AC Machines

UNIT-1: AC Machines
Demonstrate why the stator core of induction motor made of silicon content steel
1. stamping.
Why are the slots on the cage rotor of induction motor usually skewed?
2.
3. Classify the two types of 3-phase induction motor.
Describe why an induction motor is called a 'rotating transformer'.
4.
Why is it objectionable to start large three phase induction motor by switching
5. it directly on the line?
A 3-phase induction motor is wound for 4 poles and is supplied from 50 Hz
6. system. Calculate the speed at
which the magnetic field of the stator is rotating.
Why an induction motor will never run at its synchronous speed?
7.
8. Define Pullout torque.
9. Describe cogging in an induction motor.
What measure can be taken for minimizing the effect of crawling in a 3-phase
10. induction motor?
Explain the power development stages in an induction motor.
11.
Identify the condition of maximum torque developed in three phase induction motor.
12.
Explain why an induction motor, at no-load, operates at very low power factor.
13.
Describe how do change in supply voltage and
14. frequency affect the performance of a 3-phase induction motor.
Generalize why staring torque of a squirrel cage induction motor cannot be altered
15. when the applied voltage is constant.
16. Explain the purpose of conducting blocked rotor test.
17 List the applications of 3-phase induction motor.
18 Explain about an induction generator?
19. Describe the construction and working principle of 3 phase induction m o t o r .

Sketch and explain the torque slip characteristics of 3 phase cage and slip-ring
20 induction motor.

Derive the expression for torque under running condition of a 3-phase induction
21 motor and obtain the condition for maximum torque.
22 Discuss the different power stages of an induction motor with losses.
23 A 50 HP, 6–Pole, 50 Hz, slip ring IM runs at 960 rpm on full load with a rotor
current of 40 A. Allow 300 W for copper loss in S.C. and 1200 W for
mechanical
losses, find R2 per phase of the 3- phase rotor.
A 100kW, 330V, 50Hz, 3 phase, star connected induction motor has a synchronous
24 speed of 500 rpm. The full load slip is 1.8% and full load power factor 0.85. Stator
copper loss is 2440W, iron loss is 3500W, and rotational loss is 1200W. Calculate (i)
rotor copper loss,
(ii) the line current and (iii) the full load efficiency.

25 Point out the effect of change in supply voltage on starting torque, torque and slip.
26 Point out the effect of variation of rotor resistance and rotor reactance on
maximum torque, efficiency and power factor of an induction motor.
27. Explain in detail the construction of circle diagram of an induction motor.
(ii) Derive the expression for torque, slip and draw speed torque characteristics.
28
29 The test readings of a 3 phase 14.71 kW, 400 V, 50 Hz, star connected
induction motor is given below:
No load test : 400 V, 9 A, Cos ɸ = 0.2 Short Circuit Test: 200 V, 50
A, Cos ɸ =0.4.
From the Circle Diagram estimate: (i) Line current
(ii) Power Factor (iii) Slip (iv) Efficiency at full load.
Also evaluate the maximum power output.
30. Describe the following: i) induction generator ii) double cage rotor induction motors.

31. Generalize about Synchronous-induction motor and different methods of DC excitation

of rotor winding.

UNIT-2: Induction Machines

1. What is the need of starter for induction motor?

Identify the cheapest method of starting a three- p h a s e induction motor?
2.
Express the relationship between staring torque and full load torque of DOL
3. Starter?
List the advantages of rotor resistance starter- b a s e d induction motor
4. starting.
Illustrate Auto transformer starting of 3-phase Induction Motor.
5.
6. Describe about the star-delta starter.
Give the typical magnitude of starting current & torque for induction motor?
7.
Summarize the different methods of speed control on stator side of induction
8 motor.
Summarize the different methods of speed control from rotor side of induction
9. motor.
Criticize “is speed control by changing the applied voltage is simpler”.
10.
 What if “the number of poles of an induction motor Increases”.
11.
12. Show the cascade connections of induction motor.
13. Illustrate the advantages and disadvantages of V/F speed control of an induction
motor.
Generalize how is super-synchronous speed achieved, while controlling the speed
of an induction motor.
14.
Discuss the advantages of slip power scheme. And also mention the types.
15.
Point out the two advantages of speed control of induction motor by
16. injecting an e.m.f in the rotor circuit.
What type of braking is employed during deceleration of an induction motor?
17.
What are the conditions for regenerative braking of an induction motor to be
18. possible?
Compare Plugging, Dynamic braking and Regenerative braking.
19.
Describe why starters are necessary for starting 3-phase induction motors? Name
20. the different types of starters
and explain DOL Starter.
21. With neat diagrams explains the working of any two types of starters used for
squirrel cage type 3 phase
induction motor.
22 Discuss the following starters for three phase induction motor:
(i) Autotransformer starter. ii) Star-Delta Starter.
(i) Describe a starter available for a 3-phase slip ring induction motor.
23
24 (ii) A small squirrel cage induction motor has a starting current of six times the
full load current and a full load slip of 0.5. Estimate in pu of full-load values,
the line current and starting torque with the following methods of starting ((a) to (d)).
(a) Direct Switching, (b) Stator resistance starting with motor current limited to 2p.u,
(c) auto-transformer starting with motor current limited to 2p.u, and (d) Y-delta
starting. (e) What auto transformer ratio would give 1pu
starting torque?
25 The ratio of maximum torque to full load torque in a 3-phase squirrel cage induction
motor is 2.5:1. Evaluate the ratio of actual torque to full load torque for the following
cases:
(i) Direct starting (ii) Star delta Starting (iii) Auto- transformer starting
having voltage per phase at starting as 65% of supply. The rotor resistance
and reactance per phase are 0.4 ohm and 4 ohms, respectively.
26. The rotor resistance per phase of a 3-phas, 60 kW induction motor is 0.020 W. Design
a starter for this induction motor having six notches, where the upper
current limit has to be the full load current so that the slip is 2.5%.
A 15 H.P., three phase, 6 pole, 50 Hz, 400 V, delta connected IM runs at 960 rpm
27. on full load. If it takes
86.4A on direct starting. Calculate the ratio of starting torque to full-load torque
with a star- delta starter. Full load efficiency and power factor are 88% and
0.85 respectively.
28. Describe the following: (i) Rotor Resistance Starter for Starting Slipring
Induction Motor. (ii) Speed Control of an induction motor by changing the
 frequency and Poles.

29. Illustrate the rotor rheostat control of 3 phase slip ring induction motor.

30. Discuss the cascade operation of induction motors to obtain variable speed.

31. Explain the following methods of speed control scheme.

(i) Cascaded connection. (ii) V/f Control.
32. Explain briefly the various speed control schemes of induction motor.
Explain in detail the scherbius system of speed control.
33
A 400 V induction motor runs at a speed of 1440 rpm when supplied from a 50 Hz
34. source. Find its speed at 30 Hz when the load torque is constant. The frequency is
varied while maintaining the ratio (V/f) constant.

UNIT-3: Synchronous Generators

Identify the type of synchronous generators that are used in hydroelectric plant.
1.
What are the advantages of salient pole type construction used for synchronous
2.
machines?
3. Why is the field system of an alternator made as a rotor?
4. Differentiate single layer and double layer winding.
5. Summarize winding factors of an alternator.
Explain the role of damper winding in synchronous generator.
6.

Calculate the pitch factor for the under given winding: 36 stator slots, 4 poles and
7.
coil span 1 to 8.
What is the necessity of chording in the armature winding of a synchronous
8.
machine?
Write the equation for frequency of emf induced in an alternator.
9.
Summarize the essential elements for generating emf in alternators.
10.
Distinguish between the ‘Synchronous reactance’ and the ‘Potier reactance’ of a
11.
synchronous generator.
12. Tell, what is meant by armature reaction in an alternator?
13. Express what is meant by alternator on infinite bus-bars?
14. Demonstrate the conditions to be satisfied for parallel operation of alternators.
15. What is synchronizing power of an alternator?
16. Explain the causes of voltage drop in an alternator when loaded.
17. Define voltage regulation.
18. List the various methods to determine the voltage regulation.
19. Why the concept of Two reaction theory is applied only to salient pole machines.
20. Distinguish between transient and sub-transient reactance’s.
21. Define armature reaction and explain the effect of armature reaction on different
power factor loads of synchronous generators.
Derive the EMF equation of a 3-phase synchronous machine.
Describe how the direct and quadrature-axis reactance’s of a salient-pole
22. synchronous machine can be estimated by means of slip test.
23. Explain phasor diagram of one phase of a synchronous generator and describe the
features of synchronous impedance.
24 A 3-phase, 50 Hz, star-connected alternator with 2- layer winding is running at 600
rpm. It has 12 turns/coil, 4 slots/pole/phase and a coil-pitch of 10 slots. If the
flux/pole is 0.035 Wb sinusoidally distributed, find the phase and line emf’s
induced. Assume that the total turns/phase are series connected.
25 Two similar, 3 phase alternators work in parallel and deliver a total real power of
1800 kW at 11 kV and at
0.85 pf lagging to the load. Each alternator initially supplied half the load power.
The excitation of the first alternator is then increased such that its line current
becomes 60 A lagging. Find the line current delivered by
the second alternator.
26 Sketch and explain the open-circuit and short-circuit characteristics of synchronous
machines.

27 Define the terms synchronous reactance and voltage regulation of alternator.

Explain synchronous impedance method for determining regulation of an alternator.
28 Predict the full load voltage regulation of a 3-phase star- connected, 1000kVA,
11,000V alternator has rated current o f 52.5A. The ac resistance of the winding
per phase is 0.45Ω. The test results are given below:
OC Test: field current = 12.5A, voltage between lines=422V SC Test: field current
= 12.5A, line current = 52.5A
For 0.8 pf lagging and (ii) 0.8 pf leading.
29 The following data were obtained for the OCC of a 10MVA, 13kV, 3-phase, 50Hz,
Y- connected synchronous generator:

An excitation of 100A causes the full load current to flow during the short-circuit
test. The excitation required to give the rated current at zero pf and rated voltage is
290A.
(i) Calculate the adjusted synchronous reactance of the machine.
(ii) Calculate the leakage reactance of the machine assuming the resistance to be
negligible.
Determine the excitation required when the machine supplies full-load at 0.8 pf
lagging by using the leakage reactance and drawing the mmf phasor diagram.
What is the voltage regulation of the machine? Also calculate the Voltage
regulation for this loading using the adjusted synchronous reactance. Compare
and comment upon the two results.
30 Describe the principle and construction of slow speed operation generator with
neat diagram.
31 Describe the POTIER method of determining the regulation of an alternator.

32 What is meant by Synchronizing? State the conditions for paralleling alternator with
infinite busbars.

33 Point out the assumptions made in the potier method and explain the effect of
these assumptions on the accuracy of the voltage regulation.
34 Discuss the two-reaction theory of salient pole alternator.
35 Generalize the EMF & MMF methods of determining the regulation of an
alternator.
36 Summarize the discussion on capability curve with its boundaries of
synchronous machine.

UNIT-4: Synchronous Motors

1. List the main parts of synchronous motor.

Show the two fundamental characteristics of a rotating magnetic field.
2.
Point out why synchronous motor is not a self-starting motor.
3.
Why a 3-phase synchronous motor will always run at synchronous speed?
4.
5. Discuss how can we change the operating speed of synchronous motor.
6. Write down the significance of V and inverted V curves.
7. Discuss about ‘Torque angle’.
8. Develop voltage equation of synchronous motor.
Illustrate the typical torque angle characteristics of
9. synchronous machine.
Name the various torques associated with a synchronous motor.
10.
11. Name the starting methods of synchronous motor.
12. How does a change of excitation affect its power factor?
13. A 3-phase synchronous motor driving a constant load torque draws power from
infinite bus at leading power factor. How power angle and power factor will
change if
the excitation is increased?
14. Invent what happens when the load on the synchronous motor is changed.

15. What is hunting.

16. Express the causes of hunting.
Explain the methods of reducing the space harmonics in a machine.
17.
What for damper windings are provided in a synchronous machine?
18.
How the synchronous motor can be used as synchronous condenser?
19.
20. List the inherent disadvantages of synchronous motor.
21. Explain briefly the features and principle of operation of three-phase synchronous
motor.
22 Tabulate the characteristic features of synchronous motor.

23 Describe how the behavior of a synchronous motor differ from that of a 3-phase
induction motor.
24 Describe the reasons for the synchronous motor fails to start.
Show that the synchronous motor is a variable power factor motor.
25

List the advantages of salient pole in synchronous motor.

26
Draw the simplified equivalent circuit of synchronous motor and examine the
27 effect of loading in synchronous motor at various power factors with help of
phasor diagrams.
28 Derive the mechanical power developed per phase of a synchronous motor.

29 Derive the expression for maximum torque developed per phase of synchronous
motor.
Explain in detail the V curve and inverted V curve of a synchronous motor.
30

31 What are ‘constant excitation circles and constant power circle’ for a
synchronous motor? How are they
derived?

32 A 3-phase star connected synchronous motor rated at 187kVA, 2300V, 47A,

50Hz, 187.5 rpm has an effective resistance of 1.5 ohm and a synchronous
reactance of 20 ohm per phase. Determine the internal power developed by the
motor when it is operating at rated current and 0.8 power factor leading.
33 A 5kW, three-phase Y-connected 50 Hz, 440V, cylindrical rotor synchronous
motor operates at rated condition with
0.8 pf leading. The motor efficiency excluding field and stator losses is 95% and
Xs=2.5Ω. Calculate:
i) Mechanical power developed
ii) Armature Current
iii) Back emf
iv) Power angle
Maximum or pull-out torque of the motor.
34 A 6600V, 3 phase, star connected synchronous motor draws a full load current of
80A at 0.8pf leading. The armature resistance is 2.2Ω and reactance of 22Ω per
phase. If the stray losses of the machine are 3200W. Find (i) Emf induced (ii)
Output power (iii) Efficiency of the machine.
35 Generalize the effect of changing field current excitation at constant load on
synchronous motor.
36 Examine in detail the effect of varying excitation on
armature current and power factor of synchronous motor.
37 A 1000 kVA, 11000 V, 3–phase star-connected synchronous motor has an armature
resistance and reactance per phase of 3.5Ω and 40 Ω respectively.
Determine the induced emf and angular retardation of the rotor when fully
loaded at 0.8 p.f. lagging and 0.8
p.f. leading.
38 Illustrate the phenomenon of hunting and the use of damper winding with the
help of dynamic equations.
39 With phasor diagram illustrate how synchronous motor can be used as a
synchronous condenser.

UNIT-5: Single-Phase Induction Motors

Summarize why single- p h a s e induction motor is not self-starting. What
1. are the various methods available for making a single-phase motor self-starting?
2. Discuss the double revolving field theory.
Distinguish the terms rotating and pulsating magnetic fields.
3.
Identify the inherent characteristics of plain 1-phase induction motor.
4.
Show the no load vector diagram for single phase induction motor.
5.
Develop the Speed torque characteristics of single-phase induction motor.
6.
Name the two windings of a single-phase induction motor.
7.
Examine why centrifugal switches are provided in many 1-phase induction
8.
motors.
Design the capacitor rating required for an induction motor?
9.
Illustrate why capacitor-start induction motors are advantageous.
10.
Explain how the direction of a capacitor-start motor can be reversed.
11.
Summarize the advantages of capacitor start induction motor over split-phase
12. induction motor.
What is the role of ‘magnetic bridges’ in the operation of a shaded pole induction
13. motor?
State the limitations of shaded pole motors.
14.
Predict the type of motor that is used for ceiling fan.
15.
Specify the use of single-phase induction motor.
16.
What is the principle of operation of a linear induction motor?
17.
 What is the necessity of having laminated yoke in an ac series motor?
18.
Discuss the working principle of repulsion motor.
19.
What is the principle of reluctance motor?
20.
Give the classification of single- p h a s e motors. Explain any two types of
21. single- p ha se induction motors.
Using double field revolving theory, compose why a single-phase induction
22. motor is not self-starting. Also obtain the equivalent circuit of single-phase
induction motor with necessary equations.
(i) Illustrate the operation of single- p h a s e induction motor with double
23. field revolving theory.
(ii) A 220 V, 6-pole, 50 Hz, single phase induction motor has the following
equivalent circuit parameters as referred to the stator.
R1m= 3.0 Ω, X1m = 5.0 Ω
R2 = 1.5 Ω, X2 = 2.0 Ω
Neglect the magnetizing current. When the motor runs at 97% of the synchronous
speed, Compute the following:
(i) The ratio Emf/Emb
The ratio Tf/Tb
24. Describe the no-load test and blocked rotor test for obtaining the equivalent circuit
parameters of a single-phase induction motor.
25. The equivalent circuit parameters of a 230 V, 50 Hz, single phase induction motor
having friction, windage loss and core loss of 50 W are given below:
R1m = 2.4 Ω, X1m = 3.2 Ω
R2’ = 4.7 Ω, X 2’ = 2.8 Ω and Xm= 90 Ω. Examine
(i) Input current
(ii) Power Factor
(iii) Developed power
(iv) Output power and
Efficiency for a slip of 0.04.
26. The equivalent impedance of the main and auxiliary winding in a capacitor motor
are (15+j25) Ω and (50+ j120) Ω respectively, while the capacitance of the
capacitor is 12µF. Estimate the line current at starting a 230 V, 50Hz supply.

(i) Explain in detail the operation of capacitor- start and run induction motor.
27.
(ii) Explain with suitable diagram the working principle of split-phase induction
motor.
Explain the working of linear induction motor and also write its applications.
28.
Describe briefly about the Repulsion motor.
29.
Discuss the construction, operation and characteristics of the following:
30. (i) Repulsion motor.
(ii) Servo motor.
 Explain briefly the following:
31.
(i) Linear induction motor.
(ii) AC Series motor.
(i) Describe what kind of modifications have to be done on a DC series motor to
32.
make it to work with single phase AC supply. State the applications of AC series
motors.
(ii) Describe the constructional details, principle of operation and the
application of Hysteresis motor.
33. Describe the construction and working principle of the following special
machines:
(i) Stepper motors.
Shaded pole induction motor.
34. Explain the theory of brushless DC Machines.
Write short notes on Stepper Motor.