SHEET (1)

Units & Basic Concepts

& Forms of Energy
1- Consider a system whose temperature is 18°C. Express this temperature in R, K,
and °F.

2– The temperature of a system drops by 45°F during a cooling process. Express this
drop in temperature in K, R, and °C.

3– During a heating process, the temperature of an object rises by 20°C. This

temperature rise is equivalent to a temperature rise of
(a) 20°F (b) 52°F (c) 36 K (d) 36 R (e) 293 K

4– The atmospheric pressures at the top and the bottom of a building are read by a
barometer to be 96.0 and 98.0 kPa. If the density of air is 1.0 kg/m3, the height of the
building is
(a) 17 m (b) 20 m (c) 170 m (d) 204 m (e) 252 m

5– Consider a fish swimming 5 m below the free surface of water. What is the
increase in the pressure exerted on the fish when it dives to a depth of 45 m below the
free surface??

6- A vacuum gage connected to a chamber reads 35 kPa at a location where the

atmospheric pressure is 92 kPa. Determine the absolute pressure in the chamber.

7- The absolute pressure in water at a depth of 5 m is read to be 145 kPa. Determine

(a) the local atmospheric pressure, and (b) the absolute pressure at a depth of 5 m in a
liquid whose specific gravity is 0.85 at the same location.
8– The basic barometer can be used to measure the height of a building. If the
barometric readings at the top and at the bottom of a building are 730 and 755 mm
Hg, respectively, determine the height of the building. Take the densities of air and
mercury to be 1.18 kg/m3 and 13,600 kg/m3, respectively.

9– A gas is contained in a vertical, frictionless piston–cylinder device. The piston has

a mass of 4 kg and a cross-sectional area of 35 cm2. A compressed spring above
the piston exerts a force of 60 N on the piston. If the atmospheric pressure is 95 kPa,
determine the pressure inside the cylinder. (Answer: 123.4 kPa)
10- A vertical piston–cylinder device contains a gas at a pressure of 100 kPa. The
piston has a mass of 5 kg and a diameter of 12 cm. Pressure of the gas is to be
increased by placing some weights on the piston. Determine the local atmospheric
pressure and the mass of the weights that will double the pressure of the gas inside the
cylinder.

11– The lower half of a 10-m-high cylindrical container is filled with water (ρ =1000
kg/m3) and the upper half with oil that has a specific gravity of 0.85. Determine the
pressure difference between the top and bottom of the cylinder. (Answer: 90.7 kPa)
12- Consider a river flowing toward a lake at an average velocity of 3 m/s at a rate of
500 m3/s at a location 90 m above the lake surface. Determine the total mechanical
energy of the river water per unit mass and the power generation of the entire river at
that location.

13– Determine the power required for a 2000-kg car to climb a 100-m-long uphill
road with a slope of 30° (from horizontal) in 10 s
(a) at a constant velocity. (b) from rest to a final velocity of 30 m/s.
(c) from 35 m/s to a final velocity of 5 m/s.
Disregard friction, air drag, and rolling resistance.
(Answers: (a) 98.1 kW, (b) 188 kW, (c) -21.9 kW)

SHEET (2)
Properties of ideal gases
& Work calculations
1– A rigid tank contains 6 kg of an ideal gas at 3 atm and 40°C. Now a valve is
opened, and half of mass of the gas is allowed to escape. If the final pressure in the
tank is 2.2 atm, the final temperature in the tank is

(a) 186°C (b) 59° (c) -43°C (d) 20°C (e) 230°C

2– The pressure of an automobile tire is measured to be 190 kPa (gage) before a trip
and 215 kPa (gage) after the trip at a location where the atmospheric pressure is 95
kPa. If the temperature of air in the tire before the trip is 25°C, the air temperature
after the trip is

(a) 51.1°C (b) 64.2°C (c) 27.2°C (d) 28.3°C (e) 25.0°C

3- A spherical balloon with a diameter of 6 m is filled with helium at 20°C and 200
kPa. Determine the mole number and the mass of the helium in the balloon.
( Answers: 9.28 kmol, 37.15 kg ).

4- Two tanks, A and B, are connected by a pipe and a valve, which initially closed.
Tank A initially contains 0.3 m3 of nitrogen at 6 bar and 60 oC, while tank B initially
evacuated. The valve is then opened, and nitrogen flows into tank B until the pressure
in this tank reaches 1.5 bar and the temperature is 20 oC. As a result, the pressure in
tank A drops to 4 bar and the temperature changes to 50 oC. Determine the volume of
tank B.

5- A 1 m3 tank containing air at 25°C and 500 kPa is connected through a valve to
another tank containing 5 kg of air at 35°C and 200 kPa. Now the valve is opened,
and the entire system is allowed to reach thermal equilibrium with the surroundings,
which are at 20°C. Determine the volume of the second tank and the final equilibrium
pressure of air. ( Answers: 2.21 m3, 284.1 kPa).
6- A piston cylinder arrangement, Shown in figure,
Contains air at 250 kPa, 300 oC. The 50 Kg piston has
a diameter of 0.1 m and initially pushes against the
stops. The atmosphere is at 100 kPa and 20 oC. The
cylinder now cools as heat is transferred to the
ambient.
a. At what temperature does the piston begin to move
down ?
b. How far the piston will drop when the temperature
reaches the ambient?

7– A 3 m3 rigid tank contains nitrogen gas at 500 kPa and 300 K. Now heat is
transferred to the nitrogen in the tank and the pressure of nitrogen rises to 800 kPa.
The work done during this process is

(a) 500 kJ (b) 900 kJ (c) 1500 kJ (d) 2400 kJ (e) 0 kJ

8– A 0.8 m3 piston cylinder contains nitrogen gas at 600 kPa and 300 K. Now the gas
is compressed isothermally to a volume of 0.1 m3. The work done on the gas during
this compression process is

(a) 746 kJ (b) 998 kJ (c) 0 kJ (d) 1890 kJ (e) 420 kJ

9– A piston–cylinder device initially contains 0.07 m3 of nitrogen gas at 130 kPa and
120°C. The nitrogen is now expanded polytropically to a state of 100 kPa and 100°C.
Determine the boundary work done during this process.

10- A piston-cylinder device with a set of stops on the top .Initially contains 3 kg of
air at 200 kPa and 27oC. Heat is transferred to the air and the piston rises until it hits
the stops, at which point the volume is twice the initial volume. More heat is
transferred until the pressure inside the cylinder also doubles. Determine the work
done for this process and state if the work done on or by the system. Also show the
process on the P-V plant.

11- 0.1m3 of air is contained in a piston cylinder assembly at 1.5 bar and 27oC. It is
first heated at constant volume until the pressure has doubled, then it's expanded at
constant pressure until the volume has tripled. Find the total work. Also show the
process on the P-V plant.

12- 5 kg of air expand in a cylinder at constant temperature of 500 oC from 10 bar to 1

bar. The air is then heated at constant volume to reach the initial pressure of 10 bar.
Calculate the total work done. Also show the process on the P-V plant.
 SHEET (3)
First Law of Thermodynamics
(Closed System)

1- A 4-m ×5-m × 6-m room is to be heated by a baseboard resistance heater. It is

desired that the resistance heater be able to raise the air temperature in the room from
7 to 23°C within 15 min. Assuming no heat losses from the room and an atmospheric
pressure of 100 kPa, determine the required power of the resistance heater.
( Answer: 1.91 kW )

2- An insulated piston–cylinder device contains 100 L of air at 400 kPa and 25°C. A
paddle wheel within the cylinder is rotated until 15 kJ of work is done on the air while
the pressure is held constant. Determine the final temperature of the air.

3- A mass of 15 kg of air in a piston–cylinder device is heated from 25 to 77°C by

passing current through a resistance heater inside the cylinder. The pressure inside the
cylinder is held constant at 300 kPa during the process, and a heat loss of 60 kJ
occurs. Determine the electric energy supplied, in kWh.
( Answer: 0.235 kWh )

4- A piston–cylinder device, whose piston is resting on a set of stops, initially

contains 3 kg of air at 200 kPa and 27°C. The mass of the piston is such that a
pressure of 400 kPa is required to move it. Heat is now transferred to the air until its
volume doubles. Determine the work done by the air and the total heat transferred to
the air during this process. Also show the process on a P-v diagram.

5- A piston–cylinder device contains 0.15 kg of air initially at 2 MPa and 350°C. The
air is first expanded isothermally to 500 kPa, then compressed polytropically with a
polytropic exponent of 1.2 to the initial pressure, and finally compressed at the
constant pressure to the initial state. Determine the boundary work and the heat
transfer for each process and the net work of the cycle. Also show the process on a P-
v diagram.

6- For a thermodynamic ideal gas cycle consisting of 5 processes, complete the table:

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Process
Adiabatic V=C T=C Polytropic V=C
Q 30 10
W -20 25
∆U -20

7- A closed system undergoes a cycle consisting of three processes. During the first
process, which is adiabatic, 50 kJ of work is done on the system. During the second
process, 200 kJ of heat is transferred to the system while no work interaction takes
place. And during the third process, the system does 90 kJ of work as it returns to its
initial state. Determine the heat transfer during the last process and the cycle thermal
efficiency.
 SHEET (4)
First Law of Thermodynamics
(Open System)

1- Air enters an adiabatic nozzle steadily at 300 kPa, 200oC with and 10m/s and
leaves at 100 kPa and 180 m/s. The inlet area of the nozzle is 80 cm2. Determine:
a) The mass flow rate through the nozzle.
b) The exit temperature of the air.
c) The exit area of the nozzle.

2- Air enters a nozzle steadily at 3.5 bar, 60 oC, and 50 m/s and leaves at 1 bar and
300 m/[Link] heat loss from the nozzle is estimated to be 15 KJ/Kg. The inlet area of
the nozzle is 90 cm2. Determine:

a) The exit temperature of the air. b) The exit area of the nozzle.

3- Air at 80 kPa, 27°C, and 220 m/s enters a diffuser at a rate of 2.5 kg/s and leaves at
42°C. The exit area of the diffuser is 400 cm2. The air is estimated to lose heat at a
rate of 18 kJ/s during this process. Determine (a) the exit velocity and (b) the exit
pressure of the air. (Answers: (a) 62.0 m/s, (b) 91.1 kPa)

4- Air flows steadily through an adiabatic turbine, entering at 1000 kPa, 500oC and
120 m/s and leaving at 150 kPa, 150 oC, and 240 m/s. The inlet area of the turbine is
90 cm2. Determine:
a) The mass flow rate of the air.
b) The power output of the turbine.

5- Air is compressed from 100 kPa and 15 oC to a pressure of 1000 kPa while being
cooled at a rate of 23kJ/kg, the volume flow rate of the air at the inlet conditions is
135m3/min, and the power input to the compressor is 500 kW. Determine:
a) The mass flow rate of the air. b) The temperature at the compressor exit

6- Air enter a compressor operating at steady state, the inlet conditions are P1=100
kPa, v1=0.85 m3/kg, C1=15 m/s, u1=120 kJ/kg. During the compression an amount of
heat of 140 kJ/kg air is transferred from the air to the cooler and the air was delivered
at P2=500 kPa, v2=0.17 m3/kg, C2=35 m/s, u2=210 kJ/kg. Determine the work
required to the compression. What is the inlet to exit area?

7- An adiabatic heat exchanger is used to heat cold water at 15°C entering at a rate of
5 kg/s by hot air at 90°C entering also at a rate of 5 kg/s. If the exit temperature of hot
air is 20°C, the exit temperature of cold water is
(a) 27°C (b) 85°C (c) 32°C (d) 90°C (e) 52°C

8- A heat exchanger is used to heat cold water at 15°C entering at a rate of 2 kg/s by
hot air at 100°C entering at a rate of 3 kg/s. The heat exchanger is not insulated and is
losing heat at a rate of 40 kJ/s. If the exit temperature of hot air is 20°C, the exit
temperature of cold water is
(a) 44°C (b) 72°C (c) 49°C (d) 95°C (e) 39°C
9- In a heating system, cold outdoor air at 10°C flowing at a rate of 6 kg/min is mixed
adiabatically with heated air at 70°C flowing at a rate of 3 kg/min. The exit
temperature of the mixture is

(a) 30°C (b) 55°C (c) 40°C (d) 85°C (e) 45°C

10- Air at 20°C and 5 atm is throttled by a valve to 2 atm. If the valve is adiabatic and
the change in kinetic energy is negligible, the exit temperature of air will be

(a) 10°C (b) 20°C (c) 14°C (d) 24°C (e) 17°C

11– Air enters a 28-cm diameter pipe steadily at 200 kPa and 20°C with a velocity of
5 m/s. Air is heated as it flows, and leaves the pipe at 180 kPa and 40°C.
Determine (a) the volume flow rate of air at the inlet, (b) the mass flow rate of air, and
(c) the velocity and volume flow rate at the exit.

SHEET (5)
Second Law of Thermodynamics

1- A heat pump is absorbing heat from the cold outdoors at 5°C and supplying heat to
a house at 22°C at a rate of 18,000 kJ/h. If the power consumed by the heat pump is
2.5 kW, the coefficient of performance of the heat pump is

(a) 0.5 (b) 1.0 (c) 2.0 (d) 5.0 (e) 17.3

2- An air-conditioning system operating on the reversed Carnot cycle is required to

remove heat from the house at a rate of 32 kJ/s to maintain its temperature constant at
20°C. If the temperature of the outdoors is 35°C, the power required to operate this
air-conditioning system is

(a) 0.58 kW (b) 3.20 kW (c) 1.56 kW (d) 2.26 kW (e) 1.64 kW

3- Two Carnot heat engines are operating in series such that the heat sink of the first
engine serves as the heat source of the second one. If the source temperature of the
first engine is 1600 K and the sink temperature of the second engine is 300 K and the
thermal efficiencies of both engines are the same, the temperature of the intermediate
reservoir is

(a) 950 K (b) 693 K (c) 860 K (d) 473 K (e) 758 K

4– Consider a Carnot refrigerator and a Carnot heat pump operating between the same
two thermal energy reservoirs. If the COP of the refrigerator is 3.4, the COP of the
heat pump is

(a) 1.7 (b) 2.4 (c) 3.4 (d) 4.4 (e) 5.0
5- A Carnot refrigerator operates in a room in which the temperature is 25°C. The
refrigerator consumes 500 W of power when operating and has a COP of 4.5.
Determine (a) the rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space and (b) the
temperature of the refrigerated space.( Answers: (a) 135 kJ/min, (b) -29.2°C ).

6- A household refrigerator that has a power input of 450 W and a COP of 2.5 is to
cool five large watermelons, 10 kg each, to 8°C. If the watermelons are initially at
20°C, determine how long it will take for the refrigerator to cool them. The
watermelons can be treated as water whose specific heat is 4.2 kJ/kg · °C.
( Answer: 2240 s )

7- An inventor claims to have developed a heat engine that receives 700 kJ of heat
from a source at 500 K and produces 300 kJ of net work while rejecting the waste
heat to a sink at 290 K. Is this a reasonable claim? Why?

8- A Carnot heat engine receives heat at 750 K and rejects the waste heat to the
environment at 300 K. The entire work output of the heat engine is used to drive a
Carnot refrigerator that removes heat from the cooled space at -15°C at a rate of 400
kJ/min and rejects it to the same environment at 300 K. Determine (a) the rate of heat
supplied to the heat engine and (b) the total rate of heat rejection to the environment.

9- A heat engine operates between two reservoirs at 800 and 20°C. One-half of the
work output of the heat engine is used to drive a Carnot heat pump that removes heat
from the cold surroundings at 2°C and transfers it to a house maintained at 22°C. If
the house is losing heat at a rate of 62,000 kJ/h, determine the minimum rate of heat
supply to the heat engine required to keep the house at 22°C.

10- The structure of a house is such that it loses heat at a rate of 5400 kJ/h per °C
difference between the indoors and outdoors. A heat pump that requires a power input
of 6 kW is used to maintain this house at 21°C. Determine the lowest outdoor
temperature for which the heat pump can meet the heating requirements of this house.
( Answer: -13.3°C ).