Question no 2

Migration continues to be the part of a solution for many so economics societies and
families around the world

Answer

Migration

Migration is the movement of a people in the search of better opportunities ,education and
environment etc.

Economic benefits of migration

Migration provides several economic benefits worldwide and helping both the sending and
receiving states.

1-Filling job gaps:-

Migration take jobs where there is a shortage of worker like a healthcare,

2-Bring energy and skills:-

Migration bring energy and ski6ll which helping economic growth. Many country need
more worker especially with the older population.

3-Starting new business:-

Migrants more likely to start new business and creating job for others and increase the
local economic growth.

4-Sending money to families:-

Migrants send billions of dollar to their home country every year and have their
families for their needs. This also boosts local economies in home country.

5-Increasing Trade: -

Migrants maintain connections with their home countries and encouraging trade and
investment between nations.
6-Supporting Innovation:-

Migrants bring new ideas, skills, and perspectives which can lead to inventions,
technology development, and cultural enrichment.

7-Meeting Global Demand for Skilled Workers:-

Many countries face shortages of skilled workers like doctors, engineers, and IT
specialists. Migration helps fill these gaps and improves services.

Societies benefits of migration

Migration offers numerous benefits to societies, both for the destination and origin
communities. These benefits span economic, social, and cultural aspects.

1-Economic Growth:-

Migrants help to do work, filling labor shortages and taking jobs in sectors like
healthcare, agriculture, and construction which are essential to the economy

2-.Skill and Talent Migrants:-

Skilled migrants, such as doctors, engineers, and IT professionals, bring expertise that
enhances innovation and productivity in the society.

3-Cultural exchange:-

Migration introduce the societies with new traditions, norms, languages, and cultural
practices. It helps to develop understanding between communities.

4-Creating new business:-

Many migrants establish new businesses and provide jobs and enhance economic
activity in their new communities

5-Global Networks:-

Migrants build connections between countries make friendly relation which promote
international trade, tourism, and diplomatic ties.

6-Remittances:-
 Migrants send money back home which supports families and contributes to the local
economy. Remittances promote foreign aid in many countries.

Migration benefits for families

1-Better Job Opportunities:-

Migrants get better job and career opportunities in their new country and improving their
financial situation and their life style.

2-Access to Better Services:-

Through migration families may have access to better healthcare, education, and social
services and helping to improve their quality of life.

3-A Brighter Future for Children:-

Migrant children may have better opportunities for education and a better chance at a
successful future.

4-Stronger Family Connections:-

Migration can help families stay connected across countries, sharing experiences and
supporting each other.

5-A Safer Environment:

Moving to a safer country can protect families from conflicts, violence, or economic
hardship in their home country.

6-Financial Help:-

Families receive money from relatives who have migrated. Migrated people can
support daily needs or major expenses of their families.

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Question no 3

Refugees and asylum seekers

(Africa

Asia

Europe

Middle East)

Answer

Asylum seekers and refugees are people who leave their home countries to escape danger,
violence, or serious problems.

Refugees

Refugees are people who are forced to leave their home country because it is not safe
for them to stay there. This could be due to war, violence, or being treated unfairly because
of their religion, race, or political views.

Asylum

Asylum is protection given by one country to people who are in danger in their own country.
These people ask for asylum when they fear harm because of their religion, race, political
beliefs, or other reasons.

International framework for refugees protection

The international framework for refugee protection is a set of rules and agreements that
help protect people who are forced to leave their country.

1-1951 Refugee Convention:-

This is the main international agreement. It defines who is a refugee, their rights and
the responsibilities of countries to protect them. It says refugees should not be sent back
to places where they feels danger.

2-1967 Protocol:
 This updated the 1951 Refugee Convention by removing time and geographic limits.

3-UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees):

This organization helps refugees by providing shelter, food, and protection. It also
works to find long-term solutions of refugee like helping refugees return home safely or
settle in a new country.

Case study of asylum and refugees in Africa

Africa has many refugees and asylum seekers because of wars, conflicts, and other
problems like hunger and natural disasters. People leave their homes to find safety in other
countries.

Refugees and asylum seekers in Africa:

Refugees are a people who are forced to leave their home country because of it's not
safe for them.

Many African countries host refugees.

for example

Uganda, Ethiopia and Kenya hosts refugees from South Sudan.

Background

South Sudan has faced ongoing conflict and violence since it became independent in
2011. Millions of people have been forced to flee their homes because of war, insecurity,
and lack of food. This situation has created one of the largest refugee crises in Africa.

Uganda host to over 1.5 million refugees (as of 2023), with the majority from South Sudan.

Uganda's Response

Uganda followed Open-Door Policy. Uganda has one of the most developing refugee
policies globally. Uganda allowing refugees to work, move freely, and access public
services. Refugees are provided plots of land for farming. Uganda corporate with
theUNHCR and NGOs to address humanitarian needs.

Challenges

1-Overcrowding

Bidi Bidi is the one of the world’s largest refugee camps. It struggles with limited
infrastructure and resources.

2-Limited Resources:

Insufficient food, water, and medical supplies due to small funding is the main
challenge for refugees settlement.

3-Education:

Overcrowded schools with a lack of teachers and materials make difficult to learning
opportunities for refugee children.

Case study of refugees and asylum seekers in Asia

Asia is home to some of the largest refugee and asylum-seeker populations in the world.
Conflicts, persecution, poverty, and natural disasters force millions of people to leave their
homes.

This case study focuses on two major refugee situations in Asia: the Rohingya refugees in
Bangladesh and the Afghan refugees in Pakistan.

Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh

Background

The Rohingya are a Muslim minority from Myanmar’s Rakhine State. They left Myanmar
due to violence, discrimination, and persecution, especially after a military crackdown in
2017. Over 1 million Rohingya refugees are now living in camps in Cox’s Bazar,
Bangladesh, one of the largest refugee settlements in the world.

Bangladesh’s Response

Bangladesh opened its borders to Rohingya refugees despite limited resources.

The government works with international organizations like the UN to provide aid.

Challenges

1-Overcrowding:

Camps in Cox’s Bazar are overcrowded and leading to poor living conditions.

2-Limited resources:

Shortage of food ,water and medical supplies due to the small funding is main
challenge for the refugees settlement.

Afghan Refugees in Pakistan

Background

For decades, Afghanistan has experienced wars, violence, and instability. Millions of
Afghans have moved to their neighboring country Pakistan and making it one of the largest
host countries for refugees. As of 2023, Pakistan hosts over 1.3 million Afghan refugees.

Pakistan’s Response

Pakistan has hosted Afghan refugees for decades, providing temporary shelters and
access to basic services. Refugees mostly live in camps or urban areas, but many remain
undocumented.

Challenges

1-Security Concerns:
 Refugees are sometimes blamed for crime and terrorism. It leads to discrimination.

2-Limited resources:

Refugees face difficulties accessing work, education and healthcare due to the
limited resources.

Case Study: Refugees and Asylum Seekers in Europe

Europe has been a major destination for refugees and asylum seekers, especially during
the past decade. Wars, persecution, and poverty in regions like the Middle East, Africa, and
Asia have driven millions of people to find safety in European countries.

Syrian Refugees in Europe:

Background

The Syrian Civil War began in 2011, caused millions to leave their homes. Many Syrians find
refuge in Europe, especially during the peak of the crisis in 2015-2016. Germany, Greece,
Sweden, and other European countries became key destinations.

Europe’s Response

Germany accepted over 1 million refugees, providing housing, education, and integration
programs. The European Union provided funding. In Greece and Italy refutis arriving by sea
but faced overcrowded camps.

Challenges

1-Over crowded

In Greece and Italy refugees arriving by sea but they faced overcrowding in camps.

2-Integration Issues:

Refugees faced difficulties in learning new languages, finding jobs and adapting to
local cultures.
Case Study: Refugees and Asylum Seekers in the Middle East

The Middle East has been a major source and host region for refugees and asylum seekers.
Ongoing conflicts, political instability, and economic hardship have forced millions to
leave their homes.

Iraqi Refugees in the Middle East

Background

Iraq has faced conflict after the 2003 invasion and the rise of ISIS in 2014. It may forced
many Iraqis to leave their homes. Neighboring countries like Jordan, Turkey, and Syria
became home to millions of Iraqi refugees.

Host Countries' Response

Jordan has supported Iraqi refugees but faced increasing pressure on its healthcare and
education systems. Turkey provided shelter and healthcare to both Iraqi refugees.
Lebanon provide help to refugees but struggled with its own economic and political
challenges.

Challenges for Refugees in the Middle East

1-Limited Resources:

Host countries have limited resources to support large refugee populations, which
affects the quality of services.

2-Economic and political difficulties

Lebanon provided assistance but struggled with its own economic and political
challenges, affecting its ability to support refugees.

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Question no 4

Policies that facilitates the human security approach

Introduction

Human security focuses on protecting individuals and communities from threats like
violence, poverty, disease, and environmental dangers. It aims to ensure that everyone can
live in safety and have access to basic needs, and enjoy a life with dignity. Policies that
promote human security are designed to address these threats and improve people’s
overall well-being.

Policies that promotes human security

Here are some policies that promote human security by addressing the issues of human
safety.

1-Peace and Security Policies:-

Governments and organizations work to stop conflicts before they start by promoting
dialogue, diplomacy, and understanding between different groups. Reducing weapons,
especially nuclear and military weapons, helps prevent violent conflict and keeps
communities safer.

2-Human Rights Protection Policy

Policies ensure that everyone’s basic rights, such as freedom, equality, and protection
from violence without any discrimination by government and society.

3-Poverty Reduction Policy:-

Creating jobs, providing education, and ensuring access to healthcare help lift
people out of poverty, improving their well-being and security. Ensuring that people have
access to food, clean water, education, and healthcare.

4-Social policy:-

Social pilicy promote programs like unemployment benefits, health insurance, and
pensions help protect individuals and families from financial hardship.

5-Healthcare for All:-

6-Environmental Protection Policy:-

Policies that protect the environment, reduce pollution, and help communities prepare
for the effects of climate change (like floods and droughts) keep people safe from
environmental risks.

7-Disarmament and Nonviolence Policies:-

Reducing or eliminating weapons (especially nuclear or military) decreases the risk of

8-Education for All:-

Ensuring everyone has access to quality education helps individuals build better
lives, reduces inequality, and creates more peaceful society.

9-Rule of Law and Justice:-

This policy have fair legal systems to protect individuals from injustice, violence, and
unfair treatment, ensuring that people’s rights are respected and they have access to
justice.

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Question no 5

Food insecurity and climate exchange to what extent can to migration be the part of
solution

Answer

Introduction

Food insecurity and climate change are two of the most pressing issues of our time.
Migration can be a way to deal with problems caused by climate change and food
insecurity. When climate change leads to droughts, floods, or poor harvests, people might
move to places with better weather, jobs, and food supply.
 Food insecurity

Food insecurity means not having enough safe and nutritious food to live a healthy and
active life. It can happen when people can’t afford food, when there’s not enough food
available, or when natural disasters and other problems disrupt food supplies.

Migration can help solve food insecurity in several ways:

1-Better Job Opportunities:-

People who move to those areas which have more jobs and can help to earn money to
support themselves and send money back to their families. This extra income helps
families buy food and meet their needs.

2-Access to Resources:-

Migrants move to places with better farming tools, technology, and education. They
can learn new skills and methods to improve food production and share these ideas with
their home communities.

3-Reducing Pressure on Resources:-

Migration reduces the demand for food and water in those regions because people
move away from areas struggling with droughts and limited resources.

4-Improving Resilience:-

Families receiving support from migrants can better handle food shortages, invest in
farming, or start small businesses to improve their livelihoods.

5-Building Global Connections:-

Migrants create networks between countries and helping to share knowledge about
better food , trade food, and improve overall food security.

Climate Change
Climate change means long-term changes in the Earth's weather patterns and
temperatures. It happens mainly because of human activities like burning fossil fuels,
cutting down trees, and releasing gases like carbon dioxide into the air.

Migration can help people to address the climate issues in several ways:

1-Moving Away from Risky Areas:

People can move from places hit by floods, droughts, or rising sea levels to safer areas
with better living conditions.

2-Sharing Knowledge and Skills:

Migrants can learn new ways to deal with climate change, like advanced farming or
water-saving techniques, and share these ideas with their home communities.

3-Sending Money Home:-

Migrants send money back to their families which can help them to deal with climate
challenges, like buying better seeds.

4-Reducing Pressure on Resources:

Migration can reduce the strain on land, water, and food in areas where climate change
has made resources scarce.

5-Creating Global Networks:-

migrants create network between the countries and helping to share knowledge and
solution about to climate problems.

Challenges and Limitations of Migration as a Solution

1-Short-term solution:-

Migration may provide temporary relief but does not address the root causes of food
insecurity and climate change.

2-Legal and Political Barriers:-

Many countries have strict immigration laws, making it hard for people to move to safer
or better areas.

3-Pressure on Host Communities:-

4-Loss for Home Communities:-

People who migrate leave behind family and friends. This can weaken the community
and cause a lack of workers in farming or other important jobs.

5-Social and Cultural Challenges:-

Migrants may face discrimination or difficulty adjusting to a new culture, which can
impact their well-being and ability to contribute.