Q 1) State and explain modes of heat dissipation.

Ans- 1. Conduction: >Conduction is the passing of heat from hot end to cold end within the substance or transfer of
heat between two objects or substances that are in direct contact with each other. >This mode of heat dissipation is
important in solid parts of the machine like copper windings iron core and insulation means. >If the object is made up
of good conductor of heat, heat will be rapidly transferred from hot end to cold end. >The equation for heat flow for
conduction between two surfaces separated by heat conducting medium can be written as, Qcon = (θ1 – θ2)/Ro
2. Convection: Convection is heat transfer by mass motion of a fluid such as liquid or gas when heated fluid is caused
to move away from the source of heat. >In simpler language, convection is the transfer of heat from one place to
another by the movement of liquids or gases. >The convection is of two types viz. natural convection and artificial
convection. > a) Natural convection : When gas or liquid particles are in contact with the heated body in natural way
the particles are heated up and become lighter. > These lighter particles then rise giving place to other coolar particles
which also get heated and rise and thus heat gets dissipated.>This natural process of heat transfer due to changes in
fluid density is known as natural convection. b) Artificial convection: >In modern days, the heat developed in the
different portions of the machines is removed by artificial circulation of cooling medium. >In this process, the heat
dissipation increases due to increase in convection. >The turbo alternators are being cooled by circulating hydrogen
and transformer tanks are cooled by forced air circulation across the tank. This type of cooling process is called as
cooling by artificial convection. >The usual method employed for cooling of machines is by blasting air on heating
surfaces. > 3. Radiation: In radiation heat can be transferred through empty spaces in the form of electromagnetic
waves. >In radiation contact between two surfaces as well as conducting medium are not required. >The heat which is
being dissipated by radiation from a machine surface depends upon the temperature of that surface and also on other
characteristics such as colour, surface roughness etc. >For a small spherical radiating body inside a large and or black
spherical cavity, heat dissipation by radiation per unit surface is given by Stefan-Boltzmann's law.
Q 2) Write various specifications of a transformer as per IS 2026 part-1.
Ans- Specifications of transformer as per IS 2026: 1. Ratings: >Standard kVA ratings for 30 transformer 25 kVA,
100 kVA, 125 kVA, 500 kVA, 1 MVA, 2 MVA, 10 MVA, 25 MVA. > Standard kVA ratings for 1 o transformer → 1
kVA, 5 kVA, 10 kVA, 25 kVA. >Above 25 kVA the standard ratings for single phase transformers shall be one
third of value given for 3-phase transformer. > 2. Tappings: >Unless specified, adjustment of tapping if required
shall be such that a voltage adjustment on the high voltage side of ± 2.5% and ± 5% of rated voltage. 5. Rating
plate : >i. kVA rating >ii. Voltage on no load on hv and lv side > iii. Current in hv and lv side >iv. Type of cooling
> v. Frequency >vi. Class of insulation > vii. Year of manufacture and customer's reference number.
Q . 3) Write the functions of Tap changer, pressure release valve, conservator and breather?
Ans- 1) Tap Changer: >The voltage at the load side of transformer is desired to be constant But the load voltage
may vary according to current drawn by the load. >Hence to keep load voltage constant at all load conditions,
turn ratio of transformer must be changed. >. >Tap changer can be located on HV side or LV side but generally
it is placed on HV side. 2) Conservator: >The conservator is an airtight cylindrical drum mounted on the
transformer tank and it is connected to tank through a small pipe.>The conservator provides adequate space
for expansion of oil and acts as a reservoir. >Normally oil is 90% filled in transformer tank. When transformer
is loaded losses in transformer cause temperature of oil to be increased. Due to temperature rise, density of
oil changes and expands. Conservator provides space for this expansion. 3) Breather: >When temperature
changes occur in transformer, transformer oil expands and contracts. When oil expands air is expelled out and
oil contracts, outside air gets absorbed in tank. This process is called breathing and apparatus through which
entering air passes is called breather. >Breather is basically used to remove moisture content from entering
air. >Breather is small container connected to vent pipe and contains silica gel crystals impregnated with cobalt
chloride which is good absorber of moisture. >The material is dark blue when dry and a whitish pink when
damp.4) Pressure release valve: >An oil pressure relief valve is fitted at the top of the transformer tank. It is a
spring controlled valve located at the end of an oil relief pipe protruding from the top of the tank. Whenever
a surge in the oil is developed, it bursts, thereby allowing the oil to discharge rapidly. >It operates when the
pressure exceeds 10 psi but closes automatically when the pressure falls below the critical level. >This avoids
the explosive rupture of the tank and the risk of fire.
Q 4) What are different types of winding used in a transformer? Explain any two.?
Ans-Types : 1) Helical windings , 2) Cross -over windings , 3) Disc Type windings , 4) Sandwich type windings
1) Helical windings : Helical winding is very common coil arrangement in which coil progresses as helix (or spring)
wound in an axial direction of core. >The large cross-sections of rectangular shape are very commonly used for
this windings. > Helical winding can be single layered or multilayered depending on capacity and size of
transformer. >Helical windings are used for low voltage winding in medium and high capacity transformers where
the number of winding turns is small and current is high. >The complexity of this winding rapidly increases as the
current to be handled more. For high current conductors cross sections become too large hence two or more
conductors have to be wound and connected in parallel. >Standard ratings of helical winding: >i) Rating (kVA):
From 160 kVA to tens of thounsands >ii) Voltage (kV): From 0.23 to 15 kV > iii) Maximum current/conductor (A):
300 and above >iv) Conductor cross section (mm²): 75 to 100 and above , 2) Cross -over windings : Cross-over
windings are used for high voltage windings of small and medium transformers. >The complete winding consists
of number of coils connected in series. Each coil consists of number of layers with number of turns per layer. >The
coils are axially separated by insulation spacer or washer. >The voltage between adjacent coils in cross-over
winding should not exceed 800-1000 V. >The number of layers are calculated on the basis of maximum voltage
between layers should not exceed 300 V. >Standard specifications: >i. Rating (kVA): upto 1000 >ii. Voltage (kV):
upto 33 >iii. Max. current/conductor (A): 40 >iv. Conductor cross-section (mm²): upto 15> 3) Disc Type windings
: Disc windings are primarily used in high capacity transformers. >The winding consists of number of flat coils or
discs connected in series or parallel.c>These coils are formed with rectangular strips wound spirally from centre
outwards in radial direction. >Standard specifications: >i. Rating (kVA): From 200 to tens of thousands >ii. Voltage
(kV): 3.3 to 220 V >iii. Max. current/conductor (A): 12 and above > iv. Conductor cross-section (mm²): From 4 to
200 and above.
Q 5) Derive the output equation of a three phase transformer with usual notation.?

Q. 6) Explain the procedure for the design on tank with cooling tubes and derive the relation for the
number of cooling tubes.?
Ans- If the temperature rise as calculated with plain tank exceeds the specified limits. It can be brought down by
provision of tubes. >Let dissipating surface of tank be St. >This surface will dissipate heat = 12.5 S, W/
°C. >Let area of tubes be x St. >An addition of about 35 % should be considered to tube area in
order to take into account improvement in dissipation by tubes by convection. > .. Loss dissipated
by tubes by convection = 1.35 × 6.5 St = 8.8 x S, W/°C > Total loss dissipated by tank walls and
tubes = 12.5 St+ 8.8 x S₁ = S, (12.5 +8.8 x) W/°C >Total area of tank and tubes = St + x St = (1 + x) St
m²
Q. 7) Derive expression for the condition of transformer design for minimum cost in
terms of total cost of iron and copper cost for three phase transformer. ?
Ans- Design of minimum cost:
For a single phase transformer kVA output is : >
Q = 2.22 f Bm δ Kw Ai × 10-3 = 2.22 f Bm δ Ac A¡ × 10-3
Assuming that the flux and current densities are constant for a transformer of given rating
the product AcAi is constant. Let this product AA₁ = M². >
The optimum design problem is, therefore, that of determining the minimum value of total cost.

Where β is a function of r only as Bm and δ are constant.

Hence, for minimum total cost, the cost of iron must equal the cost of conductor
 Q. 8) Derive the expression for heating curve with usual notations and hence define heating time
constant.
Ans- Notation : Q = Power loss or heat developed per sec (J/S or W) > G = Weight of active parts of machine
(kg) > h = Specific heat (J/kg-°C) > S = Cooling surface (m²) > λ = Specific heat dissipation (W/m²-°C) >
C = 1/ λ = Cooling coefficient (°C-m²/W) > θ = Temperature rise at any time t (°C) > θm Final steady
temperature rise while heating (°C) > θn = Final steady temperature rise while cooling (°C) > θi = Initial
temperature rise over ambient medium (°C) > Th = Heating time constant (s) >
Tc = Cooling time constant (s) > t = Time (s)
Heating Curve: Cooling Curve:

θ = θi e-1 = 0.368θi
θ = θm(1 – e-1) = 0.632 θm
The cooling time constant can thus be defined as
-Heating time constant is defined as the time taken by time required to cool the machine down to 0.367
the machine to attain 0.632 of its final steady times the initial temperature rise above the
temperature rise. > -The heating time constant of a ambient temperature.
machine is the index of time taken by the machine to
attain its final steady temperature rise,

Q. 9) What is a mitred joint? What are the benefits of using mitred joints?
Ans- When limb and yoke are stacked together then it is seen from the Fig. 1.6.6 that magnetic lines of force
at the corners turn at an angle towards the direction of grain orientation. > In cold rolled grain oriented steel
maximum permeability is achieved in the direction of the grain orientation. However it is seen that flux lines
at the corner turn almost in 90°, which increases iron losses as well as no load current.

To solve this problem mitred joints (shown in Fig. 1.6.7) are used. These joints make the flux flow along the
direction of grain orientation and thus reduces the fron loss as well as no load current. > However above
construction is not possible practically as two laminations are not being Interleaved. So in practice two types
of mitre joints are used. > (1) 45° miter and > (2)35"/55" miter joints with overlapping laminations are used.
Q. 10) A field coil has a dissipating surface of 0.15m2 & a length of mean of 1m. It dissipates loss of 150
watts, the emissivity being 34 watts/m2 . °c. Estimate the final steady temperature rise of the coil its and its
time constant if the cross section of the coil is 100×50 mm2 , Specific heat of copper is 390 J/kg. °c. The
space factor 0.56. copper weighs 8900kg/m3 .
 Q.11) Design a suitable cooling tank with cooling tubes for a 500 kVA, 6600/440V, 50Hz, 3 phase transformer with
the following data. Dimensions of the transformer are 100 cm height, 96 cm length and 47 cm breadth. Total losses
= 7 kw. Allowable temperature rise for the tank walls is 35°c. tubes of 5 cm diameter area to be used. Determine
the number of tubes required