MODULE – III: Powers system
fundamentals
Prof Jaishree Ramadevaru
Electrical Power System
1/23/2024 Introduction to Electrical Engineering 2
Components of Power system
Generation and transmission is universally at 3-𝜑 50
Hz.
• Prime mover –generator – turbine runs
generator.
• Transformers – step-up and step down
• Transmission lines
• Power station
• Substations
• Power grid
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Power System Structure
Generation subsystem (11 kV/25 kV)
Transmission subsystem
EHV AC or HVDC
Operates @ 765 kV/ 400 kV/ 220 kV AC or 500 kV
DC
Sub-transmission subsystem
Operates @ 132 kV/ 110 kV/ 66 kV/ 33 KV
Distribution subsystem
Primary side: 11 kV
Secondary side: 415 V, 4 wire
Protection & Control subsystem
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Why is electricity
transmitted at higher
voltages?
Sample power loss calculation
Let us calculate power loss when 100kW of power is transmitted to 1
km at different voltage levels. For instance, let us assume that the
conductor offers a resistance of 1 ohm to the flow of current.
When transmitted at 1000V,
Current through the conductor = Power / Voltage = 100kW / 1000 V =
100A
Copper loss in the conductor = I2 x R = 1002 x 1 = 10000W = 10kW
When transmitted at 10000V,
Current through the conductor = Power / Voltage = 100kW / 10000 V
= 10A
Copper loss in the conductor = I2 x R = 102 x 1 = 100W = 0.1 kW
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Power System Structure
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Sources of energy
CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF
ENERGY
• Those sources which are used by human beings for many years.
• Commercial Energy Sources
• Coal, electricity and petroleum are known as commercial energy since the
consumer needs to pay its price to buy them.
• The major sources of power generation are:
• Nuclear Power - Nuclear power plants use uranium and plutonium as fuel, which is less
expensive than coal.
• Thermal Power - A thermal power plant burns fuels for making steam. The steam produced
then spins a turbine connected to a generator that weaves electricity.
• Hydro-electric power - The hydroelectric power is generated or produced with the help of
constructing dams above the flowing rivers, for example, Bhakra Nangal Project and Damodar
Valley Project. Flowing water creates energy that can be further captured and eventually turned
into electricity. Water is released from the reservoir and then flows through a turbine. The turbine
spins the water and activates a generator, which produces electricity.
Non Conventional sources of energy
• Solar Energy
• Solar Energy is produced by sunlight. The photovoltaic
cells are exposed to sunlight based on the form of
electricity that needs to be produced. The energy is utilized
for cooking and distillation of water.
• Wind Energy
• Wind energy is generated by harnessing the power of wind
and mostly used in operating water pumps for irrigation
purposes. India stands as the second-largest country in
the generation of wind power.
• Tidal Energy
• Tidal energy is generated by exploiting the tidal waves of
the sea.
Smart meter
AWG
AWG
Color coding
electric wires
Need for earthing
Types of Earthing
Types of Earthing
• Types of Earthing
• Pipe Earthing
• Plate Earthing
• Strip Earthing
Pipe Earthing
• Pipe Earthing
• In pipe earthing, a galvanized steel perforated
pipe is buried underground vertically,
connecting all the electrical conductors to the
earth. The depth of pipe in pipe earthing
depends on the conditions of the soil. This
method is affordable and requires low
maintenance.
Plate Earthing
• Plate Earthing
• In plate earthing, a galvanized iron plate or a
copper plate is used to connect all
the electrical conductors to the earth. The
plate is not placed at a depth more than three
meters or ten feet from the ground level. This
method is somewhat costly and requires
maintenance.
Strip Earthing
• Strip Earthing
• Strip earthing, also known as wire earthing, is
a type in which strip electrodes with an area
of cross-section of 25 mm x 1.6 mm (1 in x
0.06 in) are buried in horizontal trenches with
a depth of 0.5 m.
Rod Earthing
• Rod Earthing
• To create a ground rod earthing system, a copper rod is driven into
the ground, either manually or with a hammer, until the desired
depth is reached. The depth of the rod is determined by the soil
conditions, but it should be at least 2.5 meters (8 feet) deep. A
galvanized steel pipe is then placed over the copper rod and driven
into the ground. The pipe helps to protect the copper rod
from corrosion and also increases the surface area of the electrode,
which improves its conductivity.
• Ground rod earthing systems are well-suited for sandy areas
because they are relatively inexpensive to install and maintain.
However, they are not as effective as other types of earthing
systems, such as plate earthing, in soils with high resistivity.
Types of Electrical Earthing
• Types of Electrical Earthing
• Electrical earthing is of two types—Neutral
and Equipment Earthing because electrical
equipment consists of two parts non-current
carrying i.e. neutral and equipment part.
Neutral Earthing
• Neutral Earthing
• Neutral earthing is also known as system
earthing. In this, the non-current component,
i.e. the neutral component is connected to the
earth using a GI wire. It is used in generators
and transformers. Etc.
Equipment Earthing
• Equipment Earthing
• The frame of equipment is connected to the
earth using a conducting wire. This helps in
fault conditions as the current flows into the
earth and the rest of the system remains
protected.
Difference between Earthing and
Neutral
Earthing Neutral
Earthing is the process of Neutral is the return path in an AC
connecting some specific areas of circuit which carries current in
an electrical power system with normal conditions. It balances the
the earth through low resistance load.
wire for safety purposes.
It does not carry current in normal It is always charged.
conditions.
Earthing cannot be converted to Neutral can be converted to
neutral. earthing.
It may come from a neutral line or It comes from the neutral line.
can be separately executed.
Importance of Earthing
• Earthing is done to avoid people from getting
electric shocks.
• It protects appliances and equipment from
getting damaged.
• In case of electrical faults, high voltage passes
through electric circuits which damages the
electrical installation. If earthing is done,
excessive voltage passes through the earth.
• Earthing provides the easiest path to the flow of
the short circuit current even after the failure of
the insulation.
