Module 1.

Hazards &conditions that lead to incidents

Stop Work Authority (SWA)

Before we start the Work Permit Hazard Recognition course, you must
be fuly awale
SaudiAramco Stop Work Authority (SWA).

workers with
and contract
The Stop Work Authority is a program designed to provide employees may
when a nossible unsafe condition or behavior
the responsibility andobligation to stop work
result in an incident.

Hazards & conditions that lead to incidents | Module 1. 1

Stop Work Authority

All personnel have the authority to stop any unsafe work.
If youobserve any unsafe work that has the potential to injure personnel, damage equipment, or harm
the environment, you are empowered to stop work and report your concerns to a supervisor.

Basic Safety Rules

Stop Unsafe Work
1. Immediately STOP any unsafe work that has the
potential to injure personnel, damage equipment, or
harm the environment.

Report Incidents
2. Immediately report all work related injuries/illnesses,
no matter how minor, to your supervisor.
3. Immediately report all fires, spills, or releases, no
matter how small, to your supervisor.
4. Immediately report any unsafe condition, unsafe act,
near miss incident, or vehicle collision to your
Supervisor.

8
 Hazards &conditions |Module 1, 1
that lead toincidents

SWA references
These publications Outline the expectations for all personnel to stop Work in the event that an unsafe act or
situation is observed.
Construction Safety Manual, Chapter |-4, Work Permit System and Stop WorkAuthority.
SMS Manual, Element 6. Safe
Operations.
Safety Handbook Rules 1 and
4.

Soud Aranta

Construction safety
Safety handbook
Manuai Mitunuru ietyul

Vol. 1: Centractor Satety Adminsvative Bsqutrga 4CSA

Vol. 2: Work Site Safety Mett (wsS)

Hazards &conditions that leadto incidents | Module 1. 1

SWA 5 step process

1. STOP unsafe work.
STOP You are authorized to stop work immediately when cOworkers, equipment or the environment are at
risk.

2. Notify affected personnel and supervision.

STOP Don't try to correct everything yourself. Notify your supervisor and any other organizations, as
required.

3. Investigate the cause for intervention and correct the hazard.

STOP
After a stop work action is in place, the proponent organization and those involved should:
.Discuss the situation and come to an agreement on the harmful behavior or condition and a
corrective plan.

If needed, have an external subject matter expert evaluate the situation and confirm whether it
is safe to proceed.
If the SWA Concern is valid:

. Suspend work until a resolution is in place.

. Verify that all safety issues have been properly resolved.
. Modify work practices or procedures when necessary. 10
 |Module 1. 1
Hazards &conditions that lead to incidents

SWA 5 step process

4. Communicate findings and resume work.
STOP
from occUns
NOUTy all affected personnel about corrective actinns to nrevent similar issues

5. Follow-up.
STOP follow-Up.
Promptly reviewall stop cases to identify any need for additional investigation or

11

Hazards & conditions that lead to incidents | Module 1. 1

SWA Signs
Stop work signage, shall be mounted in clearly visible locations at worksites as per CSM 4.11.4 to remind
everyone of their SWAresponsibilities.

O STOP

If it is unsafe, stop work and

report it to your supervisor.

12
 Hazards & conditions that lead to incidents IModule 1. 1

Review questions

13

Hazards &conditions that lead to incidents Module1.1

ldentify hazards and conditions that lead to incidents

In Module 1you willlearn about the following:
What isahazard.
. What is safety.
" Unsafe acts and conditions.
. Safety policy, processes and programs.
. Safety hazards.

WorSafetkyplace
 Module 1. 1
Hazards & conditions that lead to incidents |

What is ahazard?
Ahazand is anything that has the potential cause harm to: LPNewsletter
. People. Assessment and
Management

fhree Steps to Risk

. Environment.
Assets. Step Handidanshestisa

toh

. Business.
toetd Patoe peeefnd

When we ask "ls it safe?" we are really asking, "What is the risk
of me getting hurt or suffering a financial loss?" teis of he couf

(aseae/rg
kgettet th g rdat
Safety does not mean "no risk". It means that we know there is a
known and acceptable level of risk.

Some jobs will always have one or more hazardous components

that cannot be eliminated or control completely.
For exampie, flying in an airpiane will always have some level of 2010
LP Newsletter March
danger and yet you accept the risks when you fly on vacation.

15

| Module 1.1
Hazards & conditions that lead to incidents

What is safety?
One definitionof safety is:
'Freedom from risk or harm' (loss or injury)
Is it possible to do something100% safely? No
What about:

. Driving
Flyingan aircraft
Scuba diving
Crossing the street
Working in an oil and gas plant

THINK
ACT

16
 Hazards &conditions that leadto incidents | Module 1. 1

Programs and processes

To help you
many programs, processes, procedures and
standards inprevent injuries and illnesses, Saudi Aramco has
place to protect you.

Programs, processes, procedures and standards Examples

Safety standards Employee evaluation.

"Safety courses, hazard recognition,gas testing etc.

Training programs
"Safety orientations.

"Job safety analysis.

Observation processes "Joint site inspection.
-Hazard analysis checklist.

Reporting processes Injury reporting, incident reporting

17

Hazards &conditions that lead to incidents Module 1.1

Unsafe conditions andacts

Youneed to understand what causes incidents in order to prevent them.
Incidents are caused by:
. Unsafe acts (people chose to do something unsafe or not followW safety procedures)
Unsafe conditions (equipment is not well maintain, missingsafety guards)

Unsafe act examples Unsafe condition examples

Operatinggequipment without proper training or Inadequate guards or safety devices.

certifications.
Unsafe walkways and walking surfaces.
Removing or disabling safety devices.
Damaged/defectivelincorrect equipment.
Usingdefective equipment.
Extreme weather.
Taking shortcuts and not followingchecklists or
procedures.

Failure to secure (LOTO, fall protection).

Improper use of equipment.

18
 M o d u l e
1. 1
|
Hazards & conditions that lead to
incidents

Unsafe acts
Safety hazards and unsafe acts
include:

Operating equipnment without authorily or certification.

. Failure to warn.

Failure to secure.
Operating at an improper speed.
Making safety device inoperable.
Condition
Removing safety devices. Workplace
Unsafe Act and
Unsafe

Using defective equipment and poor maintenance.

. Using equipment improperly.

Unsafe Condition
Unsafe Ac

Hazards & conditions that lead to incidents

SaudiArarnco SaieiyPolicy

Safety policy
The SaudiAramco Safety Policy reminds you that you
Saud1 Arornco wii condu: its business in a manner that
prever1ts incidents or accients which cause loss of ife. bodily
injury or iness, or damage to property, assets or the
environment As reílecied in Saudi Aramco's Corporate Values.
we operate safely and are committed to the well-being of our
are responsible to: workforce. Accordingly, the comparny will:
" Adlvise all employees and contractors of their safety
Know your safety responsibilities responsibilities and regularly measure their performance
Evaluate, identify and eliminate or manage safety
" ldentify and eliminate hazards prior to starting a job risks prior to beginning any operation or activity and
continue to review such risks, complying with al
Take safety courses applicable laws and regulations.
Communicate safety objectives cdnd
l a l l a f f o re A p e c t a t i o n s

. Follow all safety procedures, standards and rules tegularly to employees parties.
Train employees and provide resources to maintain
. Be prepared to respond to emergencies job competencies, including loss prevention
responsibility and accountability.
Report incidents to help others avoid them in the Design and construct company fac1lities utilizing
future recognized best technology and practices to safequard
property and people.
Operate and maintain company facilities to assure sate
operations.
Ensure that contractors, suppliers and others adhere
to the company's safety policies and prOcedures.
Prepare for emergencies and other contingencies and
respond promptly and effectively to incidents
Report and investigate all incidents, take prompt action
to prevent recurrence and communicate lessons learned
Promote off-the-job safety and community awareness.
Review and improve the company's safety performance
continuously

20
 Hazards & conditions
that leadto incidents
IModule 1. 1

Safety hazards
In the work
place, an unsafe act is atask or ajob done in a
way that may
threaten the health and/or the safety of workers.
Knocking on avalve with a wrench to open it is an example
of an unsafe act.
A
reroming a job without the required certification, or not AAAAAAA
having arequired work permit is also an unsafe act. AAA
laking shortcuts, trving to accomplish work in a hurry or
try to save time. to

AAAAAA
Note:

NOt tollowing rules and procedures is the number 1 cause of incidents in Saudi Aramco.

21

Hazards &conditions that lead to incidents | Module 1. 1

Safety hazards
Why do people continue to take shortcuts on the job?

" Human nature to want to complete a task as quickly as possible.

. The demands of the job or the organization causing employees to act unsafely.

The employee tries to impress the bOSS with their level of production.

" They are in a rush to get the job done.

WHEN IT
COMES TO SAFETY

NO
SHORTCUTS
22
 Module 1. 1
|
Hazards & conditions that lead to
incidents

Safety hazards
Should you use safety checklists?
Yes.. but !
evaluate
each itern
" If vou are in a rush, you may stopping to
run through a safety checklist without actually
property.

or focused on
. The hand and eye are checking off the Checklist, but the brain is
not engaged
the task.
boxes on the

for all
Checklists are not foolproof, they may not have checkbox for possible variation
or situations or
every
safety hazard.

Checklists and procedures can only work if they are followed

and
completed properly and with all your attention.

23

Hazards & conditions that lead to incidents | Module 1. 1

Safety hazards
Poor hazard identification and control results in:

" Nearly 3,000.000 non-fatal and 4,000 fatal workplace injuries.

" The direct costs of injuries at work (e.g. workers' compensation claims, medical costs) total approximately
$250 billion annually.

Cost
Benefit
 Hazards &
conditions that lead to incidents |Module 1. 1

Safety hazards
We know that hazards exist in all that we do soto avoid incidents and injuries, we rmako surg that all
appropnate baiers are in place.

There are usually two

lypes of barriers:

Equipment: all our facilities have barriers to incident and injuries such as fixed gas detectors,
emergency shut-down valves, emergency alerts, sensors, helmets, harnesses and much more.

Human: the second barrier relies defense in

in other words -YOU. Humans are the front-line of
normal operations and the last lineonofpeople,
defense during non-normal operations. Both situations rely on the
human to avoid
incident.

Hazards &conditions that lead to incidents | Module 1. 1

Review questions

26
 Module
1.1
|
Hazards &conditions that lead to incidents

Summary
In Module 1you were introduced to the Saudi Aramco Stop Work Authority and the
practices,
hazards and

conditions that can lead to an incident.

Youshould now be able to:
Describe the Stop Work Authority program.
ldentify practices, hazards and conditions that can lead to an incident, such as
. What is a hazard.
. What is safety.
. Unsafe acts and conditions.
Safety policy, processes and programs. i n t e r n e t

. Safety hazards. apt

Cation
mathematr
science

Your instructor will now start Module 2. methods to recoanize and

Éarnng
control strategyin
hazards. search
ienurin e r i e n c e feam

knowledge

M e G s l e a r n i

Module 2
Methods to recognize
& control hazards

Enabling objectives
Oncompletion of Module 2, you will be able to:

" List the methods to recognize and

control hazards.

28
 Mcthods to recogntzo &control hazards | Module 1.2

ntrocoion
Hazards are everywhere.
They cause incidents, because we fal tosee
them or to control them.
Hazard recognition is required every day,agoss
Saudi Aramco.
It is a critical safety activity.
Failing to recognize and control hazards can
Cause serious iniuny [Link] death.

29

Methods to recognize &control hazards Module 1.2

Methods to recognize &control hazards

In Module 2 youwill learn about the following:
Common causes of incidents.
. Safety hazards.
" Health hazards.
. Recognize and controls hazards.
What are control measures.

WorSafetkyplace
 Methods to recognize & Module 1. 2
control hazards

How to recognize and control

hazards
In this part you
will learn about:
Categories of hazards
Recognizing hazards
Controlling hazards

Remember, the purpose of

hazard recognition...
It is to find
hazards and put in place
acceptable level before they controls and I precautions to eliminate or reduce hazards to an
cause an incident.

31

Methods to recognize &oontrol

hazards | Module 1.2

Common causes of incidents

Incident causes
Failure to follow rules and procedures.

Hazards not recognized or controlled.

Equipment is not properly isolated, powered off or depressurized.

Gas testing not performed or monitored.

No effective joint site inspection.

Improper responses when conditions change.

32
 Methods to recognize &control hazards | Module 1.2

lypes of hazards environment,

ae two main categories of hazards that have the potential to cause harm to people, the
assets and our business:

" Safety hazards.

" Health hazards.

WARNNG 33

|Module 1.2
Methods to recognize &control hazards

Safety hazards
Asafety hazard is anything that can have an adverse impact on your safety.

Safety hazards Examples

Electrical
power lines, transformers, static charge, lightning, energizedequipment, wiring and
batteries.

crane lifting operations,excavations, falling objects, collapsing roof, a body tripping of

Gravity falling.

Mechanical rotating shafts, belts, pulleys, saw blades.

vehicles,marine vessels,equipment movement, flowing water, wind, body positioning

Motion
when lifting, straining or bending.

Pressure
pressure piping, compressed cylinders, control lines, vessels, tanks, hoses, pneumatic
and hydraulic equipment.

34
 1. 2
Methods to recognize & |
Module

control hazards

Health hazards
Ahealth hazard is anything that can
have an adverse impact on your health.

Health hazards
Examples
improperly handled food,
Biological animals, bacteria, viruses, insects. blood borne pathogens,
contaminated water.

Chemical
dust, Tumes, gases, mists,vapors, liquids,hydrocarbons, solvents, leau.

Radiation NORM scale

lighting issues, welding arcs, solar rays, microwaves, lasers, X-rays, NO

Noise and vibration yuinent noise, impact noise. vibration high pressure release, impact ot noise
communication.

Temperature pell ilame, sparks, hot or cold surfaces. liguids. gases, steam, friction, general
environmental and weather conditions.

35

Methods to recognize &control hazards |Module 1.2

Recognize and control hazards

Methods to identify hazards in the work permit process are:

" Joint site inspection. HOT WORK PERMIT

Souci orarmco

SECTION1-WORK DESCUPIION HAZARO ANALYSIS CHEOKUST

" Work permit system and forms. A ldenty planulaty es

Werk to le done
D Cqupmend to be uod at Ihe bte

sKCnON 2 - HAZARD IDENTIICATION &CONTROL

" Hazard analysis checklist.

Inergy npes:
 Methods to recognize &control hazards
Module 1.2

Recognize and control hazards

You will need to complete Work permit forms properly during the Joint Site Inspection for activities in:
Construction
Maintenance
Inspection of oe PAT

Repair
On Pernmit
forms, you must identify and control hazards in the following [Link] OMTICAONA CoNTROt

sections:
Section 2, hazard jdentification and control.
Hazard analysis checklist.

WmOM&-MAMIT AUTHOALANON &Qo

Methods to recognize &control hazards | Module 1.2

What is a control measure

Control measures are steps that you are going to take to remove or reduce a hazard by:

Engineering
. Eliminate (change solvent paint to water based paint) work
permit
. Isolate (noise enclosure), LOT0, blinding

Administrative

. Reduce, rotate crew, use warnings

. Rules, policies, procedures bd

Protective equipment
" PPE

" RPE (Respiratory Protective Equipment) such as SCBA and SABA

38
 Module
1.2
Melhods to recognize &control |
hazards

Review questions |DODa

39

| Module 1.2
Methods to recognize &control hazards

Summary
In Module 2 you were introduced to the methods used to recoanize and control hazards.
You should now be able to:

List the methods to recognize and control workplace hazards such as

Common causes of incidents.
Safety hazards.
. Health hazards.
Recogníze and controls hazards.
. What are control measures.

internet tin
Your instructor willnow start Module 3, common workplace hazards. ent
mathema
dUCati ion SCier

fearnjng
knowlecdge

nslution search strategy A

Hovation experience tea
sclence knowledge
hing hess learni?

40