UNIT FIVE.

BRITAIN AND THE BRITISH

LEAD-IN

Prologue

Galley [ ] - галера
centurion [ ] - центуріон
Albion [ ] - Альбіон

Two thousand years ago, in the year fifty five before our era…
Heavy clouds are low over a stormy sea. Eighty ships are sailing on the grey waters. They are galleys,
Roman galleys, struggling forward to the unknown land.
Julius Caesar is on the first galley, he is surrounded by his centurions. All are looking intently at the
distant shore.
“By Jupiter!” says Julius Caesar, “is that a cloud in front or a mountain covered with snow?”
“Where? Over there?”
“Oh,” says one of the centurions, “those are cliffs, I can see them well!”
“Yes, they are cliffs - and they are white.”
“The land behind them must be white, too.”
“It is a white land,” exclaims Julius Caesar. “We shall call it Albion.”
“Albion, Albion!” shouted the others.
Alba in Latin means white, and the name Albion remains to this day.

Exercise 1. Answer the questions below:

1. Who was Julius Caesar?

Julius Caesar was a Roman leader.

2. Where was he sailing to?
He was sailing to an unknown land.
3. Why did the Romans call Britain ‘Albion’?
The Romans called Britain 'Albion' because they saw white cliffs on the shore, and in Latin, "alba" means
white, leading Julius Caesar to exclaim, "It is a white land... We shall call it Albion."
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Read and study the text.

BRITAIN

Geographical position. Britain, formally the United

Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the UK) is
situated on the British Isles beautifully modelled by nature. It
consists of England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland and
over 5,500 small islands. Their total area is 242,000 sq. km
(93,000 sq. miles). The British Isles lie between latitudes 50
and 60 degrees north and are separated from the European
continent by the North Sea and the English Channel. The
nearest point is across the Strait of Dover, where the chalk
cliffs of Dover are only 22 miles from those of France.
Western coast of Great Britain is washed by the Atlantic
Ocean and the Irish Sea.
Britain is comparatively small, but there is hardly a
country in the world where such a variety of scenery can be
found. The charm of it lies in the finest combination of sea and
highland, the valleys of South Wales, the smiling orchards of
Kent, the desolate mountains of Scotland, glorious heather-
covered moors, smooth fields, mysterious woods and numerous
parks. There are flat tulip fields round the Fens, that would
make you think you were in Holland. Britain looks like one
well-ordered park under the charge of a skilful landscape gardener.
The seas round the British Isles are shallow and flow over submerged plains which long ago joined
Britain to the rest of Europe. This submergence produced an indented coast line with deep inlets providing
good natural harbours. In some ways shallowness is an advantage. Shallow water is warmer than deep water
and keeps shores from extreme cold. It is the home of millions of fish.
Owing to the shape of the country there is no point in it that is more than 70 miles from the sea. It
greatly facilitates the export of manufactures and has made the English race a sea-loving one.
The rivers of Britain are of no great value as waterways and few of them are navigable. Although
many rivers have been joined by canals so that it is quite possible to travel by water from one end of England
to the other. The estuaries of the Thames, Mersey, Tyne, Clyde, Tay, Forth, Severn shelter the largest ports
of Britain such as London, Glasgow, Newcastle, Plymouth, Liverpool and others.
Political system. Great Britain is a monarchy. The Queen of Great Britain is not absolute but
constitutional. Her powers are limited by Parliament, and are hereditary , not elective. The Prime Minister
is usually the leader of the party that has the majority in the House of Commons. All the affairs of the state
are conducted in the name of the Queen, but it is the Prime Minister who is responsible for every measure
submitted to Parliament. Once a party has won a majority of votes, it forms the Government and holds office
for five years or more until it is defeated by opposition
The Union Flag and the Royal Standard. The British Union Flag, commonly known as Union Jack,
is the country’s national flag. It is composed of English cross of St. George (a red cross on a white field), the
Scottish cross of St. Andrew(a diagonal white cross on a blue field) and the Irish cross of St. Patrick ( a
diagonal cross on a white field).
The Royal Standard or Royal Flag is the personal flag of the Sovereign and may be flown only when
the Sovereign is actually present.

SPEECH PATTERNS

1. There is hardly a country in the world where such a variety of scenery can be
found.

There is hardly a man in the world who could understand her.

There was hardly a better opportunity to study English.
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There is hardly a word in English which he doesn’t know.

There was hardly a football match which he missed.

2. That would make you think you were in Holland.

You can’t make me say what you want me to say.

The sound of his voice made me stop walking .
I always make them explain why they use this or that expression.
You must make them take a spoon of cod-liver oil before each meal.

3. Shallow waters keep shores from extreme cold.

Various reasons kept him from making a big decision.

Eliza tried to keep her child from crying.
You’d better keep yourself from taking extreme measures.
What usually keeps you from lying?

4. It looks like one great well-ordered park under the charge

of a skilful landscape gardener.

Do you think Ann looks like her mother?

She looked like a princess in her long blue dress?
Everyone is ill at home. Our house is looking like a hospital.
What a beautiful house! It looks like a royal palace.

SPEECH PATTERN EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Change the following sentences so as to use Pattern 1.

4. The current hockey team is hardly a team of equal popularity.

5. The number of world championships he missed is hardly a single one.

6. The existence of a vacancy on our staff is hardly a certainty.

7. The time we had is hardly enough to finish it here.

8. The number of living souls at the stadium was hardly significant.

9. Their losing the game is hardly without reason..

Exercise 2. a) Complete the following, using Pattern 2.

1. The manager made the salesman reconsider his sales strategy.

2. The teacher always makes the children think critically about the lessons.

3. George makes his son think about the consequences of his actions.

4. The president is making his cabinet members think strategically about policy.

5. The teacher had made the students’ parents think about their children's progress.

6. The robber made the teller think quickly under pressure.

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b) Use the correct form of the verb in parentheses in each of the following sentences.

1. The teacher made Juan leave the room. (Pattern: make you think - 'make' followed by an object and
the base form of the verb)

2. I made Jane call her friend on the telephone. (Pattern: make you think - 'make' followed by an object
and the base form of the verb)

3. The athletes were made to postpone their training. (Passive voice of 'make' - requires 'to' + base
form)

4. The policeman made the suspect lie on the ground. (Pattern: make you think - 'make' followed by an
object and the base form of the verb)

5. The chief makes his subordinates sign different documents. (Pattern: make you think - 'make'
followed by an object and the base form of the verb)

Exercise 3. Complete the following sentences , using Pattern 3. Make use of the words and
phrases in brackets.

1. The frosty and windy weather kept us from going skiing.

2. My mother’s advice kept me from getting into trouble.

3. Various reasons kept us from meeting tomorrow.

4. Lack of money kept many students from taking/doing optional courses at the university.

5. Something kept us from taking a drive.

6. My neighbour’s silly remarks kept me from enjoying the performance.

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7. Exercise 4. Use Pattern 4 answering the following questions.

What does your friend look like?

did your elder (younger) sister (brother)
will your future chief
your flat (apartment)
your summer cottage
your native city (town, village)
your street
your country

1. What does your friend look like?

My friend looks like they have [describe appearance - e.g., short brown hair and blue eyes].

2. What did your elder (younger) sister (brother) look like?

My elder sister looked like [describe past appearance - e.g., she had long curly hair].

My younger brother looked like [describe past appearance - e.g., he was very small with blonde hair].

3. What will your future chief look like?

My future chief will look like [speculate on appearance - e.g., a confident and professional person].

4. What does your flat (apartment) look like?

My flat looks like [describe appearance - e.g., it's cozy with bright walls and large windows].

5. What does your summer cottage look like?

My summer cottage looks like [describe appearance - e.g., a small wooden house surrounded by trees].

6. What does your native city (town, village) look like?

My native city looks like [describe appearance - e.g., it has old stone buildings and a bustling central square].

My native town looks like [describe appearance - e.g., it's a quiet place with tree-lined streets].

My native village looks like [describe appearance - e.g., it's very rural with fields and traditional houses].

7. What does your street look like?

My street looks like [describe appearance - e.g., it's a busy street with lots of shops].

8. What does your country look like?

My country looks like [describe general landscape - e.g., it has vast plains and rolling hills]. (Considering the
current location, you could say: My country looks like it has a mix of urban centers and beautiful
countryside, with significant historical landmarks.)

Exercise 5. Translate the following sentences into English using the patterns.

Pattern I.

There is hardly a country where this brave sailor hasn't been.

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There is hardly another city in the world with a population like Tokyo's.

They will hardly have another opportunity to go to Canada.

There is hardly a person who is not familiar with the works of Shakespeare.

There was hardly a single chess tournament that he didn't attend.

There will hardly be any words that could calm her down.

Pattern II.

We need to make her drink the medicine, or she will get sick.

Please, don't make me lie.

I can't make my brother quit smoking.

Don't make me laugh. I will never believe this lie.

I promise I won't make you wait long.

The actors' performance made the audience not only feel but also think.

Pattern III.

She told interesting stories to keep the child from crying.

The fog kept the fishermen from noticing the coastline.

Due to poor knowledge of English, Maria was kept from going to Australia as a translator.

Urgent work kept her from going to the Mediterranean countries.

The girl's restraint and prudence keep her from making hasty conclusions.

What kept you from writing her a letter and dispelling the doubts?

Pattern IV.

This fairytale landscape looks like a painting by a talented artist.

The sky is covered in heavy black clouds. It looks like it will rain.

There was an ambulance, several police officers, and two damaged cars on the side of the road. It looks like
there was a car accident.

(Note: There was a numbering skip in the original Ukrainian text. Assuming the next sentence is meant to be
5.) The sunlit wheat field looked like an endless golden sea.

Feeling like a winner, the young man looked like the happiest person in the world.

VOCABULARY NOTES

1. vary v мінятися, змінюватися is to diversify without destroying the similarity; to vary one’s diet,
habits, opinions, e.g. Her health varies from good to weak.
Syn. differ v відрізнятися, різнитися is the most general word meaning to be unlike, to be
distinguishable from, e.g. Tastes differ - у кожного свій смак. Let’s agree to differ.
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change v змінюватися is to make or become different so that the identity is lost. It implies the essential
difference or the substitution of one thing for another (the address, seats, trains, ideas), e.g. The world
is changing. Things never stay the same.
alter v змінюватися, переробляти stresses difference only in some particular respect, as in form or
detail but it does not imply loss of identity; to alter one’s way of living, one’s plans, one’s room ; to
alter one’s mind - передумати, перерішити, e.g. I altered my plans and went to the Crimea last month
instead of this month.
modify v видозмінювати is to change slightly ( a plan, an opinion, a condition), e.g. These plans must
be modified if they are to be used successfully.
diversify v різноманітнити - to be quite unlike in quality and character, e.g. The technical progress
diversifies the agriculture in Great Britain.
various adj різний, різноманитний, різносторонній stresses the idea of a number of things or a number of
different sorts, e.g. Of all various ways of cooking fish I like frying best.
varied adj різний, різноманітний means different sorts, full of changes, e.g. Different people have the most
varied ideas about what is important in life, some of them value fame, others money or freedom.
Syn. different adj різний, несхожий, інший defines other quality, form or nature of a thing, e.g. That is
quite different. (Це зовсім інша справа).

variety n (різноманітність, багатобічність), e.g. The variety of the British landscape attracts millions of
tourists.

2. scene - scenery
scene n сцена, місце дій, пейзаж is a view of a place, e.g. He is a painter of marine scenes.
scenery n пейзаж, театральні декорації is natural surrounding, esp. in beautiful and open country, e.g. We
stopped to admire this beautiful scenery.
view of вигляд, краєвид a) smth. seen from a particular place, esp. a stretch of pleasant country, e.g. We
lived in the house with a view of the sea (з видом на море) ; b) a picture or photograph of a piece of
scenery, a building, e.g. The artist has painted views of the rocky west coast.
in view of = because of , e.g. In view of the weather we had the party indoors.
panorama of is a complete view of a wide stretch of land, e.g. From here we can see a fine panorama of the
plain.
vista of алея, просіка, вид в кінці - a distant view, to which the eye is directed between narrow limits, such
as rows of trees, e.g. A vista of church spires at the end of the avenue of trees.

3. shallow adj мілкий, мілководний a) of little depth; e.g. shallow water (saucer, dish);
b) поверховий, пустий not serious, e.g. shallow argument, talk, mind, interest, man, person
Ant. deep (love, feelings, argument)
drizzling (fine) rain мілкий (дрібний) дощ
petty expenses незначні витрати
petty intrigues дрібні інтриги
petty farming невелике господарство
petty details незначні деталі
petty troubles дрібні турботи
sheep and goats дрібна рогата худоба
small change (coin) дрібні гроші
small owner дрібний власник
small-minded man обмежена людина

4. extreme adj 1. (крайній, надзвичайний) the greatest possible, the farthest point, e.g. They live in the
extreme south of the country. 2. n Extreme smth. reaching the highest degree, esp. one of the opposite things,
e.g. Love and hate are extremes. Extremes meet.
extremity n край, кінець, крайність, e.g. John O’Groats is the northern extremity of Britain, Land’s End is
the southern extremity.
Remember the following word-combinations:
to run to an extreme впадати в крайність
to go from one extreme to the other впадати з однієї крайності в іншу
in the extreme вкрай, в найвищій мірі
to drive smb to extremity довести до крайності
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5. shape n форма, обрис - the outer form of smth that is seen, e.g. I don’t like the shape of this hat.
Syn. form
outline n обрис, контур - lines showing shape of boundary, e.g. an outline map of Great Britain -
контурна карта ; to be regular in outline мати правильні обриси ;
in the shape of в формі, e.g. I want to get a broach in the shape of a horseshoe.
Owing to the shape завдяки формі, e.g. Owing to the shape of the country there is no point in it that is
more than 70 miles from the sea.
shapeless adj.безформний, e.g. He had a ragged coat and a shapeless hat on.
shapely стрункий, добре збудований, приємної форми as a shapely figure.

6. channel n канал - a stretch of water wider than a strait, joining two seas or separating two bodies of land,
as the English Channel, the Bristol Channel.
Syn. 1. canal канал - a channel for water made by man, not by nature, used for ships or for carrying water to
places that need it, as the Suez Canal, the Panama Canal, the Volga - Don Canal.
2. strait протока - a narrow channel of water connecting two large bodies of water, as the Magellan Strait,
the Strait of Dover.

FOCUS ON GRAMMAR

Geographical names with and without the.

a) continents: we do not say the with the names of continents:

Africa (not ‘the Africa’) Asia Europe South America

b) countries and states: we do not usually say the with the names of countries and states:

France (not ‘the France’) Japan West Germany Nigeria Texas

But we say the with the names which include words like ‘republic’, ‘union’, ‘kingdom’, ‘states’:
the United Kingdom the United States of America
the Republic of Ireland the United Arab Emirates

We also use the with plural names:

the Netherlands the Philippines

c) cities: we do not use the with the names of cities/towns/villages:

Cairo(not ‘the Cairo’) New York Glasgow Madrid

Exception: the Hague (in the Netherlands)

d) islands: island groups usually have plural names with the :

the Bahamas, the Canaries/the Canary Islands the British Isles

Individual islands usually have singular names without the:
Corfu Sicily Bermuda Easter Island

e) regions: we say:

the Middle East the Far East

the north of England the south of Spain the west of Canada
(but: northern England/southern Spain/western Canada - without the)

f) mountains: mountain ranges usually have plural names with the:

the Rocky Mountains/the Rockies/, the Andes, the Alps

But individual mountains usually have names without the:
(Mount) Everest, Ben Nevis (in Scotland) , (Mount) Etna

g) lakes: lakes usually have names without the:

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Lake Superior , Lake Constance

h) names of oceans/seas/river/canals have the:

the Atlantic Ocean , the Indian Ocean

the Mediterranean (Sea) , the Red Sea , the English Channel
the Nile , the Amazon , the Thames , the Rhine
the Suez Canal , the Panama Canal.
Note: on maps the is not usually included in the name.

VOCABULARY AND ORAL SPEECH EXERCISES

Exercise 1. a) Pick out all proper names from the text and arrange them into two groups -
nouns with the definite article and without it. Explain the difference.

b) Pick out all the adjectives that go together with the following nouns: sea, lake, river,
mountains, hills, cliffs, area, field, moors.

Exercise 2. a) Read these sentences carefully. Some are correct, but some need the (perhaps
more than once). Correct the sentences where necessary.

Examples: Everest was first climbed in 1953. Right

Milan is north of Italy. Wrong - the north of Italy

1. Last year we visited Canada and United States.

2. Africa is much larger than Europe.
3. South of England is warmer than north.
4. We went to Spain for holidays and swam in Mediterranean.
5. Tom has visited most countries in western Europe.
6. A friend of mine used to work as a reporter in Middle East.
7. Next year we are going skiing in Swiss Alps.
8. Malta has been a republic since 1974.
9. Nile is the longest river in Africa.
10. United Kingdom consists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

b) Here are some geography questions. You have to choose the right answer. Sometimes you
need the, sometimes not. Try and find out the answers if you don’t know them.

Example: What is the longest river in the world?(Amazon/Rhine/Nile) the Amazon

1. Where is Bolivia? (Africa/South America/North America)

2. Where is Ethiopia? (Asia/South America/ Africa)
3. Of which country is Manila the capital?
(Indonesia/Philippines/ Japan)
4. Of which country is Stockholm the capital?
(Norway/Denmark/Sweden)
5. Which country lies between Mexico and Canada?
(Venezuela/El Salvador/United States)
6. Which is the largest country in the world? (United States/China/Russia)
7. Which is the largest continent? (Africa/South America/Asia)
8. What is the name of the mountain range in the west of North America?
(Rocky Mountains/Andes/Alps)
9. What is the name of the ocean between America and Asia?
(Atlantic/Pacific/Indian Ocean)
10. What is the name of the ocean between Africa and Australia?
(Atlantic/Pacific/Indian Ocean)
11. What is the name of the sea between England and France?
(Mediterranean Sea/ English Channel/ French Sea)
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12. What is the name of the sea between Africa and Europe?
(Black Sea/Red Sea/ Mediterranean Sea)
13. What is the name of the sea between Britain and Norway?
(Norwegian Sea/English Channel/North Sea)
14. Which river flows through Vienna, Budapest and Belgrade?
(Rhine/Danube/Volga)
15. What joins the Atlantic and Pacific oceans?
(Suez Canal/Panama Canal)

Exercise 3. a) Transcribe and translate the following words:

comparatively -порівняно, відносно
Variety- різноманітність, розмаїття
Desolate- безлюдний, пустельний, спустошений
Glorious- славний, величний, чудовий
Heather- верес (рослина)
Moor- вересове пустище, торфовище, болото
Mysterious- таємничий, загадковий
Submergence- занурення, затоплення
Indent- заглиблення, виїмка, відступ (в тексті)
Advantage- перевага, вигода, користь
Manufacture- виробництво, виготовлення; виробляти, виготовляти
Value- цінність, вартість; цінувати
Navigable- судноплавний
Monarch- монарх, володар, правитель
Hereditary- спадковий
Diagonal- діагональний, діагональ
Sovereign- суверенний, верховний; суверен, монарх

b) Find in the text “ Britain” English equivalents for

чудово сформована природою - wonderfully formed by nature / beautifully shaped by nature
загальна площа - total area / overall area
між 50 та 60 північної широти - between 50 and 60 degrees north latitude
порівняно невелика - relatively small / comparatively small
прекрасне поєднання моря та узгір'я - a beautiful combination of sea and hills / a stunning blend of coast
and highlands
безлюдні гори - desolate mountains / uninhabited mountains / wild mountains
розкішна місцевість, яка поросла вереском - luxurious terrain overgrown with heather / magnificent
moorland covered in heather
рівні поля - flat fields / level fields / even plains
таємничі (загадкові) ліси - mysterious forests / enigmatic woods
рівнинні тюльпанові поля - flat tulip fields / low-lying tulip fields
затоплені рівнини - flooded plains / submerged lowlands / inundated flatlands
порізаний берег - indented coastline / jagged shore / rugged coast
глибокі вузькі морські затоки - deep narrow sea inlets / deep narrow fjords
природні гавані - natural harbors / natural havens
впорядкований парк - well-maintained park / landscaped park / ordered park
майстерний садівник - skilled gardener / master gardener / expert horticulturalist

Exercise 4. Fill in:

a) to change, to vary, to differ, to alter, to modify, to diversify.

1. Here are the sentences filled in with the most appropriate verbs from the list:
2. She was in a habit of modifying her dresses in some way to look elegant.
3. The soil varies within a few miles in many districts producing sharp contrast of scenery and flora.
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4. The climate of Great Britain differs greatly from that of the continent.
5. We planned to go to Australia in two week’s time but we altered our intentions as we were still
waiting for our visas.
6. The weather changes very often in England.
7. The face of Scotland differs from that of South East England.
8. Tastes vary.
9. He looked exactly as she remembered him, as young, as frank, but his expression was altered.
10. The appearance of new technology diversified industry, a service sector, a traffic system.
11. The average winter temperature varies between -3° and 7°.
12. That is a point on which you and she would certainly differ.
b) different, various or varied.
1. Various branches of industry are found in Greater London.
2. This good wheat land is quite different from those being cultivated in the northern region.
3. Britain is immensely varied within a small compass.
4. The insect fauna in Britain is less varied than that of Continental Europe.
5. He has been to various places of the extreme North.
6. A glance at the map is enough to see how varied the surface of England is.
7. A home in the country is very different from an apartment in the city.
8. I have come across him in recent years on various occasions.
9. The young man asked me various kinds of questions.
10. What we wear nowadays is quite different from what our ancestors wore.
11. Through many years and under various conditions he kept thinking of his family.

Exercise 5. a) Use the key word-combinations below to make up sentences of your own.
1. The artist's collection featured breathtaking marine scenes that captured the power and beauty of the
ocean.
2. The rescue of the climbers from the treacherous peak was a striking scene that was broadcast live
on television.
3. The eastern front quickly became the scene of operation for the majority of the allied forces.
4. The police cordoned off a scene of a crime in the quiet residential neighborhood.
5. Hikers were rewarded with stunning mountain scenery as they reached the summit.
6. The small village nestled in the valley offered picturesque scenery that looked like it belonged on a
postcard.
7. After months of working in the city, a weekend trip to the countryside provided a welcome change
of scenery.
8. From the castle ramparts, there was a view over Edinburgh, with its historic buildings and Arthur's
Seat in the distance.
9. Our hotel room was delightful, especially with a view of the sea stretching out to the horizon.
10. The architect presented a side view of a house to illustrate the placement of the new windows.
11. In view of the upcoming holidays, the company decided to give all employees an extra day off.
12. From the hilltop, we enjoyed a panorama of the valley, with its patchwork of fields and winding
river.
13. The historian's detailed account provided a panorama of the battle, showing the movements of
troops and key events.
14. Memories of her childhood seemed to pass in a rapid panorama as she looked through old
photographs.
15. Through the trees, we caught a vista of the church tower rising above the village rooftops.
16. The historian's lecture offered fascinating vistas of the past, bringing ancient civilizations to life.

b) Translate the sentences into English using no matter what (where, how) and the key words:

scene - scenery - view of - panorama of - vista of .

No matter where he went, he always painted marine or mountain scenes.
No matter where she vacationed, she always wanted to live in a room with a view of the sea.
No matter which park alley they walked down, a wonderful structure, a creation of human hands, could be
seen in the distance (a vista of a wonderful structure).
No matter which hill we stood on, a magnificent panorama of the city unfolded before us.
No matter how strange it was, he occasionally looked back at the distant vistas of his past.
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No matter what happened on the road, the police and ambulance arrive at the scene of the accident.
No matter where he was, he always photographed views of the city and architectural landmarks.
No matter how surprising it was, at the end of the forest road, the students saw a clearing (a scene of a
clearing).
No matter what the landscape painter conceived, he always wanted to paint panoramas of the mountains.
No matter how captivating the plot of the play was, good scenery also attracted the audience's attention.
No matter how much we hurried during the trip, we always stopped to admire the fairytale scenery.
No matter what a person does, they deserve respect.
No matter how long the student years seemed (to me), they passed quickly.
No matter what conditions a person lived in, they occasionally needed a change of scenery.

Exercise 6. Put the adjectives in the correct position, paying attention to this order:

how How What Where What noun

big? old? colour? from? is it
made
of ?

Example: a dark lake (shallow, Scottish). A dark shallow Scottish lake.

Adjectives: shallow, deep, drizzling (fine), petty, small.

A petty old Welsh farming.
A drizzling cold continuous rain.
An old small English silver coin.
A medieval small Italian owner.
A deep middle-sized Black sea.
A small-minded old British man.
Petty useless extra expenses.
A shallow round Chinese dish.
A deep wide long canal.
A small lonely old village.

Exercise 7. Change the following sentences using the words and word-combinations with
“extreme” and “extremity”.
1. The gist of the novel is that a family got stranded on an island and had to struggle for survival to an
extreme degree.
2. Don’t make so much noise, you set my nerves on edge. (While "on edge" is a common idiom for
being nervous, it doesn't directly use "extreme" or "extremity". A closer but less common phrasing
could be: "Don't make so much noise, you push my nerves to the extreme.")
3. You needn’t take my advice if you don’t want, but you can’t go to extremes.
4. Land’s End is located at the southern extremity.
5. I can hardly bear the people who go from one extreme to the other.
6. Love and hate are at extreme opposite ends of the spectrum.

Exercise 8. a) Study the text and complete the sentences.

Owing to the shape of the country to be a sea-loving English race

nature of Britain to look like a great well-ordered park
variety of scenery to combine the beauty of seas, valleys, desolate
mountains, heather-covered moors
indented coast line to provide good natural harbours
shallowness of the seas to keep shores from extreme cold
canals, waterways
to travel from one end of the country to the other
rapids
to be navigable

Exercise 9. a) Translate the sentences from English into Ukrainian:

 13

Вдивляючись у темні обриси гір, він знав, що до ночі піде дощ.

Вікна на рівні підлоги мали напівкруглу форму.
Ларрі мав чудово мелодійний голос з особливою різноманітністю тонів.
Його руки були довгі, але не великі для його зросту, гарно сформовані і водночас сильні.
Хоча вона втратила свіжий рум'янець надзвичайної молодості, на її чолі чи під карими очима не було
жодної зморшки.
Клімат досить різноманітний для того, щоб на території Британських островів можна було
вирощувати як субтропічні, так і субарктичні рослини.
Британський фермер обробляє порівняно невелику ділянку землі, виробляючи різноманітну
продукцію.
Через численні пороги річка несудноплавна.
Джулія любила сидіти, схрестивши ноги, на дивані, просто щоб показати свої стрункі ноги в
шовкових панчохах.

b) Translate the sentences from Ukrainian into English.

The Isle of Man has comparatively regular outlines.
What can protect crops from the severe cold?
This solitary steep cliff reminds me in its form of an ancient tower.
Mountainous scenery is mainly found in the west of our country.
There are hardly any blank spaces left on the world map now.
The Strait of Dover separates Great Britain from the mainland, and the North Channel separates Scotland
from Ireland.
You will hardly ever enjoy more picturesque views of nature.
The coastline of the Caspian Sea is relatively even, only near the mouth of the Volga River is the coast
indented and are there many islands and bays.
Thanks to the warm Gulf Stream, the climate of Great Britain is mild and temperate.
The flora and fauna of Britain hardly differ from that of Europe.

Exercise 10. Fill in prepositions. Make a study of the text.

The British Isles lie off the north-west coast of the continent of Europe. The biggest island is Great Britain. It
is just under 600 miles in a straight line from the south coast to the extreme north, and rather over 300 miles
across at the widest part. It is washed by the Atlantic Ocean on the north west, north and southwest, and is
separated from the European continent by the North Sea and the English Channel. The island of Great
Britain can be roughly divided into two main regions - Lowland Britain and Highland Britain. The Pennine
Chain extends southward from the Cheviot Hills to the Midlands, a plain region with low rolling hills and
valleys.

Britain has a temperate climate due to the influence of the Gulf-stream. Weather is subject to frequent
changes and it is the favorite topic of conversation in Britain.

Exercise 11. a) Supply adjectives.

1. Sea water is warmer than river water.
2. Cornwall is famous for its rugged cliffs. (Other possibilities: dramatic, scenic, high)
3. Its fertile soil is widely cultivated. (Other possibilities: rich, good)
4. This part of the country is noted for bitter cold. (Other possibilities: severe, intense)
5. Their total area is about 94,250 square miles. (Other possibilities: approximate, overall)
6. There are flat fields in the east of England. (Other possibilities: vast, extensive)
7. There are natural harbors for ships. (Other possibilities: deep, safe)
8. They were making their way through rolling hills. (Other possibilities: gentle, green)
9. There were vast plains stretching for miles and miles. (Other possibilities: wide, endless)

b) Supply suitable words.

1. The English Channel, in its narrowest part (the Strait of Dover) is only 32 km wide.
2. The Highlands of Scotland is noted for its wild and desolate beauty.
3. The rivers of Great Britain are of no great significance as waterways, some of them are joined by
means of canals.
4. The relief of Great Britain varies to a remarkable degree.
 14

5. The Welsh Mountains are very rugged and difficult to climb.

6. The seas surrounding the British Isles are very shallow, usually less than 300 feet deep.
7. Britain’s complex geology is one of the main reasons for its rich variety of scenery.
8. In winter eastern Britain faces the colder continent whereas western Britain faces the relatively
warm Atlantic.
9. In most areas the farmer cultivates only the valley lands and the lower slopes where soils are deeper
and richer.
10. There are various types of wild vegetation, including the natural flora of woods, fens and marshes.
The Lake District is famous for its lakes and mountains.

1. Exercise 12. Retell the text according to the given plan and use the suggested words
and phrases.
I. Location and Separation of the British Isles

The British Isles are situated on the north-west coast of the continent of Europe. Beautifully modeled by
nature, their total area spans latitudes 50 and 60 degrees north. They are separated from the European
mainland by the North Sea and the English Channel. The chalk cliffs are a notable feature facing the
continent. The islands are washed by the Atlantic Ocean on their north-west, north, and south-west coasts,
and border on these expansive waters.

II. Britain's Diverse Scenery

Britain is famous for its variety of scenery despite being comparatively small. It offers the finest combination
of sea and high land, from the smiling orchards of Kent to the desolate mountains of Scotland. One can also
find glorious heather-covered moors, smooth fields, and mysterious woods. Furthermore, there are numerous
parks and even flat tulip fields contributing to the diverse landscapes.

III. Advantages of the Surrounding Seas

The seas round the British Isles are noted for several advantages. The shallow water indicates submerged
plains. Historically, this joined Britain to the continent. The indented coastline features deep inlets and
natural harbors. The surrounding waters keep shores from extreme cold, and they are the home of millions of
fish. Owing to the shape of the coastline and the presence of harbors, they facilitate the export of
manufactures, fostering a sea-loving race.

IV. Inland Water Travel in England

While the rivers of Great Britain are of no great value as major waterways in themselves, some are navigable
for smaller vessels. They are joined by canals, creating routes for water travel. The presence of an estuary at
the mouth of some rivers also allows for connection to the sea. This network allows one to travel by water
from one end of England to the other, highlighting the interconnectedness of the land.
Read and study the text .

Text A. ENGLAND

England occupies the largest part of the island of Great Britain. It has on area of more than 50
thousand square miles and a population of about 17 million. England is bounded on the north by Scotland, on
the east by the North Sea, on the south by the Strait of Dover and the English Channel, and on the west by
the Atlantic Ocean, Wales and the Irish Sea. England is predominantly a lowland country with gentle hills
and a coast which is regular in outline, although there are upland regions in the north (the Pennine Chain, the
Cumbrian Mountains and the Yorkshire moorlands) and in the south-west, in Cornwall, Devon and
Somerset. Central southern England has the downs-low chalk hill ranges.
One of the loveliest parts of England is the Lake District in the Cumbrian Mountains. It consists of a
mass of mountains, many valleys and 16 main lakes. Up in the hills the little lakes are deep and dark as the
mountains rise steeply from their shores and the water is always extremely cold. Rushing streams which run
down from the hills form beautiful waterfalls.
 15

Cornwall is a land of legends. The Cornish Peninsula with its Land’s End attracts crowds of tourist.
They find themselves in the world of ancient castles, which are perched on the rocks, old-time villages with
winding steep narrow streets, sandy beaches, salty winds and bottomless lakes.
The Fens - a low-lying district, some parts of it are so low that they are below the sea level. Once upon
a time it was covered with swamps and marshes. Later they have been drained into narrow ditches and dried
and, as the land is fertile, the Fens are now the home of farmers whose fields are rich with wheat, potatoes,
beet and flowers.

What is an Englishman

This is Mike Smith. He is an Englishman. He was born on November 23, 1941. He lives in a small
country town outside London. Every morning he goes to his local station, he buys a copy of “The Times”
and he catches the 8.14 train to London. (He says “I catch the 8.14 to town.”) Mr. Smith Works for a bank in
the City. He has worked for twenty-four years and he has never missed the 8.14 train. Mr. Smith has a pretty
wife, called Marion. They have two children: a boy, called Mark who is thirteen and a girl called Sylvia who
is nineteen. Mark goes to the same Public School his father went to, Sylvia is engaged to a young man who
also works for a bank in the City.
Mr. Smith likes “The Times”, the Queen, money, people who call him “sir”, big dogs and his
umbrella.
He doesn’t like the Labor Government, the Rolling Stones, and girls in mini-skirts.
The national emblem of England is the Rose.

ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY

a hill range пасмо гір

a rushing stream стрімкий потік (струмок)
a fertile land родюча земля
(to be) below the level of the sea нижче рівня моря
(to be) rich with (in) багатий на (щось)

SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OF WORDS

Bays and straits.

bay - затока, бухта;

gulf - (морська) затока;
arm (of the river) - рукав (ріки);
strait - (вузька) протока (з назвою вживається в множині);
channel - канал, протока.

Coasts, shores and banks.

coast - узбережжя;
shore - берег моря, озера;
line - (берегова) лінія, обриси;
beach морський берег, узмор’я, мілина, пляж;
bank - берег ріки, озера.

Exercise 1. a) Find in Text A the equivalents for:

переважно рівнинна країна - predominantly a lowland country
пологі пагорби і рівні обриси - gentle hills and a coast which is regular in outline
пасмо гір - hill ranges (referring to the downs-low chalk hill ranges), the Pennine Chain, the Cumbrian
Mountains
стрімкі потоки - rushing streams
мальовничі водоспади - beautiful waterfalls
стародавній замок - ancient castles
звивисті вузькі вулиці - winding steep narrow streets
 16

піщані береги - sandy beaches

солоні вітри - salty winds
бездонні озера - bottomless lakes
хвилі, які розбиваються об скелі - (This is not explicitly stated, but the description of castles perched on
rocks near sandy beaches and salty winds implies the presence of a rocky coastline where waves would
break.)
нижче рівня моря - below the sea level
вузькі канави - narrow ditches

b) Get ready to speak about England, its geography and main parts.

Exercise 2. Write an essay about the English, their habits, ways of living. The following notes
will be of help.

The English, shaped by their island nation and history, exhibit distinct habits. Politeness and a
degree of reserve are often noted, influencing their interactions and communication. Queuing is
orderly, and emotional displays are typically understated in public. Tradition holds significance,
evident in their appreciation for the monarchy, historical customs, and the enduring presence of
traditional pubs.

Despite this respect for the past, the English are also pragmatic and have adapted to modern life.
They blend heritage with innovation in various aspects of their culture. Diverse interests, such as
gardening and a passion for sports like football and cricket, are common. The home is valued as a
private space, reflecting their emphasis on personal comfort.

In essence, the English way of living balances politeness and reserve with a respect for tradition and
a quiet embrace of modernity. Their habits, from queuing to their appreciation for home, contribute
to a unique national identity.

MEMORY WORK

England! With all my faults I love thee still,

I said at Calais, and have not forgot
I like the taxes when they’re not too many;
I like a sea - coal fire, when not too dear;
I like a beef- steak, too, as well as any ;
Have no objection to a pot of beer;
I like the weather when it is not rainy,
That is ,I like two months of every year.

George Byron.

Text B. WALES

Wales (Cymru, Cambria) is a small country in the west of Great Britain. It has an area of more than
8,000 miles (20,[Link]) and a population of about 3,000,000 people. It is bounded on the north by the
Irish Sea, on the south by the Bristol Channel and on the west by St. George’s Channel. Surrounded on three
sides by an attractive coast-line Wales is called a peninsula and a country of high hills and snow-capped
mountains. The Cambrian Mountains stretch from the north to the south with the towering Mount Snowdon,
the tallest peak (1,085 m). Snowdonia is a national park well-known for its picturesque mountain scenery. It
is worth seeing the Brecon Beacons - the two sloping hills on which signal fires were lit in medieval times.
Now it is a part of the national park famous for the Welsh mountain ponies and for vast flocks of sheep.
The longest rivers are the Sye and the Dee. Six percent of Wales is pasture-land for sheep and cattle. An
extensive areas of gorgeous countryside supports a variety of plants and wild life. It is rich in mineral wealth,
 17

producing iron, coal, copper, lead, zinc, slate and limestone. The only big towns in Wales are along the
South coast and in the nearby coalmining valleys which run down from the hills. The chief urban centres are
Cardiff (the capital city), Swansea, Newport, Wrexham.
Wales is a principality. Prince Charles, the heir to the throne was invested by the Queen with the title
of Prince of Wales at Caernarton Castle in 1969 when he was 20.

What is a Welshman

This is David Jones, he is a Welshman. He was born on March 1, 1964. David lives in a mining village
in South Wales. Most of the man in the village work in a coal mine. Every day, after work they meet in “The
Black Spade” and drink and sing together. David loves to sing: he sings in chapel every Sunday, and he sings
in the coal mine when he is working. David’s wife, Glynis, says “He sings in his bath every night too.”
David speaks Welsh, his country’s language. But if he speaks Welsh in England, Ireland or Scotland nobody
can understand him. He thinks that everybody should speak Welsh because it is a very musical language.
David’s eldest son, John, plays rugby for his school team; his daughter, Jenny, is learning to play the
harp, the national instrument of Wales.
David sometimes takes his wife and family to London, but he thinks it is too big. He doesn’t like
London very much because none of his friends live there, and there are no mountains in London.
David likes: music, poetry, fresh air, singing in the bath, his family, and his friends in the coal mine.
David doesn’t like: people who say the Welsh language is old-fashioned, big cities, and English
cooking.
The national emblem of Wales is the Leek , or the Daffodil, which has a nicer smell.

ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY

a snow-capped mountain гора вкрита снігом

a sloping hill похилий (пологий) пагорб
a flock of sheep отара овець
an urban center міський центр
a coalmining valley долина з вугільними шахтами
a principality володіння принца
an heir to the throne спадкоємець трона

SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OF WORDS

Islands and peninsulas.

peninsula - півострів;
cape - мис;
spit - коса.
island-острів;
isle (esp. poet) - острів;
islet - a small island;
atoll - атол, кораловий острів;
archipelago - архіпелаг, група островів;

Land terms.

Lowland/land plain - низина, долина;

highland/ country mountains - гірська місцевість;
woodland/ woods - лісиста місцевість;
moorland/moors місцевість поросла вереском;
scrubland/scrub - чагарник;
swampland/swamp - болото, драговина;
marshland/marsh болото, низина;
wetland/wet - заболочена місцевість.

Exercise 1. Find in Text B English equivalents and make up sentences of your own.
покриті снігом гори (pokryti snihom hory) - snow-capped mountains
 18

The postcard showed snow-capped mountains against a clear blue sky.

Hiking through the snow-capped mountains in winter requires special equipment.

простягатися (prostiahytysia) - stretch

The Cambrian Mountains stretch from the north to the south of Wales.
Vast plains stretch out as far as the eye can see.

висока гора (vysoka hora) - towering Mount Snowdon / tallest peak

Towering Mount Snowdon dominates the landscape of North Wales.
Reaching the tallest peak was a challenging but rewarding experience.

похилий пагорб (pokhylyi pahorb) - sloping hills

Signal fires were lit on the two sloping hills in medieval times.
We enjoyed a picnic on the sloping hills overlooking the valley.

середньовічні часи (seredn'ovichni chasy) - medieval times

Knights and castles were common during medieval times.
The history museum has artifacts dating back to medieval times.

пасовище (pasovyshche) - pasture-land

Six percent of Wales is pasture-land for sheep and cattle.
Cows grazed peacefully in the green pasture-land.

отара овець (otara ovets') - vast flocks of sheep

The Brecon Beacons are famous for their vast flocks of sheep.
The shepherd guided his vast flocks of sheep across the hillside.

казкова сільська місцевість (kazkova sil's'ka mistsevist') - gorgeous countryside

An extensive area of gorgeous countryside supports a variety of plants and wildlife.
We spent a relaxing weekend exploring the gorgeous countryside.

багатство мінералів (bahatstvo mineraliv) - mineral wealth

Wales is rich in mineral wealth, producing iron, coal, and copper.
The region's mineral wealth contributed significantly to its industrial past.

долини з вугільними шахтами (dolyny z vuhil'nymy shakhtamy) - coalmining valleys

The only big towns in Wales are along the South coast and in the nearby coalmining valleys.
Many families in the coalmining valleys relied on the mines for their livelihood.

міські центри (mis'ki tsentry) - urban centres

The chief urban centres in Wales include Cardiff, Swansea, and Newport.
These urban centres offer a variety of cultural and economic opportunities.

володіння принца (volodinnia pryntsa) - principality / Prince of Wales

Wales is a principality.
Prince Charles holds the title of Prince of Wales.

спадкоємець (на трон) (spadkoiemets' (na tron)) - heir to the throne

Prince Charles is the heir to the throne.
The heir to the throne has many royal duties.

надавати (влади, повноваження, титул) (nadavaty (vlady, povnovazhennia, tytul)) - invested (by the
Queen with the title)
Prince Charles was invested by the Queen with the title of Prince of Wales.
The new CEO was invested with significant authority.

Exercise 2. Find in Text B the phrase “vast flock of sheep “, translate it and enlarge your
vocabulary in collective nouns.
 19

birds (in flight): a flight

birds (resting): a flock
chickens: a brood
ducks (on the ground): a paddling
geese (on the ground): a gaggle
lions: a pride
owls: a parliament
pigs: a sounder
quail: a bevy
salmon: a run
stars: a galaxy, a constellation
thieves: a gang
trees: a grove
whales: a pod

Exercise 3. Give a brief talk about Wales. Your fellow-students will ask you questions to find
out what you know about it. Read the text below, it will help you to make up a good story.

IT IS INTERESTING TO KNOW

The Welsh are a nation of singers. You can hardly find a town in Wales that hasn’t a choir and doesn’t take
part in the Eisteddfod, a festival devoted to music, literature and art. All the proceedings are in the Welsh
language. Prizes are awarded for music, for prose and verse, painting and craftwork, for drama. The festival
includes a colourful ceremony - the Crowning of the bard with golden oak-leaves. Queen Elizabeth I
ordered the Eisteddfod to be held every year with the object of raising the standard of music.

Text C. SCOTLAND.

Scotland - Caledonia, “Land of Cakes” - is a country in the north of Great Britain, separated from
England by the Cheviot Hills. Besides the mainland, Scotland includes several islands: the Hebrides,
Orkneys and Shetlands. It contains three natural divisions: the Southern Uplands, the Central Lowlands and
the Northern Highlands.
The highest mountains are the Grampians which include Ben Nevis (1,343 m) and are used for grouse
shooting, mountain climbing and hill walking.
The most impressive and beautiful part of Scotland is the north and west, or the region commonly
called “the highlands and islands”. Great sea lochs, not unlike those of Norway, alternate with wild and
empty hills, and on some of the loch there are farms which can only be reached by boat. Cone-shaped, boggy
mountains of 1,000 metres high, separated by deep valleys, cover the whole inland area as well as parts of
some islands. In the Highlands there are hills upon hills, lined and streaked by countless valleys, much water,
some trees, curious species not found elsewhere in Britain, bare moorland at times , cultivated land. Small
isolated clusters of houses and even solitary cottages, the only sign of human life, are scattered there.
Areas of south -western Scotland are full of thriving farms, favoured by a mild climate. The principle
crop of arable farms is barley which is used in the making of whisky and beer. But even in this area most of
the land is too high for easy cultivation. So much of it is rough grazing for cattle and sheep . Scotland’s cattle
industry has a worldwide reputation.
Two-thirds of Scotland’s people live in the industrial belt which stretches for the picturesque Clyde
estuary in the south-west, across the narrowest part of the River Forth and Edinburgh (the capital city), then
up the east coast to the great fishing port of Aberdeen, which now also serves as the mainland center for the
North Sea’s oil industry. With its mountain lakes including Loch Ness and Loch Lomond, ancient castles,
unspoiled landscape and forest parks, Scotland is regarded as a beautiful country, and tourism is one of its
most important industries.

What is a Scotsman

This is Robby McGregor, he is a Scotsman. He was born on August 6, 1956. Robby’s house is in the
hills, in the north of Scotland. He is married and has three children - all boys. He is very proud of his kilt and
the McGregor family tartan. He goes to work every day wearing trousers but he wears a kilt at the weekend
and on special occasions.
 20

Robby works in a factory which makes tartans - including the McGregor Tartan. He says “Only true
Scotsman wear the kilt. I am a true Scotsman.”
Robby like most Scotsmen is a very proud man. He likes to work hard and earn a lot of money, but
doesn’t like to spend it. (He always feels guilty if he goes out for an evening and enjoys himself).
Robby’s youngest son is learning to play the bagpipes - Scotland’s traditional instrument. This makes
Robby feel very proud. The bagpipes, however, are a difficult instrument to play; they sound very beautiful
if somebody plays them well, but they sound horrible if a learner tries to play them.
Robby likes: his kilt, fishing, Scotch whisky, and the Highland Games.
The national emblem of Scotland is the Thistle.

ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY

grouse shooting полювання на куріпок

mountain climbing альпінізм
curious species дивний вид
cultivated land оброблена земля
(to be) scattered розкидані
a principal crop основна культура
oil industry нафтова промисловість

SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OF WORDS

Areas of water

pond - cтавок
pool - заводь
lagoon - лагуна;
reservoir - водосховище;
dam - гребля, дамба;
estuary - широке гирло ріки, лиман;
mouth - гирло ріки;
tributary притока (ріки).

Hills, mountains, cliffs

slope - схил, похилість;

foothill(s) - підніжжя гори;
mount гора (в назвах);
top - вершина гори;
cliff - круча, стрімка скеля;
crag - скеля, стрімчак;
crevice - щілина, розколина;
cave печера;
precipice - провалля, безодня;
gorge - вузька ущелина;
canyon - каньйон.

Exercise 1. Find in Text B the English equivalents for:

1. полювання на куріпок (poluvannia na kuripok) - This phrase is not explicitly found in Text B.
However, it might be related to wildlife or activities in the countryside.
2. альпінізм (al'pinizm) - This phrase is not explicitly found in Text B. However, the description of
high hills and mountains suggests that mountaineering or climbing could be a possible activity.
3. прогулянка в горах (prohulianka v horakh) - This phrase is not explicitly found in Text B.
However, the mention of picturesque mountain scenery and national parks implies that hiking or
walking in the mountains is possible.
4. в формі конуса (v formi konusa) - This phrase describing shape is not explicitly found in Text B.
5. пагорби, навкруг яких простяглися долини у вигляді численних смужок (pahorby, navkruh
yakykh prostiahlysia dolyny u vyhliadi chyslennykh smozhok) - This specific detailed description is
 21

not explicitly found in Text B. The text mentions "high hills" and "sloping hills" and "valleys which
run down from the hills," but not this particular imagery.
6. дивний вид (порода) (dyvnyi vyd (poroda)) - This phrase, meaning "strange type (breed)," is not
explicitly found in Text B. The text mentions "Welsh mountain ponies," which could be considered
a specific breed.
7. оброблена земля (obroblena zemlia) - This phrase, meaning "cultivated land," is not explicitly
found in Text B. However, it mentions "pasture-land" and implies agricultural use of the land.
8. відокремлениі купки будинків (vidokremleni kupky budynkiv) - This phrase, meaning "isolated
clusters of houses," is not explicitly found in Text B.
9. поодинокі котеджі (poodynoki kotedzhi) - This phrase, meaning "solitary cottages," is not
explicitly found in Text B.
10. єдина ознака людського життя (iedyna oznaka liuds'koho zhyttia) - This phrase, meaning "the only
sign of human life," is not explicitly found in Text B.
11. розкидані (rozkydani) - This word, meaning "scattered," is not explicitly found in Text B in the
context of dwellings.
12. процвітаючі ферми (protsvintaiuchi fermy) - This phrase, meaning "prosperous farms," is not
explicitly found in Text B. However, the mention of pasture-land and cultivation suggests the
presence of farms.
13. основна культура (osnovna kul'tura) - This phrase, meaning "main crop," is not explicitly found in
Text B.
14. нафтова промисловість (naftova promyslovist') - This phrase, meaning "oil industry," is not found
in Text B. The text mentions other mineral resources like iron, coal, copper, lead, zinc, slate, and
limestone.

Exercise 2. a) Find in Text C sentences with the following phrases, translate them into
Ukrainian. Use these phrases in the sentences of your own.

1. … not unlike those of Norway …

English Sentence (from Text C): Great sea lochs, not unlike those of Norway, alternate with wild and empty
hills...

Ukrainian Translation: Великі морські озера, не схожі на ті, що в Норвегії, чергуються з дикими та
безлюдними пагорбами...

Original Sentence: The fjords of New Zealand, not unlike those of Norway, offered breathtaking views of
steep cliffs and deep blue water. (Фйорди Нової Зеландії, не схожі на ті, що в Норвегії, відкривали
захоплюючі краєвиди крутих скель і глибокої синьої води.)

2. … alternate with …

English Sentence (from Text C): Great Sea lochs, not unlike those of Norway, alternate with wild and empty
hills...

Ukrainian Translation: Великі морські озера, не схожі на ті, що в Норвегії, чергуються з дикими та
безлюдними пагорбами...

Original Sentence: Sunny days alternate with brief showers throughout the spring. (Сонячні дні чергуються
з короткими зливами протягом усієї весни.)

3. … hills, lined and streaked by …

English Sentence (from Text C): In the Highlands there are hills, lined and streaked by countless valleys,
much water, some trees...

Ukrainian Translation: У Шотландському високогір'ї є пагорби, розкреслені та поцятковані

незліченними долинами, численними водами, деякими деревами...
 22

Original Sentence: The old map showed the hills, lined and streaked by ancient footpaths. (Стара карта
показувала пагорби, розкреслені та поцятковані стародавніми пішохідними стежками.)

4. … the only sign of human life …

English Sentence (from Text C): Small isolated clusters of houses and even solitary cottages, the only sign of
human life, are scattered there.

Ukrainian Translation: Невеликі розкидані групи будинків і навіть поодинокі котеджі є єдиною
ознакою людського життя, що там трапляються.

Original Sentence: A distant light in a window was the only sign of human life in the vast, snow-covered
landscape. (Віддалене світло у вікні було єдиною ознакою людського життя у величезному,
засніженому ландшафті.)

5. … thriving farms, favored by …

English Sentence (from Text C): Areas of south -western Scotland are full of thriving farms, favored by a
mild climate.

Ukrainian Translation: Райони південно-західної Шотландії сповнені процвітаючих ферм, яким сприяє
м'який клімат.

Original Sentence: The valley is known for its thriving farms, favored by the rich soil and ample rainfall.
(Долина відома своїми процвітаючими фермами, яким сприяє багатий ґрунт і рясні опади.)

6. … is regarded as … .

English Sentence (from Text C): With its mountain lakes including Loch Ness and Loch Lomond, ancient
castles, unspoiled landscape and forest parks, Scotland is regarded as a beautiful country...

Ukrainian Translation: З її гірськими озерами, включаючи Лох-Несс і Лох-Ломонд, стародавніми

замками, незайманими пейзажами та лісовими парками, Шотландія вважається красивою країною...

Original Sentence: Her latest novel is regarded as her finest work to date. (Її останній роман вважається її
найкращою роботою на сьогодні.)

b) Retell Text C making use of the suggested phrases. Mention the geographical names from
the text. Use the map of Great Britain. Read the text below, it will help you to make up a
good story.

IT IS INTERESTING TO KNOW

The thistle is the national emblem of Scotland. According to a curious legend, that homely plant came
to be chosen as a badge. In very ancient times the Norsemen landed somewhere on the east coast of Scotland.
The Scots arrived to the river Tay, the largest in Scotland. They were tired after a long march, pitched their
camp and rested not expected the enemy before the next day.
The Norsemen noticing that no guards protected the camp crossed the river Tay. They intended to take
the Scots by surprise and slaughter them in their sleep. They took off their shoes so as to make the least noise
possible. But one of them stepped on a thistle. The sudden and sharp pain he felt caused him to shriek. The
alarm was given in the Scots’ camp. As an acknowledgment for the timely and unexpected help form the
thistle, the Scots took it as their national emblem.

MEMORY WORK

My heart’s in the Highlands

My heart’s in the Highlands, my heart is not here,

 23

My heart’s in the Highlands a-chasing the deer;

A-chasing the wild deer, and following the roe-
My heart’s in the Highlands wherever I go.
Farewell to the Highlands, farewell to the North,
the birthplace of valour, the country of worth;
Wherever I wander, wherever I rove,
The hills of the Highlands forever I love…

Robert Burns

Text D. NORTHERN IRELAND

Northern Ireland - is at its nearest point only 21 km (13 miles) from Scotland. It has a 488 km (303
miles) border in the south and west with the Irish Republic. At its center lies Lough Neagh, Britain’s largest
freshwater lake. Many of the principal towns lie in valleys leading from the Lough, including the capital,
Belfast, which stands at the mouth of the river Lagan. The Mourne Mountains, rising sharply in the south-
east, include Slieve Donard, Northern Ireland’s highest peak (852 m). Most industry is situated in the eastern
part of the province. Just under two-thirds of the population are descendants of Scots or English settlers who
crossed to Ireland mainly in the 17 th century; most are Protestants, British by culture and tradition and
committed to maintaining the constitutional link with the British Crown. The remainder, just over a third are
Roman Catholic, Irish by culture and history, and favour union with the Irish Republic.

What is an Irishman

This is Jim O’Hara. He is an Irishman. He was born on March 15, 1952. Paddy lives in a gray brick
house with five rooms, in Dublin, the capital of the Irish Republic. He dislikes work very much if he didn’t
have to work, he would be a very happy man. He says “Well, you see, I’ve got a wife and six children and
they all need food and clothes.”
So to earn money, Jim writes about horse-racing every week for a Dublin newspaper.
Jim loves talking and telling stories. If he didn’t have to work every day, he says, he knows exactly
what he would do: he would get up late in the morning and eat a big plate of bacon for breakfast. He would
then go to his favorite pub and have three glasses of beer, and tell everybody what he did the day before. In
the evening, he would have a big meal and then dance and sing with his wife and friends.
Jim likes: a good fight, colored ties, the bar-maid in the pub, singing, beer and Ireland.
He doesn’t like: rich Englishmen, people who don’t listen to his stories and work.
The national emblem of Ireland is Shamrock.

SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OF WORDS

Relating to land and sea.

terrestrial земний;
insular - острівний;
peninsular - півострівний;
maritime - морський, приморський;
oceanic - океанський, океанічний;
coastal - береговий;
aquatic - водяний, водний;
amphibious - земноводний;
cavernous - багатий на печери;
arboreal - деревний;
precipitous - стрімкий, крутий, прямовисний.

Natural disasters.

earthquake - землетрус;
volcano - вулкан;
landslide - обвал, зсув (smaller than landslip);
 24

landslip - обвал в горах.

Relating to the Globe.

equator - екватор;
latitude - широта;
longitude - довгота;
altitude - висота, висота над рівнем моря.

Exercise 1. Find in Text D the English equivalents for:

1. прісноводне озеро (prisnovodne ozero) - freshwater lake
2. біля гирла річки (bilia hyrla richky) - at the mouth of the river
3. нащадок (nashchadok) - descendant
4. поселенець (poselenets') - settler
5. протестант (protestant) - Protestant
6. віддавати перевагу союзу з … (viddavaty perevahu soiuzu z ...) - favour union with …

Exercise 2. a) Fill in the words border, boundary or frontier. Choose the correct alternative.

Note: border - кордон, прикордонна зона чи смуга по обидвa боки демаркаціонної лінії. (e.g. the
border of two adjoining countries.)
boundary - границя, межа, кордон, (лінія). (e.g. This stream forms a boundary between the two
farms).
frontier - кордон як демаркаціонна лінія, державний кордон, прикордонна зона по один бік
границі. (e.g. to guard the frontiers, frontier station, forest , incident, dispute)

1. When we went camping, we put up our tents on the boundary of the lake. (Here, it refers to the edge
or limit of the lake area.)
2. The frontier incident was reported by the newspapers in detail. (Refers to an event in the border
region.)
3. A boundary dispute is a quarrel about where a boundary is or ought to be. (A disagreement about the
line of demarcation.)
4. The river formed a boundary between these rural districts. (The river acts as a dividing line.)
5. The half-ruined tower used to be a frontier fortress. (A strong point protecting the border.)
6. The region along the border between England and Scotland is called the Borders. (Referring to the
area on both sides of the national dividing line.)
7. A hedge is a fence or a row of bushes or low trees, which are planted to form a boundary round a
garden or field. (Marking the edge of the property.)
8. Great Britain’s borders, northern, eastern and southern, are formed by seas and oceans. (Referring to
the overall limits of the country.)

b) Find in Text D the phrase “… committed to maintaining the constitutional link …”,
translate it. Write down your own sentences making use of the following:

to commit to maintaining підтримувати

to writing записувати
to flames спалювати
to memory запам’ятовувати
to prison ув’язнювати
to suicide покінчити життя самогубством

1. to commit (вчинити, зобов'язатися):

2. He committed a serious error in his calculations. (Він вчинив серйозну помилку у
своїх розрахунках.)
3. The government committed itself to reducing carbon emissions. (Уряд зобов'язався
скоротити викиди вуглецю.)
4. to maintaining (підтримувати):
 25

5. Regular exercise is crucial to maintaining good health. (Регулярні вправи є

вирішальними для підтримання доброго здоров'я.)
6. The engineers worked tirelessly to maintaining the bridge's structural integrity.
(Інженери невтомно працювали для підтримання структурної цілісності мосту.)
7. to writing (записувати):
8. She dedicated her evenings to writing her first novel. (Вона присвячувала свої вечори
записуванню свого першого роману.)
9. The historian spent years to writing a comprehensive account of the war. (Історик
провів роки записуючи вичерпну розповідь про війну.)
10. to flames (спалювати):
11. The old documents were consigned to flames. (Старі документи були віддані
спаленню.)
12. Protesters threatened to flames the government building. (Протестувальники
погрожували спалити урядову будівлю.)
13. to memory (запам’ятовувати):
14. The students had to memory long passages of poetry. (Студенти мали запам'ятати
довгі уривки поезії.)
15. She tried to memory every detail of their conversation. (Вона намагалася запам'ятати
кожну деталь їхньої розмови.)
16. to prison (ув’язнювати):
17. The judge sentenced him to prison for ten years. (Суддя засудив його до ув'язнення на
десять років.)
18. He was eventually sent to prison for his crimes. (Зрештою його відправили до в'язниці
за його злочини.)
19. to suicide (покінчити життя самогубством):
20. Tragically, he attempted to suicide after losing his job. (Трагічно, він спробував
покінчити життя самогубством після втрати роботи.)
21. The article discussed the factors that can lead someone to suicide. (У статті
обговорювалися фактори, які можуть призвести людину до самогубства.)

c) Retell Text D. Supposing you are reading newspapers express your attitude (thoughts ) to
the political situation in Northern Ireland at the moment.

Exercise 3. The table below shows some similarities and differences between the four
countries of Great Britain.

England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland

Area (sq. km) 130,439 78,772 20,768 14,121
Highest Scafell Pike Ben Nevis Snowdon Slieve Donard
mountain 978 m 1,342 m 1,085 m 852 m
(height)
Largest city London Glasgow Cardiff Belfast

For example:

In spite of the obvious differences in size, the countries of the UK have quite a lot in common. Wales
and Northern Ireland are fairly similar in size, though the area of Wales is slightly larger.
Scafell Pike and Snowdon are more or less the same height, though Snowdon is just a few metres
higher. Both Snowdon and Ben Nevis are over 1,000 m height, though neither of them is all that high
compared with the Alps, for example.
 26

Exercise 4. Act as a geography teacher and discuss one of the following topics, show your
knowledge of the topic and your map reading skills. Use the map when speaking. (Give a
three minute talk).

1. The British Isles and the seas, straits and channels.

2. The relief of England, its highlands, lowlands, and mountains.
3. The rivers of Britain.
4. The Lake District.
5. Cornwall.
6. The relief of Wales.
7. The landscape of Scotland.
8. At the map of Northern Ireland.

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA IN BRIEF

Geography

The vast and varied expanse of the United States

of America stretches from the heavily
industrialized, metropolitan Atlantic seaboard,
across the rich flat farms of the central plains,
over the majestic Rocky Mountains to the fertile,
densely populated west coast, then halfway across
the Pacific to the semi-tropical island-state of
Hawaii. Without Hawaii and Alaska the
continental United States measures 4,505
kilometres from its Atlantic to Pacific coasts,
2,574 kilometers from Canada to Mexico; it
covers 9,372,616 square kilometers. In area, it is
the fourth largest nation in the world (behind
Russia, Canada and China).
The sparsely settled far-northern state of
Alaska is the largest of America’s 50 states with
a land mass of 1,477,887 square kilometers.
Alaska is nearly 40 times the size of Rhode
island, which is the smallest state; but Alaska ,
with 521,000 people, has half the population of
Rhode Island.
America is a land of physical contrasts, including the weather. The southern parts of Florida, Texas,
California, and the entire state of Hawaii, have warm temperatures year round; most of the United States is in
the temperate zone, with four distinct seasons and varying numbers of hot and cold days each season, the
whole northern tier of States and Alaska have extremely cold winters. The land varies from heavy forests
covering 2,104 million hectares, to barren deserts, from high-peaked mountains (McKinley in Alaska rises to
6193.5 metres), to deep canyons (Death Valley in California is 1,064 metres below sea level).
The United States is also a land of bountiful rivers and lakes. The northern state of Minnesota, for
example, is known as the land of 10,000 lakes. The broad Mississippi river system, of great historic and
economic importance to the United States, runs 5,969 kilometers from Canada into the Gulf of Mexico - the
world’s third longest river after the Nile and the Amazon. A canal south of Chicago joins one of the
tributaries of the Mississippi to the five Great Lakes - making it the world’s largest inland water
transportation route and the biggest body of fresh water in the world. The St. Lawrence seaway, which the
United States shares with Canada, connects the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean.
America’s early settlers were attracted by the fertile land along the Atlantic coast in the southeast and
inland beyond the eastern Appalachian mountains. As America expanded westward, so did its farmers and
ranchers, cultivating the grasslands of the Great Plains, and finally the fertile valleys of the pacific coast.
Today, with 1,214 million hectares under cultivation, American farmers plant spring wheat on the cold
western plains and rice in the damp heat of Louisiana. Florida and California are famous for their vegetable
and fruit production, and the cool, rainy northwestern states are known for apples, pears, berries and
vegetables.
 27

Underground, a wealth of minerals provides a solid base for American industry. History has
glamorized the gold rushes to California and Alaska and the silver finds in Nevada. Yet America’s yearly
production of gold is far exceeded by the value of its petroleum, natural gas, clays, phosphates, lead and iron,
even its output of sand, cement and stone for construction. Production value of crude oil alone is about 4.2
thousand million annually, pumped from petroleum reserves that range from the Gulf of Mexico to Alaska’s
North Slope.

GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES

Rocky Mountains Cкелясті гори

Appalachian Mountains Аппалачські гори (Аппалачі)
Hawaii Гавайі (острови і штат США)
Louisiana Луїзіана (штат США)
Nevada Невада (штат США)
Chicago Чікаго

Exercise 1. Answer the questions.

1. Where is the USA located?

The USA stretches from the Atlantic seaboard across the central plains and Rocky Mountains to the west
coast and includes the island-state of Hawaii in the Pacific.
2. What countries does it border on?
The continental USA borders Canada to the north and Mexico to the south.
3. Which of America’s 50 states is the largest?
Alaska is the largest of America's 50 states.
4. What kind of climate is typical for different parts of the USA?
he climate varies greatly across the USA. Southern parts of Florida, Texas, California, and Hawaii have
warm temperatures year-round. Most of the continental USA is in the temperate zone with four distinct
seasons and varying temperatures. The northern tier of states and Alaska have extremely cold winters.
5. Is it true that its rivers and lakes are of great value as waterways and a body of fresh water?
Yes, it is true. The Mississippi river system is of great historic and economic importance as a waterway. The
connection of its tributary to the Great Lakes forms the world's largest inland water transportation route and
the biggest body of fresh water in the world. The St. Lawrence Seaway 1 also connects the Great Lakes with
the Atlantic Ocean.
6. Is the land of the States favorable for agriculture?
Yes, the land of the United States is favorable for agriculture. The text mentions "rich flat farms of the
central plains" and "fertile valleys of the pacific coast" attracting early settlers. It also states that today a vast
area is under cultivation, producing various crops like wheat, rice, vegetables, and fruits in regions suited to
their climate.
7. Are the natural resources beneficial for the American people?
Yes, the natural resources are beneficial for the American people. The text highlights that a "wealth of
underground minerals provides a solid base for American industry," mentioning resources like petroleum,
natural gas, clays, phosphates, lead, and iron.

Exercise 2. a) Give a brief description of the geographical position and the climate of the
United States. Be sure to mention the relief, the climate zones and the biggest rivers and lakes
and the largest and the most important cities.

b) Imagine that you are preparing a quiz show devoted to the USA. Think of questions
you would like to include in a quiz and put them down.
1. Round 1: Geography & Nature
What is the name of the longest river system in the United States?
Which of the five Great Lakes is entirely located within the borders of the United States?
What is the highest mountain peak in the contiguous United States (lower 48 states)?
What is the name of the desert region that includes Death Valley?
 28

Which state is known as "The Sunshine State"?

What major fault line runs along the western coast of North America, known for its seismic
activity?
What is the name of the vast prairie region that occupies much of the central United States?
Which two states are not part of the contiguous United States?
2. Round 2: History & Politics
In what year was the Declaration of Independence signed?
Who was the first president of the United States?
What were the original thirteen colonies located along?
What is the Bill of Rights?
Which two major political parties currently dominate the US political landscape?
How many stars are on the flag of the United States, and what do they represent?
What is the name of the building that houses the US Congress?
Which event is often considered the start of the American Civil War?
3. Round 3: Culture & Society
What is the name of the iconic statue located on Liberty Island in New York Harbor?
Which genre of music originated in the southern United States and is known for its soulful
vocals and instrumental improvisation?
What is the name of the annual American holiday celebrated on the fourth Thursday of
November?
Which city is widely considered the center of the American film industry?
What is the most populous state in the United States?
What is the name of the famous highway that historically stretched from Chicago to Los
Angeles?
Which popular sport is known as "America's pastime"?
What is the name of the annual awards ceremony recognizing excellence in music?
4. Round 4: Potpourri
What is the currency of the United States?
Which US state is known for its production of citrus fruits, particularly oranges?
What is the name of the US space agency?
Which iconic soft drink was first created in Atlanta, Georgia?
What is the area code for the state of Hawaii?
Which mountain carving features the faces of four US presidents?
What is the name of the national bird of the United States?
What is the largest city by land area in the United States (including consolidated city-
counties)?

c) Your favorite TV program is “The Window Into America”. Say what makes you love
this program.

AUSTRALIA

Australia is an island continent lying south

east of Asia and forming, with the nearby island of
Tasmania and a number of smaller islands, the
Commonwealth of Australia. In fact, it is the only
country in the world which occupies the territory of
an entire continent. Australia covers an area of 77
million sq. km, the same as the USA (excluding
Hawaii and Alaska and is more than 30 times larger
than Great Britain.
The Australian continent is bounded on the
north by the Timor and Arafura seas and Torres
Strait, on the east by the Tasman and Coral Seas, on
 29

the south by Bass Strait and the Indian Ocean and in the west by the Indian Ocean. Australia is the smallest
continent and the largest island in the world.
The flattest of all continents, Australia’s most significant mountain chain is the Great Dividing Range
(eastern projection of which is known as the Australian Alps). Mount Kosciusko (2,230 m), in the Australian
Alps, is Australia’s highest point.
There are few rivers and lakes in Australia. Its best-known river is Murray (2,600 km). The longest is
the Darling (2,740 km).
Australia is located between 10 and 40 degrees south latitude. Its largest region is in the tropical belt
which includes tropical desert climate and tropical wet climate. Great parts of the interior of the country are
very dry. Most of these areas are desert country. The Great Sandy and Great Victoria Desert rank among the
largest deserts in the world.
The continent is south of the Equator, so the seasons are the opposite way round in that part of the
world. In December, January and February when people are sledding and ice-skating in North America and
the European countries, Australians are enjoying summertime. Australia has long been little known to most
of the people on the world due to its geographical position. Sydney, Australia’s largest city, is about 23,000
km from London by sea, and it takes two days and nights to cover the distance between Sydney and London
by air.
The isolation of the continent has resulted in the development of a distinctive Australian flora and
fauna. This is reflected in the country’s coat-of -arms: the kangaroo and emu and a twig of wattle. Australia’s
coastal waters and rivers contain many varieties of fish.
Australia was the last continent to be inhabited by the white man. It was just a little over 380 years old
that the Australian continent was discovered. The first landing by Europeans took place in 1606. More than a
century and a half later on expedition headed by the British explorer James Cook added the land to the
possessions of the British Crown. Australian means “South Land”.
In 1901 the separate colonies in Australia merged together and became the states of the
Commonwealth of Australia with the capital Canberra.

Great Dividing Range - Великий Водороздільний Хребет;

Mount Kosciusko - гора Косцюшко;
Murray - Мюррей (ріка);
Darling - Дарлінг (ріка);
Great Sandy Desert - Велика Піщана Пустиня;
Great Victoria Desert - Велика Пустиня Вікторія.

Exercise 1. Ask questions to get these answers:

Question: What is the name of the country formed by Australia, Tasmania, and several smaller islands?
Answer: the Commonwealth of Australia.

Question: What is the approximate area of Australia in square kilometers?

Answer: 77 million sq. km.

Question: In terms of continents and islands, what unique distinction does Australia hold?
Answer: The smallest continent and the largest island in the world.

Question: What is the name of the eastern projection of the Great Dividing Range where Mount Kosciusko is
located?
Answer: the Australian Alps.

Question: What are the names of Australia's two best-known or longest rivers mentioned in the text?
Answer: the Murray, the Darling.

Question: In which broad climate zone is the largest region of Australia located?
Answer: The tropical climate.

Question: What is the name of Australia's largest city mentioned in the text?
Answer: Sydney.
 30

Question: Approximately how long ago was the Australian continent discovered by Europeans, according to
the text?
Answer: Over 380 years old.

Question: What is the meaning of the name "Australia"?

Answer: “South Land”

Question: What is the capital city of the Commonwealth of Australia?

Answer: Canberra.

UKRAINE

Within its present borders Ukraine has an area

of 603,700 sq. km., being larger than any country in
western Europe. Its population is more than 52 million.
The capital is Kyiv. From east to west Ukraine
stretches for more than 300 km and from north to south
for almost 900 km.
The climate of Ukraine is determined by its
geographic location.
Ukraine’s territory lies in the temperate belt.
Generally the country’s climate is moderately
continental, being subtropical only on the southern
coast of the Crimea.
In separate parts of the country noticeable
differences in climate are observed. They are caused
by many factors: the latitude, relief, altitude and
proximity to seas and oceans.
Ukraine ‘s climate varies not only from north to south, but also from the north-west to the south-west
as the warm damp air masses become drier moving in. A characteristic feature of the climate is an increase in
its continental nature from west to east.
A feature of Ukraine’s climate is the considerable fluctuation in weather conditions from year to year.
Alongside very wet years there can be droughts, whose effect increases to the south and east. There are
frequent oscillations in weather in the regions of the Crimea and Carpathian mountains. Most forests and
timber reserves are in the Carpathians and Polissia. In the Donets-Dnieper and southern economic areas there
are very few forests. Tree cover here consists mostly of plantations used for soil and field preservation,
green zones around cities and water reservoir areas along rivers. Ukraine has mostly coniferous and
deciduous trees (pine, oak, fir, beech and birch).
Plantations of valuable species (oak and beech) are increasing while plantings of little used trees such
as hornbeam and aspen are diminishing. Special attention is focused on the regeneration of the Carpathian
forests which were excessively felled in the first postwar years. More trees are replanted in the Carpathians
now than are felled.
The wealth of the forest of Ukraine includes not only timber, but also berries, nuts, mushrooms and
medical herbs.
Territorial differences in climate effect Ukraine ‘s zonal specialization in agriculture. In the northern
and western regions water-loving crops are cultivated, in the central forest-steppe zone - those that require
moderate moisture (sugar beets) and in the dry steppe zone - heat-loving, drought-resistant crops such as
sunflowers.
You can also notice that Ukraine ‘s natural vegetation has greatly changed as a result of man’s
activities.

drought - засуха;
oscillation - коливання;
coniferous - хвойний;
deciduous - що періодично втрачає листя;
beech - бук;
birch - береза;
aspen - осика;
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fell - зрубати, звалити дерево.

Exercise 1. Study the text Ukraine and do the following assignment. Imagine that you have
been invited to an English/American school. Tell the students about your country and its place
in Europe. Concentrate on these things: population, geographical location, climate, nature.

Exercise 2. You are a tourist in Great Britain. Another tourist who happens to be your
neighbor on a bus is interested in your country. He asks questions about the geographical
position, the state system, the climate and the major sights. What would you answer?
You may start like this:

a: What a fine morning!

B: Yes, isn’t it lovely!
A: Having a nice tour?
B: Yes, indeed.
A: By the way, where d’you come from?…

Exercise 3. Describe the typical features of the Ukrainians. Use the text below.

THE UKRAINIANS

Ukrainian mentality was formed influenced by many factors: geographical position at the crossroads
of the West and East, specific climatic conditions and at times tragic historical destiny. Since time
immemorial Ukrainians have been known as hard - working, thrifty, skilled farmers, emotionally strongly
affiliated to their native parts, good family men, and devoted wives. They are typically kind-hearted,
friendly, hospitable and well wishing to both fellow countrymen and foreigners; they are cautious, yet
inclined to romanticism and sentimentality.
But come the time of ordeal, and they are determined, resourceful, brave, slaunch, ready for self-
sacrifice.
Among themselves, despite their inherent emotionalism, Ukrainians have always valued restraint,
consideration and a realistic view of life. They have a very special sense of humour. They can be bitingly
ironical.
They have a very rich imagination reflecting the surrounding realities in a colorful, at times,
paradoxical way.

Hard-working, thrifty, skilled farmers: This highlights their historical connection to agriculture and their
diligence and careful management of resources.
Emotionally strongly affiliated to their native parts: Ukrainians have a deep love and connection to their
homeland.
Good family men, and devoted wives: Family values and strong marital bonds are presented as typical traits.
Kind-hearted, friendly, hospitable and well wishing to both fellow countrymen and foreigners: They are
generally seen as warm, welcoming, and having good intentions towards others.
Cautious, yet inclined to romanticism and sentimentality: This suggests a balance between a careful approach
to life and a capacity for romantic feelings and emotional expression.
Determined, resourceful, brave, staunch, ready for self-sacrifice (in times of ordeal): When faced with
challenges or difficult times, Ukrainians are portrayed as resolute, inventive, courageous, steadfast, and
willing to make personal sacrifices.
Valued restraint, consideration, and a realistic view of life (among themselves): Despite their emotionalism,
they appreciate self-control, thoughtfulness towards others, and a practical outlook.
Have a very special sense of humour. They can be bitingly ironical: Their humor is distinctive and can
include sharp irony.
Have a very rich imagination reflecting the surrounding realities in a colorful, at times, paradoxical way:
Their imaginative capacity allows them to perceive and express the world around them in a vivid and
sometimes unexpected manner.
 32

Exercise 4. Comment on the following proverbs and sayings. Give their Ukrainian
equivalents.
1. So many countries, so many customs.

Comment: This proverb highlights the diversity of human cultures around the world. It suggests that what is
considered normal, polite, or acceptable can vary significantly from one country to another. It encourages
understanding and tolerance of different traditions and ways of life. It emphasizes that there isn't a single
"right" way to do things, and that customs are often deeply rooted in a region's history, geography, and social
norms.

Ukrainian Equivalent: Скільки країн, стільки й звичаїв. (Skil'ky krayin, stil'ky y zvychayiv.)

2. East or West, home is best.

Comment: This saying emphasizes the strong emotional attachment people have to their home. Regardless of
how appealing other places might be, there is a unique comfort, security, and sense of belonging associated
with one's own home. "Home" here can refer not just to a physical dwelling but also to one's family,
community, and familiar surroundings. It speaks to the deep-seated human need for a place of refuge and
familiarity.

Ukrainian Equivalent: Вдома й стіни гріють. (Vdoma y stiny hriyut'.) - Literally: At home, even the walls
warm you.

3. There is no place like home.

Comment: This proverb reinforces the sentiment of the previous one, perhaps even more strongly. It suggests
that home is irreplaceable and holds a special value that no other location can match. It speaks to the
emotional connection, memories, and sense of identity tied to one's home. It often implies a yearning for
home when one is away.

Ukrainian Equivalent: Краще вдома, ніж будь-де. (Krasche vdoma, nizh bud'-de.) - Literally: Better at
home than anywhere else.

4. When at Rome, do as the Romans do.

Comment: This proverb advises people to adapt to the customs and practices of the place they are visiting or
living in. It promotes cultural sensitivity and suggests that trying to impose one's own norms in a different
environment can lead to misunderstandings or even offense. It emphasizes the importance of observing and
respecting local traditions.

Ukrainian Equivalent: Як між вовки потрапив, так по-вовчи вити. (Yak mizh volky potrapyv, tak po-
vovchy vyty.) - Literally: If you've fallen among wolves, howl like a wolf.

5. To carry coals to Newcastle.

Comment: This idiom describes a pointless or redundant action. Newcastle in England was historically a
major coal-mining region, so taking coal there would be unnecessary and illogical. The saying is used to
criticize someone for doing something that is clearly superfluous or offering something that is already in
abundance.

Ukrainian Equivalent: Возити дрова до лісу. (Vozyty drova do lisu.) - Literally: To carry firewood to the
forest.
PROGRESS CHECK EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Finish the sentences according to the model. (Consult a dictionary).

Englishmen live in England, they speak English.

 33

Scotsmen live in Scotland, they speak English, Scots, and Scottish Gaelic.

Irish people live in Ireland, they speak English and Irish (Gaelic).

Swedes live in Sweden, they speak Swedish.

Norwegians live in Norway, they speak Norwegian.

Danes live in Denmark, they speak Danish.

Dutch people live in Holland (the Netherlands), they speak Dutch.

Spaniards live in Spain, they speak Spanish.

Americans live in the USA, they speak English.

Canadians live in Canada, they speak English and French.

Swiss people live in Switzerland, they speak German, French, Italian, and Romansh.

Ukrainians live in Ukraine, they speak Ukrainian.

Turks live in Turkey, they speak Turkish.

Exercise 2. Identify the currencies of these countries.

Hungary Japan
Mexico India
Great Britain Italy
Russia Greece
Venezuela Israel
Holland France
Ukraine USA
Portugal Canada

Answers: guilder, escudo, dollar, dinar, yen, frank, shekel, lira, rupee, forint, peso, drahma, rouble, pound,
peseta, bolivar, krona, hryvnia.
1. Hungary: Forint
2. Mexico: Peso
3. Great Britain: Pound
4. Russia: Rouble
5. Venezuela: Bolívar
6. Holland: Euro (The guilder was the former currency)
7. Ukraine: Hryvnia
8. Portugal: Euro (The escudo was the former currency)
9. Japan: Yen
10. India: Rupee
11. Italy: Euro (The lira was the former currency)
12. Greece: Euro (The drachma was the former currency)
13. Israel: Shekel
14. France: Euro (The franc was the former currency)
15. USA: Dollar
16. Canada: Dollar

Exercise 3. Give a collective noun for each of the following.

A large number of soldiers: an army, a company, a regiment

People listening to music: an audience

 34

A number of cows: a herd

A number of sheep: a flock, a drove (when being moved)

A number of flowers: a bunch, a bouquet

A number of people in the church: a congregation

Eleven men playing football as a body: a team

A number of battleships: a fleet, a navy

A number of sticks: a bundle

A number of flies: a swarm

Exercise 4. Ask and answer. Choose the right answer from the right-hand column.

What do we call a gorge level ground, any flat expanse

flora flat or table land
a valley a tract of land between ranges of hills or
mountains, usually traversed by a river
a plateau a narrow passage between mountains or hills
a plain the wild plants of particular region, district or
geological period
a monarchy supreme legislative assembly
a parliament state ruled by a monarch
Question 1: What do we call a gorge?
Answer 1: We call a gorge a narrow passage between mountains or hills.

Question 2: What do we call flora?

Answer 2: We call flora the wild plants of a particular region, district, or geological period.

Question 3: What do we call a valley?

Answer 3: We call a valley a tract of land between ranges of hills or mountains, usually traversed
by a river.

Question 4: What do we call a plateau?

Answer 4: We call a plateau flat or table land.

Question 5: What do we call a plain?

Answer 5: We call a plain level ground, any flat expanse.

Question 6: What do we call a monarchy?

Answer 6: We call a monarchy a state ruled by a monarch.

Question 7: What do we call a parliament?

Answer 7: We call a parliament supreme legislative assembly.

Exercise 5. Translate into Ukrainian.

КАНАДА

Населення: понад 25,5 мільйонів осіб.

 35

Площа: понад 3,851 мільйона квадратних миль. Друга за розміром території країна після Росії.

Столиця: Оттава.

Французького дослідника Жака Картьє, який відкрив затоку Святого Лаврентія в 1534 році,
зазвичай вважають засновником Канади. Але англійський мореплавець Джон Кабот побачив
Ньюфаундленд на 37 років раніше, в 1497 році, а вікінги, як вважають, досягли атлантичного
узбережжя за століття до обох дослідників. Канадське поселення започаткували французи, які
заснували Квебек (1608) і Монреаль (1642) та оголосили Нову Францію колонією в 1663 році.

Британія, в рамках своєї американської експансії, завдяки військовій перемозі над

французькими військами, захопила Квебек (1759) і отримала контроль над рештою Нової Франції в
1763 році. Французи, завдяки Квебекському акту 1774 року, зберегли права на власну мову, релігію
та цивільні закони. На даний момент Канада є конфедерацією з парламентською демократією. Вона
складається з 10 провінцій і двох територій та має дві офіційні мови – англійську та французьку.

SUGGESTED EXAMINATION TOPICS

1. Great Britain, its geography, climate and political system.

2. Traditions and customs of British life.

3. The United States, its geography and resources.

4. Location , scenery, natural resources of Ukraine.