[01]

Dàn Ý & Nội Dung Bài Thuyết Trình: Giải Pháp Giảm Thiểu Ô Nhiễm Không Khí tại
[Link] (Thuyết trình chuyên nghiệp & khoa học)

Chủ đề:
An Environmental Solution: Reducing Air Pollution in Ho Chi Minh City (Giải pháp Môi trường:
Giảm thiểu Ô nhiễm Không khí tại Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh)

Outline & Nội dung trình bày (Văn bản)

Phần 1: Giới thiệu và Bối cảnh (Introduction & Context)

Thành viên 1: Mở đầu & Giới thiệu

(Nội dung trình bày):
Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. We are Group [Tên nhóm], and today we will discuss a
critical environmental challenge facing Ho Chi Minh City: air pollution.

Ho Chi Minh City, with a population of approximately 9 million people (Source: C40 Cities/GSO
Vietnam), is the largest and most populous city in Vietnam. Its rapid economic growth and
urbanization, however, have come with significant environmental consequences, particularly in air
quality.

The objective of our presentation is to analyze the current air quality situation, identify the major
sources of pollution, and propose effective solutions to mitigate these impacts, drawing on data
from reputable international and domestic reports.

Before diving into the data, let's establish key terms:

• AQI (Air Quality Index): A scale used to report air quality, showing how polluted the air is
and what health effects might be a concern.

• PM2.5 (Fine Particulate Matter): Extremely small particles, less than 2.5 micrometers in
diameter, which pose the greatest health risks as they can penetrate deep into the lungs and
bloodstream.
• WHO Guideline: The World Health Organization sets the safe annual mean for PM2.5 at 5
µg/m³.

(Yêu cầu hình ảnh):

• Slide tiêu đề với hình ảnh biểu tượng của [Link] (ví dụ: Bitexco, Landmark 81) trong
khung cảnh đô thị năng động.

Phần 2: Thực trạng và Gánh nặng sức khỏe (Current Situation & Health Burden)

Thành viên 2: Nguyễn Minh Trúc

(Nội dung trình bày):
Thank you. Let’s examine the current situation. While HCMC’s AQI frequently registers in the
"Moderate" range, the concentration of PM2.5 remains a significant concern. According to data
provided by IQAir (cập nhật ngày 11/08/2025), the real-time PM2.5 concentration in HCMC is
around 17 µg/m³. This is more than three times the safe annual mean recommended by the WHO.

This high level of fine particulate matter is not just an environmental issue; it is a major public
health crisis. A C40 Cities report highlights the severe health burden: an estimated 7,300 premature
deaths each year in Ho Chi Minh City are directly attributable to current PM2.5 levels.

This pollution disproportionately affects vulnerable populations, including children and the elderly,
leading to increased rates of respiratory illnesses, cardiovascular disease, and other long-term health
complications. The economic cost of these health impacts is considerable, involving healthcare
expenditures and lost productivity.
(Số liệu và Dẫn chứng):

• IQAir (Aug 2025): AQI = 66 (Moderate); PM2.5 = 17 µg/m³.

• C40 Cities Technical Assistance Report (C40/TUMI): HCMC PM2.5 concentration is 3

times above WHO's recommendation. 7,300 premature deaths each year are due to current
PM2.5 levels.
(Yêu cầu hình ảnh):

• Biểu đồ cột so sánh nồng độ PM2.5 hiện tại với khuyến nghị của WHO.

• Infographic hiển thị con số 7,300 ca tử vong sớm mỗi năm.

• Hình ảnh minh họa về tác động sức khỏe (ví dụ: mô phỏng phổi bị ảnh hưởng).

Phần 3: Nguyên nhân gốc rễ (Root Causes)

Thành viên 3: Võ Thái Bảo

(Nội dung trình bày):
Let’s delve into the primary sources of HCMC's air pollution. The road transport sector is the
dominant contributor, responsible for approximately 40% of the total PM2.5 concentration
(Source: C40 Cities).

Within the transport sector, motorcycles are the major polluters. HCMC has over 8 million
motorbikes (Source: VnExpress International, 2024), accounting for 80% of all trips. These
motorbikes, many of which use outdated technologies and fossil fuels with low efficiency, generate
a substantial amount of emissions. Motorbikes alone contribute an estimated 60% of the PM2.5
concentration from the road transport sector.

The high volume of vehicles, coupled with severe traffic congestion, exacerbates the emission of
fine particulate matter and NOx (Nitrogen Oxides).

Thành viên 4: Trân

(Nội dung trình bày):
While traffic is the main source, other factors significantly contribute to the problem. Industrial
emissions from manufacturing, particularly cement factories and steel production, release large
amounts of dust and harmful chemicals into the air.
Furthermore, waste burning remains a prevalent issue, especially in peri-urban areas. The open
burning of trash, often including plastics and other toxic materials, releases dangerous gases and
particulates, directly impacting the air quality of residential areas.

(Số liệu và Dẫn chứng):

• C40 Cities Technical Assistance Report: 40% of PM2.5 concentration comes from the road
transport sector; 60% of this is generated by motorbikes.

• VnExpress International (2024): HCMC has over 8 million motorbikes.

• iLotusLand/ResearchGate (2024): Identifies industrial emissions and waste burning as key

contributors.

(Yêu cầu hình ảnh):

• Hình ảnh giao thông đông đúc, tắc nghẽn giờ cao điểm tại [Link].

• Ảnh minh họa các nhà máy, khu công nghiệp tại Việt Nam.

• Ảnh/ví dụ về hoạt động đốt rác thải ngoài trời.

Phần 4: Giải pháp và Lợi ích (Solutions & Benefits)

Thành viên 5: Trần Phú

(Nội dung trình bày):
Addressing this complex issue requires a multi-pronged approach, focusing on both short-term and
long-term actions.

Short-Term Solutions (1-3 years):

1. Fleet Conversion: Convert a portion of the existing public bus fleet from diesel to cleaner
fuel sources, such as Compressed Natural Gas (CNG). The plan is to upgrade 1,300 diesel
buses to CNG.
2. E-mobility Promotion: Encourage the uptake of electric motorbikes and e-scooters. A pilot
project aims to shift a significant percentage of the existing motorbike fleet to electric
power.

3. Pollution Monitoring & Enforcement: Increase the number of automatic air quality
monitoring stations (targeting 20 stations by the end of 2025) and enhance inspections of
industrial and construction sites.

Thành viên 6: Phan Tấn Sang

(Nội dung trình bày):
Long-Term Solutions (5-10 years and beyond):

1. Urban Planning & Public Transport: Integrate Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) and Bus Rapid
Transit (BRT) systems to reduce reliance on private vehicles. HCMC aims to achieve full
electrification of its bus fleet (target of 2,293 electric buses by 2030).
 2. Green Technology Incentives: Provide financial incentives, such as tax benefits or
reduced-interest loans, to encourage the adoption of electric vehicles and green technologies
in industry.

3. Public Awareness and Education: Implement sustained campaigns to raise public

awareness about the health benefits of green transport and the risks of air pollution.

The transition to cleaner public transport and e-mobility offers significant quantified benefits. For
instance, converting 10% of the motorbike fleet to electric vehicles would avert 106 premature
deaths per year and save an estimated ₫ 2.7 Billion VND in healthcare costs, while upgrading
1,300 buses to CNG would avert 25 premature deaths per year.

(Số liệu và Dẫn chứng):

• C40 Cities Technical Assistance Report (HCMC Case Study):

o E-Motorbike Conversion (10% fleet): 106 premature deaths averted/year; 172

averted hospital admissions/year; +6 days increase in life expectancy per citizen in
intervention area; ₫ 2.7 Billion VND in avoided healthcare costs.

o Bus Fleet Conversion (1,300 buses to CNG): 25 premature deaths averted/year; 40

averted hospital admissions/year.

• TUMI E-Bus Mission/Wuppertal Institut (HCMC Case Study): Target of 270 e-buses by
2025; full electrification of 2,293 buses by 2030.
(Yêu cầu hình ảnh):

• Infographic so sánh lợi ích của giải pháp (dựa trên dữ liệu C40).

• Hình ảnh minh họa về xe buýt CNG, xe máy điện, hệ thống Metro.

Phần 5: Thách thức, Bước tiếp theo và Kết luận (Challenges, Next Steps & Conclusion)

Thành viên 7: Kết luận & Kêu gọi hành động

(Nội dung trình bày):
While the benefits are clear, we must acknowledge the challenges. Implementing these solutions
faces barriers such as delays in building CNG fueling stations, a lack of public awareness and
financial incentives for electric vehicle adoption, and the need for improved, localized data
collection.

However, the city is committed to taking decisive action. Next steps include:
• Collaborating with transport and health departments to enhance data accuracy and
consolidate efforts.
• Installing 20 new automatic monitoring stations to improve air quality data availability and
understanding.

• Presenting the quantified benefits to policymakers to gain further political and financial
support.
Vietnam has a national commitment to achieving net-zero emissions by 2050. Accelerating the
transition to clean transport in HCMC is vital to meeting this goal, drastically reducing CO2e and
air pollutants like PM2.5 and NOx.

Air pollution is a complex problem, but by implementing a combination of technological,

infrastructural, and policy solutions, we can significantly improve public health and contribute to a
more sustainable future for HCMC.

Let’s work together for clean air and a healthy future.

Thank you for listening. We are now open for your questions.

(Số liệu và Dẫn chứng):

• Vietnam's NDC (2022): Commitment to net-zero emissions by 2050.

• C40 Cities Technical Assistance Report: Highlights barriers (CNG fueling delays, lack of
public awareness, financial incentives) and next steps (monitoring stations, inter-
departmental collaboration).

(Yêu cầu hình ảnh):

• Biểu đồ tổng hợp lượng giảm phát thải (CO2e, PM2.5, NOx) từ các giải pháp.
• Slogan cuối cùng: "Clean Air, Healthy Future" với logo Net Zero 2050.

• Slide Q&A.

Tài liệu tham khảo (References)

• C40 Cities (2022). Ho Chi Minh City: Benefit of Urban Climate Action.

• Wuppertal Institut/TUMI (2022). Deep Dive City Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam: Climate and
Air Quality Scenarios for E-Bus Deployment.

• IQAir (2025). Ho Chi Minh City Air Quality Index (AQI) and PM2.5 Air Pollution.

• VnExpress International (2024). Motorbike Numbers in Ho Chi Minh City.

• World Health Organization (WHO) (2021). Air quality guidelines: Global update 2021.
• Socialist Republic of Vietnam (2022). Vietnam Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC).
 [02]

Dàn Ý & Nội Dung Bài Thuyết Trình: Giải Pháp Giảm Thiểu Ô Nhiễm Không Khí tại
[Link] (Thuyết trình chuyên nghiệp & khoa học)

Dàn Ý & Nội dung trình bày (Phiên bản chuyên nghiệp, nâng cao)

Chủ đề: A Strategic Pathway to Clean Air for Ho Chi Minh City: Evidence-based Solutions for a
Sustainable Future (Lộ trình chiến lược hướng tới không khí sạch cho [Link]: Các giải pháp dựa
trên bằng chứng cho một tương lai bền vững)

Phần 1: Dẫn nhập – Bối cảnh và Tính cấp thiết (Introduction: Context and Imperative)

Thành viên 1: Mở đầu & Đặt vấn đề

(Nội dung trình bày):
"Good morning, esteemed guests, ladies and gentlemen. Every day, millions of us in Ho Chi Minh
City breathe air that silently compromises our health and diminishes our quality of life. This is the
paradox of our city's dynamic growth: while we celebrate economic progress, we are
simultaneously facing a severe environmental and public health crisis.

We are Group [Tên nhóm], and our purpose today is not simply to present data on air pollution. It is
to delineate a strategic, evidence-based pathway forward—a roadmap for transforming Ho Chi
Minh City into a healthier, more sustainable metropolis.
To ensure clarity in our technical discussion, we will refer to three key metrics:

• AQI (Air Quality Index): The public-facing metric for daily air quality.

• PM2.5: The specific pollutant of greatest concern due to its profound health impacts.

• The WHO Guideline: The global safety standard of 5 µg/m³ for annual PM2.5 exposure,
which will serve as our benchmark for success."

(Visual Cue/Yêu cầu hình ảnh):

• Slide: Một hình ảnh tương phản mạnh mẽ: một bên là hình ảnh một [Link] sôi động, hiện
đại; bên kia là hình ảnh tương tự nhưng bị bao phủ bởi một lớp sương mù ô nhiễm dày đặc.
Tiêu đề mang tính thông điệp: "The Price of Progress?" (Cái giá của sự phát triển?).

Phần 2: Phân tích Thực trạng & Gánh nặng Y tế - Kinh tế (Analysis of the Current Situation
& The Health-Economic Burden)

Thành viên 2: Nguyễn Minh Trúc

(Nội dung trình bày):
"To understand the scale of this challenge, let us first look at the data. As of August 2025, the
PM2.5 concentration in Ho Chi Minh City hovers around 17 µg/m³ (Source: IQAir). This is not a
minor overage; it is a chronic state of exposure more than three times higher than the World Health
Organization's safety guideline.
This statistic, however, fails to capture the human cost. According to a landmark study by C40
Cities, this level of pollution is responsible for an estimated 7,300 premature deaths annually in
our city. This figure represents our neighbors, our family members, and our colleagues whose lives
are cut short by preventable environmental factors.

Furthermore, this health crisis translates directly into a significant economic burden. The costs
associated with treating respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, coupled with lost productivity,
amount to trillions of VND each year. As you can see on the chart before you, the correlation
between high PM2.5 levels and adverse health outcomes is undeniable and demands immediate
intervention."

(Số liệu và Dẫn chứng cốt lõi):

• IQAir (Aug 2025): PM2.5 ≈ 17 µg/m³.

• C40 Cities Technical Assistance Report: PM2.5 concentration is 3 times the WHO
recommendation; 7,300 premature deaths/year.
(Visual Cue/Yêu cầu hình ảnh):

• Slide: Một infographic chuyên nghiệp, đặt con số "7,300 premature deaths/year" ở trung
tâm. Xung quanh là các icon biểu thị gánh nặng: icon bệnh viện (chi phí y tế), icon người
lao động (mất năng suất), icon lá phổi (bệnh hô hấp), icon trái tim (bệnh tim mạch). Một
biểu đồ đường thể hiện sự biến động của PM2.5 trong năm, luôn ở trên vạch an toàn của
WHO.

Phần 3: Chẩn đoán Nguyên nhân Gốc rễ (Diagnosing the Root Causes)

Thành viên 3: Võ Thái Bảo

(Nội dung trình bày):
"So, what is driving this alarming level of pollution? Our analysis, supported by the C40 Cities
report, indicates that the road transport sector emerges as the dominant contributor, responsible
for approximately 40% of ambient PM2.5 concentration.

This is a direct consequence of the city's urban mobility structure, which relies heavily on a fleet of
over 8 million motorbikes. These vehicles, predominantly powered by fossil fuels and often
lacking modern emission control technology, account for a staggering 60% of transport-related
PM2.5. This problem is critically exacerbated by chronic traffic congestion, which increases fuel
consumption and idle emissions of both PM2.5 and Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)."

Thành viên 4: Trân

(Nội dung trình bày):
"While transport is the primary source, it is not the sole contributor. A comprehensive diagnosis
must also include:
1. Industrial and Construction Emissions: Emissions from a burgeoning industrial sector,
including cement and steel manufacturing, as well as fugitive dust from countless
construction sites, add a significant pollutant load to our air.
 2. Unregulated Waste Incineration: The persistent practice of open waste burning in peri-
urban areas releases a dangerous cocktail of toxic compounds, including dioxins and furans,
directly into our atmosphere, posing severe localized health risks."

(Số liệu và Dẫn chứng cốt lõi):

• C40 Cities Report: 40% of PM2.5 from transport; 60% of that is from motorbikes.
• VnExpress (2024): >8 million motorbikes.

(Visual Cue/Yêu cầu hình ảnh):

• Slide: Một biểu đồ tròn (donut chart) thể hiện các nguồn gây ô nhiễm: "Transport" (40%) là
miếng lớn nhất. Một biểu đồ phụ tách miếng "Transport" ra, cho thấy "Motorbikes" (60%) là
nguồn chính. Hình ảnh nền là một bức ảnh chất lượng cao chụp từ trên cao cảnh tắc đường,
làm nổi bật mật độ xe máy.

Phần 4: Lộ trình Giải pháp & Lợi ích Định lượng (The Solutions Roadmap & Quantifiable
Benefits)

Thành viên 5: Trần Phú

(Nội dung trình bày):
"Addressing this multifaceted problem demands a strategic, two-tiered approach. We will first
outline the Immediate, High-Impact Interventions for the next 1-3 years:

1. A Strategic Fleet Modernization: This involves the conversion of 1,300 diesel buses to
CNG and, crucially, promoting a modal shift towards e-mobility. The goal is to facilitate the
adoption of electric motorbikes to replace their gasoline counterparts.

2. Strengthening Monitoring and Enforcement: We must expand our data infrastructure by

installing 20 new automated monitoring stations. This enhanced data will enable data-
driven policymaking and stricter enforcement of emission standards for industrial sources."

Thành viên 6: Phan Tấn Sang

(Nội dung trình bày):
"Concurrently, we must invest in Long-Term Structural Transformations to build a sustainable
urban future:

1. A Fundamental Redesign of Urban Mobility: This centers on the aggressive expansion

and integration of the Metro (MRT) and Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) systems. The long-
term vision is the full electrification of the city's bus fleet, targeting 2,293 electric buses by
2030.
2. Fostering a Green Technology Ecosystem: This requires robust financial incentives, such
as tax credits and preferential loans, to lower the barrier for entry for both consumers
purchasing electric vehicles and industries adopting green technologies.

These are not just theoretical proposals; their benefits are quantifiable and profound. As this
infographic illustrates, shifting just 10% of motorbikes to electric would prevent 106 deaths
annually and save 2.7 Trillion VND in healthcare costs. Upgrading the bus fleet would yield
additional significant health and economic returns. These are investments in public health that pay
for themselves."

(Số liệu và Dẫn chứng cốt lõe):

• C40/TUMI Reports: Specific data on deaths averted, hospital admissions avoided, and
economic savings from bus and e-motorbike conversion.
• TUMI E-Bus Mission: Target of 2,293 electric buses by 2030.

(Visual Cue/Yêu cầu hình ảnh):

• Slide: Một infographic so sánh song song hai kịch bản "Business as Usual" (Tiếp tục như
cũ) và "Clean Air Action" (Hành động vì không khí sạch). Bên "Clean Air Action" hiển thị
các con số lợi ích ấn tượng (số người được cứu, số tiền tiết kiệm) với các icon chuyên
nghiệp.

Phần 5: Kết luận & Kêu gọi Hành động Chiến lược (Conclusion & Strategic Call to Action)
Thành viên 7: Tổng kết và Kêu gọi hành động
(Nội dung trình bày):
"In summary, the path to cleaner air for Ho Chi Minh City is both clear and challenging. We have
diagnosed the problem, identified the primary causes, and presented a roadmap of evidence-based
solutions with proven benefits.

We recognize the barriers—from infrastructural delays to the need for greater public awareness.
However, these are not insurmountable obstacles; they are implementation challenges that can be
overcome with focused political will and strategic investment.

The choice before us is stark. We can accept the status quo—a future of continued health crises and
economic drain. Or, we can embrace this strategic roadmap and invest in a future where our
children can breathe freely, where our city is a leader in sustainable development, and where
Vietnam's national commitment to achieving Net Zero by 2050 becomes a tangible reality on our
streets.

Let us choose a future where economic prosperity and a healthy environment are not competing
priorities, but two sides of the same coin. Let us choose a future of clean air.

Thank you. We welcome your questions."

(Dẫn chứng cốt lõi):

• Vietnam's NDC (2022): National commitment to Net Zero by 2050.

(Visual Cue/Yêu cầu hình ảnh):

• Slide cuối cùng trước Q&A: Một hình ảnh tương lai đầy khát vọng của [Link]: một
thành phố xanh với hệ thống giao thông công cộng hiện đại, người dân đi xe đạp, và bầu trời
trong xanh. Một câu trích dẫn hoặc thông điệp lớn ở giữa slide: "The Future of Ho Chi
Minh City is in the Air We Choose to Breathe." (Tương lai của [Link] nằm ở không
khí mà chúng ta lựa chọn để hít thở.)
• Slide Q&A: Thiết kế tối giản, chuyên nghiệp với thông tin liên hệ.