cards
payment research model and evaluate the model based on the survey (Li, 2018). In addition to providing various services , mobile

* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: dhhuang@[Link] (D.-H. Huang), hechueh@[Link] (H.-E. Chueh).

[Link]
Received 1 October 2021; Received in revised form 20 October 2021; Accepted 23 October 2021
Available online 4 November 2021
0148-2963/© 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
D.-H. Huang and H.-E. Chueh Journal of Business Research 139 (2022) 1255–1260

membership applications can be used in the accurate understanding of Perceived usefulness refers to the extent to which an individual be­
customer behavior and the effective implementation of membership lieves that using a technology or information system would improve
rewards. Specifically, mobile membership applications are conducive to their work efficiency or performance (Davis, 1989). Higher perceived
customer retention in that they provide customers with information and usefulness represents a more positive user attitude toward a particular
services without spatiotemporal constraints. technology or system.
Although mobile membership applications have become a new trend Studies have reported that perceived usefulness influenced user
in mobile commerce, not all such applications can effectively attract attitude toward mobile taxi booking applications (Weng et al., 2017)
customers. Inconvenience, privacy or financial risks, and failure to meet and mobile commerce applications (McLean et al., 2020). Min et al.
user needs can discourage consumers from using such applications (2019) observed that perceived usefulness shaped user attitude toward
(Chopdar et al., 2018; Gupta, Dogra, & George, 2018); instead, they may Uber, a mobile application. Given this background, we proposed H2:
continue using physical membership cards.
To understand key factors influencing the intention of using mobile H2: Perceived usefulness increases user attitude towards mobile
membership applications instead of physical membership cards, the member applications.
present study expanded on TAM (Davis, 1989) and developed a usage
intention model. 2.2. Perceived risk
Though TAM or extended TAM have been so well established (Weng
et al. 2017; Nguyen et al., 2019; Min, So, & Jeong, 2019; McLean et al., Bauer (1960) posited that risk is determined by the consequences
2020), the application of mobile technology in membership application and uncertainty associated with an individual’s consumption decision.
is rather novel comparing with the other applications. Hence, this study The unpredictable outcome of using an information technology may
intends to propose a usage intention model of mobile apps in member­ lead to losses, and such uncertainty can result in individuals perceiving
ship application and use meta-analysis to analyze relevant literature to it as a risk. Therefore, perceived risk influences both the user’s perceived
examine the proposed model. The proposed model includes some vari­ usefulness and confidence in a particular technology or system (Im, Kim,
ables in the existing literature, such as perceived usefulness and & Han, 2008).
perceived ease of use, affecting the attitudes of users when they are Fang et al. (2017) argued that safeguarding user privacy and security
introduced to a new information system or technology. In addition, user enhances users’ psychological engagement with mobile travel applica­
attitude constitutes a key factor that influences usage intention. In tions. Kasilingam (2020) asserted that perceived risk affected user atti­
addition, we posit that perceived risk is a key factor influencing user tude toward the use of smartphone chatbots for shopping. Hu et al.
attitude (Hu et al., 2019; Kasilingam, 2020; Wu, Chiu, & Chen, 2020), (2019) demonstrated that perceived risk influenced user attitude toward
and that reward program (Hsiao & Chen, 2016; Li, 2018), which have using financial technology banking services. On the basis of these find­
rarely been researched, constitute a key factor influencing usage ings, we proposed H3:
intention. We also add a new variable, reward program in the model. H3: Perceived risk decreases user attitude towards mobile member
To that end, relevant studies are reviewed in the next section. Section applications.
3 describes the research framework and methods. Section 4 presents the
results. Sections 5 and 6 are the discussion and conclusion, respectively. 2.3. User attitude

2. Literature review User attitude, which refers to the user’s positive or negative
impression of a system or its interface and quality, influences usage
2.1. Technology acceptance model intention (Davis, 1989). Studies have noted that user attitude influences
the usage intention of online livestream services (Chen & Lin, 2018) and
Using the Fishbein and Ajzen (1975) theory of reasoned action (TRA) online-to-offline commerce (Yang et al., 2020). Min et al. (2019) indi­
as a foundation, Davis (1989) developed TAM to explain and predict cated that user attitude toward the Uber application affected usage
user attitude and usage intention with regard to information systems, intention. Accordingly, H4 was proposed:
with the objective of elucidating factors linked to the acceptance of in­ H4: User attitude increases intention to use towards mobile member
formation systems. To predict and explain the mechanisms underlying applications.
user acceptance, the reasons users accept or reject an information system
must first be identified to predict and explain user behavior. Therefore, 2.4. Reward program
the TAM serves as a simplification of the TRA, centering on the inter­
pretation of behaviors related to technology acceptance and the analysis Rewards refers to additional user benefits or advantages obtained
of factors affecting it. Perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use are through the use of a technology or information system. In commercial
the two main factors of technology acceptance; they influence user activities or marketing strategies, provision of additional benefits, dis­
attitude toward an information system, which in turn affects usage counts, or cashback rewards influence the usage intention of retail ser­
intention and actual system use. vices, online services, and mobile services.
Perceived ease of use refers to the extent to which an individual Hsiao and Chen (2016) observed that reward program influenced
believes that a technology or information system would be easy and gamers’ intention to play mobile games. Li (2018) demonstrated that
relatively effortless to use (Davis, 1989). Therefore, greater perceived monetary benefits influenced the intention of members of Starbucks to
ease of use drives positive attitudes toward the technology or system. use branded applications. Nathan et al. (2020) noted that providing
Fang et al. (2017) posited that perceived ease of use influences users’ good value for money enhanced the intention of using the Airbnb
psychological engagement with mobile travel applications. Nguyen application. With reference to these findings, we proposed H5:
et al. (2019) proposed that perceived ease of use affected user attitude H5: Reward program increases intention to use towards mobile
toward online food ordering services, and Kasilingam (2020) demon­ member applications.
strated that perceived ease of use had impacts on user attitude toward
using smartphone chatbots for shopping. On the basis of the literature, 3. Research design
we proposed H1:
3.1. Research method
H1: Perceived ease of use increases user attitude towards mobile
member applications. The present study performed both meta-analysis (Hunter & Schmidt,

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1990; Card, 2015) and structural equation modeling (Barrett, 2007; User Attitude (ATT): users think that the mobile membership
Kline, 2011). Meta-analysis is considered a very commonly used statis­ application is better than a physical membership card.
tical tool. One of the reasons to use the popular meta-analysis is the Reward Program (REW): the mobile membership application pro­
notion that these analyses possess more power to detect effects than vides additional offers or discounts to users.
individual studies (Jackson & Turner, 2017). Meta-analysis is the sta­ Intention to Use (INT): users are willing to use the mobile mem­
tistical combination of results from two or more separate studies. In bership application.
other words, the studies with meta-analysis are very different from in­ Based on the literature review and target of this study, we proposed
dividual studies. These studies can be considered to draw conclusions or the following hypotheses:
confirm existing theories based on various data-sets.
Meta-analyses have the following potential advantages (Higgins, H1: Perceived ease of use increases user attitude towards mobile
et al., 2019): To improve precision. Many studies are too small to pro­ member applications.
vide convincing evidence. Estimation is usually improved when it is H2: Perceived usefulness increases user attitude towards mobile
based on more data. To answer questions not posed by the individual member applications.
studies. Primary studies often involve a specific type of participant and H3: Perceived risk decreases user attitude towards mobile member
explicitly defined interventions. It may also allow reasons for differences applications.
in effect estimates to be investigated. To settle controversies arising from H4: User attitude increases intention to use towards mobile member
apparently conflicting studies or to generate new hypotheses. applications.
Further, the main advantage of combining meta-analysis and struc­ H5: Reward program increases intention to use towards mobile
tural equation modeling for theory verification is that the literature member applications.
review process is not limited to studies that address all the theory con­
structs (Cheung & Chan, 2005; Ackerman, Beier, & Boyle, 2005; Hagger, 3.3. Data collection
2006). Assume that the research framework contains four variables, A,
B, C, and D, and that among the reviewed studies, five, four, six, four, We conducted data collection by following the steps below. First,
and six explored the relationships between A and B, A and C, A and D, B ensure data quality and accuracy, we decided to collect data from a
and C, and BD and CD, respectively. Meta-analysis can be used to assess reputable database, Web of Science. The papers published in Web of
the relationships between A, B, C, and D, which can in turn be used to Science are comparatively of high quality. Hence, the collected data
construct a correlation matrix for the four variables (Viswesvaran & would not be interfered. Second, though the use of Internet dated in the
Ones, 1995). mid of 1990s, the application of mobile technologies started rather
On the basis of literature about mobile service applications and usage recently. Further, the application of mobile technologies came even
intention, we explored the relationships among research variables and later. Hence, we decided to collected the papers published after 2018.
validated the proposed usage intention model. The practice of Third, we considered the papers that used similar variables. We searched
combining meta-analysis and structural equation modeling for model the keywords such as “mobile app,” “mobile service,” “e-commerce,”
verification was first proposed by Viswesvaran and Ones (1995). In the “TAM,” “ease of use,” “usefulness,” “risk,” “attitude,” “reward,” and
present study, rather than using questionnaires, the conventional “usage intention.”
method for collecting participant data, meta-analysis was used to In meta-analysis, we need the information on variable reliability
construct a correlation matrix. This approach allowed us to determine (Cronbach α) and variable correlation coefficients. Unfortunately, not
the effect size of each variable during the data collection process and all the papers matching the above criteria provide both information. In
understand the relationships among research variables. Subsequently, this case, we had to remove the papers from analysis.
structural equation modeling was applied to analyze the correlation Second, we performed a manual search from the references of the
matrix for model testing. above retrieved papers to find more publications by the above criteria.
Over this two-stage data collection process, 20 papers were
retrieved, comprising 22 independent samples and 11,604 data samples.
3.2. Research framework
The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) being recorded in the Web of
Science database; (2) addressing topics related to mobile applications,
The usage intention model we developed is presented in Fig. 1, and
mobile services, e-commerce, or other relevant topics; (3) discussing the
the operational definitions of each variable are listed as follows:
relationship between at least one set of the variables in our research
Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU): users believe that they can easily use
framework and sharing the present variable definitions; and (4) being an
the mobile membership application.
empirical study, presenting data on variable reliability (Cronbach α),
Perceived Usefulness (PU): users believe that the mobile mem­
and providing variable correlation coefficients.
bership application is useful.
Perceived Risk (PR): users believe that there is a security risk when
4. Data analysis
using the mobile membership application.

4.1. Meta-analysis
Perceived Ease
of Use In accordance with the method proposed by Hunter and Schmidt
(1990), Fisher z transformation was performed to adjust the correlation
coefficients among research variables. After the calculation of the
Perceived
weighted sample size, the mean effect size of each variable relationship
Usefulness
was determined (as in Table 1).
User Attitude
In Table 1, k represents the number of independent samples; N the
Intention to Use total sample size; r the correlation coefficient (i.e., the mean effect size);
Perceived Risk and I2 the heterogeneity. Specifically, I2, which ranges between 0% and
Reward 100%, is used to estimate the percentage of variance that is attributable
Program to heterogeneity; 25%, 50%, and 75% indicate low, moderate, and high
heterogeneity, respectively. All I2 values in Table 1 are higher than 85%,
Fig. 1. Research framework. with most being higher than 90%, indicating that heterogeneity was

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Table 1
Results of the variable correlation analysis.
Relationship among variables No. of samples Sample size Correlation coefficient Standard error 95% Confidence interval Heterogeneity Publication bias
k N r SE Lower limit Upper limit I2 Fail-safe N

ATT to INT 9 3487 0.636 0.070 0.530 0.723 95.651 4151

ATT to REW 4 1328 0.683 0.187 0.369 0.857 98.472 808
PEOU to ATT 7 3086 0.545 0.117 0.339 0.701 98.077 1791
PEOU to INT 9 3739 0.528 0.095 0.363 0.661 97.534 2794
PEOU to PR 7 2987 − 0.360 0.075 − 0.487 − 0.219 94.348 734
PEOU to PU 8 2798 0.626 0.079 0.502 0.724 95.791 2982
PEOU to REW 4 1586 0.412 0.106 0.213 0.577 94.733 320
PR to ATT 6 2422 − 0.425 0.052 − 0.510 − 0.332 85.409 725
PR to INT 12 5383 − 0.366 0.051 − 0.454 − 0.271 93.136 2013
PR to REW 6 2989 − 0.238 0.084 − 0.390 − 0.073 94.774 149
PU to ATT 6 2282 0.584 0.132 0.356 0.746 98.047 1493
PU to INT 8 2639 0.516 0.061 0.413 0.607 91.530 1703
PU to PR 7 2301 − 0.427 0.085 − 0.561 − 0.272 94.630 825
PU to REW 4 1290 0.389 0.096 0.209 0.544 92.201 204
REW to INT 11 7358 0.484 0.048 0.401 0.560 94.424 4733

substantial and that most of the effect sizes were not from the same
Table 3
sample. The fail-safe N represents publication bias; specifically, it refers
Path analysis results.
to the minimum number of undetected negative papers required to
change the conclusions of a meta-analysis or to render the correlation Path Path coefficient p-value Result
coefficient insignificant (Borenstein et al., 2021). PEOU →ATT 0.322 0.000*** Support
Table 1 shows the information of all the samples. For example, the PU →ATT 0.388 0.000*** Support
first data entry shows the statistics among all the papers selected, PR →ATT − 0.213 0.000*** Support
ATT →INT 0.683 0.000*** Support
reporting relationships between ATT and INT, where there are 9 REW →INT 0.079 0.000*** Support
different samples and the total sample size is 3487. The corresponding
correlation coefficient is 0.636 and the standard error is 0.070.
The correlation coefficients from the meta-analysis for perceived attitude (β = 0.322, p = 0.000 < 0.001), thus supporting H1. Thus, a
ease of use (PEOU), perceived usefulness (PU), perceived risk (PR), user higher perceived ease of use corresponds to a more positive user attitude
attitude (ATT), reward program (REW), and intention to use (INT) are toward application use.
presented in Table 2. Second, perceived usefulness had a significant positive effect on user
attitude (β = 0.388, p = 0.000 < 0.001), thereby supporting H2 and
indicating that higher perceived usefulness results in a more positive
4.2. Path analysis attitude toward application use.
Third, perceived risk had a significant negative effect on user attitude
After the meta-analysis, structural equation modeling was conducted (β = − 0.213, p = 0.000 < 0.001), thus supporting H3 and indicating that
on the correlation matrix (Table 2) using IBM SPSS Amos version 22. higher perceived risk corresponds to a more negative user attitude.
The measurement error was set as 1 − α (where α represents the mean Fourth, user attitude has a significant positive effect on intention to
reliability of each variable), and the sample size was set as the harmonic use (β = 0.683, p = 0.000 < 0.001), thereby supporting H4. In other
mean (n = 2479). Path analysis revealed a goodness-of-fit index (GFI) of words, a more positive attitude reflects higher usage intention toward an
0.680 (the suggested value > 0.90) (Hair et al., 1998; Diamantopoulos & application.
Siguaw, 2000), a parsimony normed fit index (PNFI) of 0.294, and a Reward program had a significant positive effect on intention to use
parsimony goodness-of-fit index (PGFI) of 0.324. Regarding the relative (β = 0.079, p = 0.000 < 0.001), supporting H5. The provision of reward
fit indices, the normed fit index (NFI), comparative fit index (CFI), and program in mobile membership applications significantly positively
incremental fit index (IFI) were 0.442, 0.442, and 0.442, respectively. affected intention to use.
Notably, reward program has been addressed in few studies and, as a
variable, was unique to this study. Only four samples among the 5. Theoretical and managerial implications
examined studies presented the correlation coefficients of perceived
ease of use, perceived usefulness, and user attitude with reward pro­ 5.1. Theoretical implications
gram, resulting in a less ideal model fit index.
The path coefficients in the research framework represent the direct The present results support all the hypotheses. Fig. 1 presents the
effect of the variables in the relationship (Table 3). A p value of < 0.001 usage intention model. As mentioned, we used the TAM as a basis and
was considered statistically significant in the hypothesis testing. The referenced relevant studies in considering the practical conditions of
results are presented as follows: using mobile membership applications. Moreover, we postulated that
First, perceived ease of use had a significant positive effect on user perceived risk would influence user attitude. Multiple studies have
argued that perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use significantly
Table 2 positively affect individuals’ attitudes in using a new technology, which
Correlation matrix. in turn has a significant positive effect on intention to use. This premise
Variable PEOU PU PR ATT REW INT is supported by the present results, demonstrating the suitability of the
PEOU 1 TAM in research on mobile membership applications.
PU 0.626 1 Studies have posited that user safety and privacy influence attitudes
PR − 0.360 − 0.427 1 concerning the use of technology in that any perceived risk may nega­
ATT 0.545 0.584 − 0.425 1 tively affect user attitude, a supposition in line with the present results:
REW 0.412 0.389 − 0.238 0.683 1
INT 0.528 0.516 − 0.366 0.636 0.484 1
perceived risk in the use of mobile commerce applications significant

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negatively affected user attitude. Studies have asserted that the addi­ Firms can use mobile commerce applications to closely communicate
tional benefits obtained through the use of e-commerce or mobile with customers and maintain long-term relationships with them,
commerce applications constitute key factors that affect usage intention thereby enhancing their understanding of customer needs and allowing
toward the technology. Furthermore, the positive effect of reward them to provide more transaction opportunities. Thus, the launch of
mechanisms on intention to use, which has been established in the such applications is considered a proactive approach in customer rela­
literature, was also observed in the present study. tionship management (CRM), which is emphasized in consumer in­
dustries. Mobile commerce applications promote high customer
5.2. Managerial implications engagement, which helps increase customer contributions to firms.
There are studies using meta-analysis working on technology related
As mentioned, perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and topics. Yousafzai et al. (2007) conduct a meta-analysis on the studies
perceived risk influenced user attitude. Moreover, user attitude and the working on the TAM. They do a very thorough analysis on all aspects of
provision of additional preferential benefits and discounts for members the previous studies, including study type, country, subject type, system
affected intention to use. With regard to the present study, perceived type, etc. But the dependent variables are all intention to use. Blut,
ease of use refers to the interface of the application. Therefore, we Wang, and Schoefer (2016) use meta-analysis to analyze the factors
suggest simplifying interfaces and making them more user-friendly to influencing customer acceptance of self-service technologies. They focus
allow the easy identification of shortcuts to each function. In addition, on the literature of self-service technologies. Blut and Wang (2020) use
shortcut layers should be limited to two at maximum, and user opera­ meta-analysis to examine the dimensionality of TR.
tions should be simplified. In the present context, perceived usefulness Like other research methods, meta-analysis has limitations. The
represents the various basic functions and features of mobile member­ study relies on the data from existing studies. Due to the recent devel­
ship applications, including customer’ profile management and the opment and application of mobile technologies, the amount of the
provision of information on the newest products and discounts as well as related high quality studies is comparatively small. With more studies
purchase history. Mobile membership applications can be connected to working on mobile technologies in the future, studies can work on all
shopping platforms to allow customers make online purchases; more­ aspects of the mobile application, such as Yousafzai et al. (2007).
over, they can be linked to payment functions through the addition of When there are more related studies, scholars may conduct longi­
credit card or third-party payment options. tudinal studies to explore if there is any difference between the co­
Given that customer’ profile and purchase records are available in efficients or variables in different studies in time. It is also interesting to
most mobile membership applications, and that some applications even examine if there is any trend of behavior change through time.
provide options for online purchases or payment, information safety and
privacy protection are essential to the customers of such applications. CRediT authorship contribution statement
When customers perceive that they may incur risk in using an applica­
tion, they develop a negative attitude toward it. To reduce such con­ Duen-Huang Huang: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investi­
cerns, mobile membership applications should require customers to gation, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft,
input a password or biometric data for identity verification. Writing – review & editing. Hao-En Chueh: Data curation, Formal
Our results revealed that reward program influenced the intention to analysis, Project administration, Software, Writing – original draft.
use mobile commerce applications. As mentioned, reward program
provides customers with additional benefits for or discounts on in-
application purchases. To enhance usage intention, firms can provide Declaration of Competing Interest
customers with varying percentages of cashback rewards according to
their purchase history, as well as discounts on in-application purchases The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
or application-connected shopping platforms. interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
The present usage intention model is also applicable to other mem­ the work reported in this paper.
bership management systems, such as mobile ID applications (to replace
conventional student or trainee IDs). Such applications should be user- Acknowledgements
friendly, provide shortcuts to various functions, and simplify the user
operation process in general. Unlike conventional student IDs, mobile All contributors to this study are listed as authors of this study, and
student ID applications can definitively verify one’s identity as well as this study has not received any financial or material support.
provide access to course schedules, course history, and course grades.
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Dr. Duen-Huang Huang is an associate professor of the Center of Teacher Education at
Im, I.l., Kim, Y., & Han, H.-J. (2008). The effects of perceived risk and technology type on
Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung City, Taiwan. He received his Ph.D. in In­
users’ acceptance of technologies. Information & Management, 45(1), 1–9.
dustrial Education from National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan in 2014. His research
Jackson, D., & Turner, R. (2017). Power analysis for random-effects meta-analysis.
areas include E-learning, digital transformation, and fuzzy mathematics.
Research Synthesis Methods, 8(3), 290–302.
Kasilingam, D. L. (2020). Understanding the attitude and intention to use smartphone
chatbots for shopping. Technology in Society, 62, 101280. [Link] Dr. Hao-En Chueh is an assistant professor of the Department of Information Management
techsoc.2020.101280 at Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan. He received his Ph.D. in
Kim, C., Mirusmonov, M., & Lee, I.n. (2010). An empirical examination of factors Computer Science and Information Engineering from Tamkang University, Taiwan in
influencing the intention to use mobile payment. Computers in Human Behavior, 26 2007. His research areas include E-commerce, E-learning, data dining, information tech­
(3), 310–322. nology application.

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