Karnataka J. Agric. Sci.

,27 (1): (9-13) 2014

Effect of staggered sowing and split application of nitrogen in seed production of pearl millet hybrid MH-946*
TEJAGOUDA BHANUJE, R. B. JOLLI, B. S. VYAKARANAHAL, R. GURUMURTHY, A. K. GUGGARI AND G. M. SAJJANAR
Department of Seed Science and Technology
University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad - 580 005, Karnataka, India
E-mail: bmteja@[Link]
(Received: August, 2012 ; Accepted:February, 2014)
Abstract: A field experiment was carried out during Kharif 2011 at the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Bijapur,
University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad to investigate the effect of staggered planting and split application of N on
synchronization of male and female parents of pearl millet hybrid MH-946 (GHB-558). The experiment comprised of twenty
treatments with three replications in split plot design. The results revealed that sowing of male parent by 8 days earlier to
female with 50% N at the time of sowing + 25% N at 25 DAS + 25% N at 35 DAS recorded less number of days for
50 per cent flowering in male (52.0 days) and female (51.3 days) and also recorded higher plant height (182.4 cm), ear length
(19.0 cm), ear diameter (3.0 cm), ear weight per plant (28.3 g), number of seeds per ear (2658.0 seeds), seed weight per ear
(21.0 g), seed set per cent (91.6 %) and 1000 seed weight (11.2 g) which resulted in increased value compared to other
treatments.
Key words: Nitrogen application, Seed yield, Synchronization
Introduction flowering which also enables the parental lines to bridge the
In India, pearl millet is grown in an area of 8.68 million hectares marginal gap in the flowering duration. The flowering behaviour
with a production of 8.61 million tonnes and the productivity of could also be manipulated by the use of different chemicals like
991 kg per ha (Anon., 2011). With the establishment of AICRIP gibberellic acid, foliar spray of nitrogen, phosphorus and pre-
in pearl millet in 1961 by ICAR, New Delhi, the exploitation of sowing hydration, which hasten the flowering. Hence, in the
heterosis was initiated, as a result of this first hybrid of pearl present investigation efforts were made to synchronize the
millet (HB-1) was released by AICRIP in 1961. Among the parental flowering where flowering of male is 8 to 10 days later
production factors, major barrier in hybrid seed production is to compared to the female parent.
achieve perfect synchronization of flowering between female Material and methods
and male parental lines and the non uniformity in flowering period The field experiment was laid out in a split plot design with
of male and female parent causes a poor seed set due to non- two factors, Factor - I: staggered sowing (M), Factor - II: split
availability of pollen at the time of stigma receptivity in female application of nitrogen to male parent (S). Main factor consisting
parent due to the protogyny in pearl millet. To achieve proper of sowing of male line at different dates i.e. M1-simultaneous
synchronization of flowering of male and female parents, the sowing of male and female parents, M2- sowing of male parent
methods like staggered planting and cultural practices such as by 4 days earlier to female, M3-sowing of male parent by 8 days
application of nitrogen through soil, spraying of urea, gibberellic earlier to female, M4-sowing of male parent by 12 days earlier to
acid, ABA, hydro priming and controlled irrigation are followed female, and M5-sowing of male parent by 16 days earlier to
in hybrid seed production of cereals and millets. female. Hence, the treatments were fixed to advance the
The pearl millet hybrid MH-946 (GHB 558) is a cross between flowering of male parent (except in S1) when both the parents
ICMA 94555 × J 2290. The female parent (ICMA 94555) flowers 8 were sown simultaneously. Sub plots of spilt application of
to 10 days earlier to male parent (J 2290). The period of staggered nitrogen to male parent consisted of S1 -50% N at the time of
sowing in hybrid seed production of pearl millet can be reduced sowing and 50% N after 15 DAS S2 -50% N at the time of sowing
amicably by spraying either 2% urea or 2% DAP so that the late + 25% N at 15 DAS + 25% N at 25 DAS S3 -50% N at the time of
flowering parent meet synchrony and facilitate the simultaneous sowing + 25% N at 25 DAS + 25% N at 35 DAS S4-25% N at the
flowering which otherwise difficult under a longer period of time of sowing + 25% N at 15 DAS + 25% N at 25 DAS + 25% N
staggered sowing. In the past, several methods have been at 35 DAS. The seeds of both male and female parents of
adopted to overcome the problem of non-synchronization of MH-946 (GHB-558) for the experiment were obtained from the
flowering. When the parental lines are more than the marginal,
Senior Pearl millet Breeder, Regional Agricultural Research
only the alternative is staggered planting which is not in practice
Station, Bijapur. In each treatment, 4 rows of female and 2 rows
in pearl millet hybrid. In staggered planting, the planting dates
of male were planted (4:2) along with 4 border rows of male
of parental lines of hybrid is adjusted to make them to flower at
parental seeds. The data of GHB-558 revealed that there was a
the same time but the success mainly depends on the information
difference of 8 to 10 days in flowering between the parental
about the time of flowering of both the parents at different places
lines and the male parent being late.
and in different seasons, since planting ratios are involved in
pearl millet hybrid seed production. Results and discussion
Since pearl millet is nitro positive crop, increase in the doses Among the five dates of staggered sowing, the male parent
of nitrogen application has been in practice to hasten the sown by 8 days earlier to female parent (M3) recorded more
* Part of M. Sc. (Agri.) thesis submitted by the first author to the University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad – 580 005, India
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Karnataka J. Agric. Sci.,27 (1): 2014

Table 1. Effect of staggered sowing and split application of nitrogen for restorer line of pearl millet hybrid MH-946 on plant height (cm) at
harvest in male and female parents
Treatment Male parent ( J2290R) Female parent (ICMA 92555A)
S1 S2 S3 S4 Mean S1 S2 S3 S4 Mean
M1 179.3 177.0 178.0 178.0 178.1 95.3 95.3 94.3 95.0 94.5
M2 177.1 177.6 179.6 178.6 178.2 95.0 96.0 93.6 93.6 95.1
M3 179.9 180.5 182.4 181.2 181.3 93.0 94.3 103.0 102.0 98.0
M4 179.7 178.8 180.6 180.7 179.9 97.6 98.1 98.0 96.3 97.5
M5 178.8 179.9 179.8 178.0 179.1 96.0 95.3 94.3 95.0 95.5
Mean 178.9 178.8 180.1 179.31 179.3 95.4 95.8 96.6 96.4 95.8
For comparing the means of [Link].± C.D. (P= 0.05%) [Link].± C.D. (P= 0.05%)
Staggered sowing (M) 0.58 1.69 0.57 1.67
Split application of N (S) 0.26 0.78 0.45 NS
Staggered sowing at same N levels 0.60 1.74 1.00 2.91
Staggered sowing at same or different N levels 0.31 0.96 0.44 1.33
NS - Non significant
Staggered sowings (M)
M1: Simultaneous sowing of male and female parents M2: Sowing of male parent 04 days earlier to female
M3: Sowing of male parent 08 days earlier to female M4: Sowing of male parent 12 days earlier to female
M5: Sowing of male parent 16 days earlier to female
Split application of N (S)
S1: 50% N at the time of sowing and 50% N after 15 DAS to male parent
S2: 50% N at the time of sowing + 25% N at 15 DAS + 25% N at 25 DAS to male parent
S3: 50% N at the time of sowing + 25% N at 25 DAS + 25% N at 35 DAS to male parent
S4: 25% N at the of sowing + 25% N at 15 DAS + 25% N at 25 DAS + 25% N at 35 DAS to male parent

plant height (181.3 cm) at harvest, which can be attributed to the 8 days before female parent (M3) took relatively shorter period
favourable climatic and soil conditions during early staggered (57.8 days) for 50 per cent flowering as compared to sowing of
sowing. On the other hand, simultaneous sowing of female and female and male parent on same day (M1) (63.1 days). The results
male parent recorded lower plant height and it is probably related indicated that staggered sowing did not show significant effect
to erosion of congenial environment due to progressive delay on flowering parameters due to shorter interval of staggered
in staggered sowing of male parent. Hence, it has resulted in sowings. These findings are also in conformity with the results
sharp decline of plant height. These results are in confirmity of Biradar Patil (1984) in and Shivappa (1988) in sorghum hybrid
with the findings of Pandusastry (1981), Biradar Patil (1984) and seed production, Varshney et al. (2006) and Tanwir Alam et al.
Shivappa (1988). (2007) in maize hybrid and Dhedhi et al. (2007) in Bajra.
Irrespective of staggered sowings, the soil application of Irrespective of staggered sowings, the soil application of
nitrogen did not exhibit marked variations on plant height. The nitrogen levels revealed significant variation on flowering
soil application of 50% N at the time of sowing + 25% N at 25 parameters. However, number of days to 50 per cent flowering
DAS + 25% N at 35 DAS to male parent (S3) recorded more plant were relatively less (55.8) at 50% N at the time of sowing + 25%
height (180.1 cm) at harvest when compared to 50% N at the N at 25 DAS + 25% N at 35 DAS in (S3) than in 50% N at the time
time of sowing and 50% N after 15 DAS (S1) (178.9 cm). of sowing and 50% N after 15DAS (S1) (64.1days). Less days to
Soil application of 50% N at the time of sowing + 25% N at 50 per cent flowering was noticed in soil application of 50% N at
25 DAS + 25% N at 35 DAS to male parent recorded higher plant the time of sowing + 25% N at 25 DAS + 25% N at 35 DAS may
height and it can be attributed to readily available N nutrient in be related to higher plant height, number of leaves, number of
the source which might have modified morpho-physiological tillers per plant and number of ear heads per meter row length
characteristics and enhanced the source availability to the leading to faster growth of reproductive structures. Further, it
developing sinks (seeds). Hence, 50% N at the time of sowing was also related to greater availability and translocation of
+ 25% N at 25 DAS + 25% N at 35 DAS to male parent resulted photosynthates at the metabolizing zone and it hastened
in more plant height. Similar beneficial effect of nitrogen levels flowering behaviour of the plants soil application of nitrogen
on growth parameters was also reported by Shivappa (1988), levels with 50% N at the time of sowing + 25% N at 25 DAS
and Biradar Patil (1984) in sorghum. + 25% N at 35 DAS to male parent over 50% N at the time of
The interaction effect between staggered sowing and soil sowing and 50% N after 15 DAS to male parent plants. Similar
application of nitrogen levels (MxS) on plant height was non- findings were also reported by Pandusastry (1981) in CSH-5;
significant. However, higher plant height (182.4 cm) was Vadivelu et al. (1984), Shivappa (1988) in DSH-1;
observed at harvest. Dhedhi et al. (2006) in bajra; Varshney et al. (2006), and
Significant differences were observed for days to 50 per Tanwir Alam et al. (2007) in maize.
cent flowering due to staggered sowings irrespective of soil The interaction effect between staggered sowings and split
application of nitrogen. However, the sowing of male parent by application of nitrogen (MxS) showed significant variation for

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Effect of staggered showing and split appli.....

Table 2. Effect of staggered sowing and split application of nitrogen for restorer of pearl millet hybrid MH-946 line on days to 50 per cent
flowering in male and female parents
Treatment Male parent (J2290R) Female parent (ICMA 92555A)
S1 S2 S3 S4 Mean S1 S2 S3 S4 Mean
M1 66.0 64.0 58.0 64.6 63.1 55.6 55.0 53.6 57.0 55.3
M2 64.3 61.0 56.6 62.3 61.0 53.0 53.0 53.3 54.3 53.4
M3 64.3 61.6 52.0 53.3 57.8 54.0 53.6 51.3 52.0 52.7
M4 63.0 62.6 56.6 61.6 61.0 53.6 54.0 52.3 52.6 53.1
M5 63.0 64.0 56.0 62.0 61.2 54.0 53.6 53.0 52.3 53.2
Mean 64.1 62.6 55.8 60.8 60.7 54.0 53.8 52.7 53.6 53.5
For comparing the means of [Link].± C.D. (P= 0.05%) [Link].± C.D. (P= 0.05%)
Staggered sowing (M) 0.40 1.1 0.45 1.3
Split application of N (S) 0.62 1.8 0.47 NS
Staggered sowing at same N levels 1.40 4.0 1.06 NS
Staggered sowing at same or different N levels 0.47 1.3 0.49 NS

Table 3. Effect of staggered sowing and split application of nitrogen for restorer line of pearl millet hybrid MH-946 on seed set per cent age
Treatment Seed set percent age
S1 S2 S3 S4 Mean
M1 42.3 43.0 52.3 43.0 45.1
M2 65.6 75.6 85.0 75.0 75.3
M3 75.3 81.5 91.6 86.6 83.7
M4 72.0 79.5 91.6 77.1 80.1
M5 74.4 75.3 87.0 75.5 78.0
Mean 66.0 70.8 81.5 71.4 72.5
For comparing the means of [Link]. ± C.D. (P=0.05 %)
Staggered sowing (M) 1.73 5.01
Split application of N (S) 0.67 1.95
Staggered sowing at same N levels 1.51 4.36
Staggered sowing at same or differenr N levels 1.44 4.48
Staggered sowings (M)
M1: Simultaneous sowing of male and female parents M2: Sowing of male parent 04 days earlier to female
M3: Sowing of male parent 08 days earlier to female M4: Sowing of male parent 12 days earlier to female
M5: Sowing of male parent 16 days earlier to female
Split application of N (S)
S1: 50% N at the time of sowing and 50% N after 15 DAS to male parent
S2: 50% N at the time of sowing + 25% N at 15 DAS + 25% N at 25 DAS to male parent
S3: 50% N at the time of sowing + 25% N at 25 DAS + 25% N at 35 DAS to male parent
S4: 25% N at the of sowing + 25% N at 15 DAS + 25% N at 25 DAS + 25% N at 35 DAS to male parent

days to 50 per cent flowering. However, the treatment seed setting percentage (83.7%), seed weight per ear (18.0 g)
combination of sowing of male parent 8 days before female and hybrid seed yield per hectare (1946.1 kg /ha) as against
sowing along with 50% N at the time of sowing + 25% N at 25 sowing of female and male parent on same day (M1) (12.9 cm,
DAS + 25% N at 35 DAS to male parent (M3S3) recorded relatively 2 cm, 15.6 g, 984, 45.1%, 10.3 g and 878.9 kg/ha, respectively).
less number of days (52.0) for 50 per cent flowering as compared An increase in the hybrid seed yield per hectare was 1067.2 kg
to the simultaneous sowing of male and female parents with when male parent was sown 8 earlier to female parent. This
50% N at the time of sowing and 50% N after 15 DAS to male increase in the hybrid seed yield might be attributed to higher
parent (M1S1) took 66 days. seed setting percentage (83.7 %). Besides, the smaller differences
Significant differences for hybrid seed yield and yield in days to 50 per cent flowering noticed between the female and
components like ear length, diameter, ear weight, number of seeds male parents has also caused better synchronization of flowering
per ear, seed setting percentage and seed weight per ear was due to more availability of viable pollens at peak flowering period
observed due to staggered sowings irrespective of soil resulting in higher hybrid seed yield components like ear length,
application of nitrogen levels. Among the dates of staggered diameter, ear weight, number of seeds per ear and seed weight
sowings, the sowing of male parent 8 days before female parent per ear as compared to simultaneous sowing of female and male
(M3) recorded significantly more ear length (16.9 cm), ear diameter parent which recorded less hybrid seed yield (878.9 kg/ha). This
(2.6 cm), ear weight (24.6 g), number of seeds per ear (2213), may be related to wider differences in days to 50 per cent

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Karnataka J. Agric. Sci.,27 (1) : 2014

Table 4. Effect of staggered sowing and split application of nitrogen for restorer line of pearl millet hybrid MH-946 on ear diameter, ear
length and ear weight
Treatment Ear diameter (cm) Ear length (cm) Ear weight (g)
S1 S2 S3 S4 Mean S1 S2 S3 S4 Mean S1 S2 S3 S4 Mean
M1 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.0 12.6 13.0 13.0 13.0 12.9 14.0 14.6 15.6 18.3 15.6
M2 2.4 2.3 2.5 2.2 2.2 14.4 15.4 14.7 15.4 15.0 18.6 21.3 25.3 24.3 22.4
M3 2.2 2.3 3.0 2.7 2.6 14.9 15.8 19.0 18.0 16.9 21.0 23.0 28.3 26.3 24.6
M4 2.3 2.2 2.6 2.3 2.4 15.6 15.8 16.0 15.6 15.7 25.0 24.6 25.0 23.3 24.5
M5 2.2 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.3 15.0 14.6 16.3 15.2 15.3 23.0 23.0 24.3 23.0 23.3
Mean 2.1 2.2 2.5 2.3 2.3 14.6 14.9 15.7 15.4 15.1 20.3 21.3 23.7 23.0 22.1
For comparing the means of [Link].± C D (P=0.05 %) [Link]. ± C D (P=0.05 %) [Link]. ± C D (P=0.05 %)
Staggered sowing (M) 0.04 0.14 0.31 0.91 0.60 1.75
Split application of N (S) 0.04 0.11 0.27 0.78 0.54 1.56
Staggered sowing at same N levels 0.08 0.26 0.60 1.75 1.20 3.49
Staggered sowing at same or different N levels 0.24 0.73 0.62 1.84 0.99 2.95
Table 5. Effect of staggered sowing and split application of nitrogen for restorer line of pearl millet hybrid MH-946 on number of seeds per
ear, seed weight per ear and thousand seed weight
Treatment Number of seeds per ear Seed weight per ear (g) Thousand seed weight(g)
S1 S2 S3 S4 Mean S1 S2 S3 S4 Mean S1 S2 S3 S4 Mean
M1 980 983 991 983 984 9.6 10.3 11.3 10.0 10.3 7.0 7.3 7.1 7.0 7.1
M2 1648 1877 2173 1942 1910 14.3 15.6 16.3 16.0 15.7 8.0 8.8 10.1 8.8 9.0
M3 1770 2053 2658 2371 2213 15.4 16.0 21.0 19.3 18.0 8.5 9.4 11.2 10.6 9.9
M4 2101 2062 2165 2073 2100 14.0 17.0 19.0 16.1 16.5 8.1 8.8 10.0 9.2 9.4
M5 2003 2019 2111 2038 2043 14.0 16.3 18.3 16.3 16.2 7.7 9.5 10.3 8.8 9.1
Mean 1701 1799 2020 1881 1850 13.5 15.1 17.3 15.5 15.3 7.8 8.8 9.7 8.9 8.8
For comparing the means of [Link].± C.D. (P=0.05 %) [Link]. ± C.D. (P=0.05 %) [Link].± C.D. (P=0.05 %)
Staggered sowing (M) 59.11 170.74 0.43 1.25 0.17 0.52
Split application of N (S) 48.96 141.42 0.30 0.89 0.16 0.46
Staggered sowing at same N levels 109.48 316.22 0.68 1.98 0.35 1.03
Staggered sowing at same or different N levels 10.49 31.19 0.82 2.46 0.46 1.38
Staggered sowings (M)
M1: Simultaneous sowing of male and female parents M2: Sowing of male parent 04 days earlier to female
M3: Sowing of male parent 08 days earlier to female M4: Sowing of male parent 12 days earlier to female
M5: Sowing of male parent 16 days earlier to female
Split application of N (S)
S1: 50% N at the time of sowing and 50% N after 15 DAS to male parent
S2: 50% N at the time of sowing + 25% N at 15 DAS + 25% N at 25 DAS to male parent
S3: 50% N at the time of sowing + 25% N at 25 DAS + 25% N at 35 DAS to male parent
S4: 25% N at the of sowing + 25% N at 15 DAS + 25% N at 25 DAS + 25% N at 35 DAS to male parent

flowering noticed between female and male parent causing non- DAS to male parent (S1) with ear length (14.6 cm), ear diameter
synchronization of flowering due to least availability of viable (2.1 cm), ear weight (20.3 g), number of seeds per ear (1701),
pollens at peak flowering period and it caused less seed setting seed setting percentage (66.0%), seed weight per ear (13.5 g)
as well as hybrid seed yield components. These findings are in and seed yield (1443.4 kg /ha) (Table 6).
agreement with those of earlier researchers in sorghum hybrid The soil application of 50% N at the time of sowing + 25% N
seed production (Shivappa, 1988) and in maize hybrid (Varshney at 25 DAS + 25% N at 35 DAS to male parent (S3) has out
et al., 2006). yielded by recording 419.7 kg per ha. This increase in the seed
Similarly, hybrid seed yield and yield components differed yield may be attributed to high plant height and earliness in
significantly due to soil application of nitrogen levels irrespective days to 50 per cent flowering, apart from greater availability of
of staggered sowings. In general, soil application of 50% N at nutrients at metabolizing zone which hastened flowering period
the time of sowing + 25% N at 25 DAS + 25% N at 35 DAS to between the two parents. Further, smaller differences in flowering
male parent (S3) recorded significantly higher ear length (15.7 cm), between female and male parent resulted in good
ear diameter (2.5 cm), ear weight (23.7 g), number of seeds per synchronization of flowering between parents on account of
ear (2020), seed setting percentage (81.5%), seed weight per ear more availability of viable pollens. Hence, this resulted in the
(17.3 g) and higher hybrid seed yield per hectare (1863.7 kg/ha) higher seed setting (81.5%) and increased hybrid seed yield
as compared to 50% N at the time of sowing and 50% N after 15 components as evident from the results of this study. Similar
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Effect of staggered showing and split appli.....

Table 6. Effect of staggered sowing and split application of nitrogen for restorer line of pearl millet hybrid MH-946 on seed yield
Treatment Seed yield (kg/ha)
S1 S2 S3 S4 Mean
M1 868.3 883.3 877.6 886.3 878.9
M2 1505.0 1671.6 2072.6 1653.3 1725.6
M3 1541.3 1780.3 2273.6 2189.3 1946.1
M4 1673.3 1687.0 2047.0 1625.0 1758.0
M5 1629.3 1664.6 2047.6 1643.0 1746.1
Mean 1443.4 1537.4 1863.7 1599.4 1611.0
For comparing the means of [Link].± C.D. (P=0.05 %)
Staggered sowing (M) 43.14 124.62
Split application of N (S) 36.69 105.99
Staggered sowing at same N levels 82.05 236.99
Staggered sowing at same or different N levels 8.04 23.89
Staggered sowings (M)
M 1 : Simultaneous sowing of male and female parents
M 2 : Sowing of male parent 04 days earlier to female
M 3 : Sowing of male parent 08 days earlier to female
M 4 : Sowing of male parent 12 days earlier to female
M 5 : Sowing of male parent 16 days earlier to female
Split application of N (S)
S1 : 50% N at the time of sowing and 50% N after 15 DAS to male parent
S2 : 50% N at the time of sowing + 25% N at 15 DAS + 25% N at 25 DAS to male parent
S3 : 50% N at the time of sowing + 25% N at 25 DAS + 25% N at 35 DAS to male parent
S4 : 25% N at the of sowing + 25% N at 15 DAS + 25% N at 25 DAS + 25% N at 35 DAS to male parent

positive results of plant nutrients on hybrid seed yield at the time of sowing + 25% N at 25 DAS + 25% N at 35 DAS to
components was also reported by Joshi (1976) and Patil (1978) male parent as compared to 12.6 cm, 1.9 cm, 14.0 g, 980, 42.3%,
in sorghum; Dhedhi et al. (2006) in bajra and Varshney 9.6 g and 868.3 kg /ha, respectively.
et al. (2006) and Tanwir Alam et al. (2007) in maize. Closer synchronization of flowering between parents
The interaction effect between staggered sowing and soil (ICMA92555A × J2290) of hybrid pearl millet MH-946 could be
application of nitrogen levels (SxN) was found to be significant obtained by sowing of male parent by 8 days earlier to female
for hybrid seed yield and yield components. However, along with application of 50% N at the time of sowing + 25% N
numerically more ear length (19.0 cm), ear diameter (3.0 cm), ear at 25 DAS + 25% N at 35 DAS. Further, this treatment resulted in
weight (28.3 g), number of seeds per ear (2658), seed setting better yield components, higher seed yield and better seed
percentage (91.6%), seed weight per ear (21.0 g) and hybrid seed quality traits. Sowing of MH-946 parental lines during July 4th
yield per hectare (2273.6 kg /ha) were recorded by sowing male week was best to get closer synchrony when they were sown
parent by 8 days earlier to female and with 50% application of N simultaneously as per the package of practices.

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