circumstances, alternate between tarqeeq and tafkheem.
ْ ْ
Practice saying:
ا هدونَ الس ون د م
َ ح ال ال َع َب هدون التَ َئ هبجن
ّ
َ َّ َ َ ه َ َ
ْ ْ ْ
أَن َعات هك َتب ََح َل النّ َ ههجن اْل َمرون
َ َ َ َ َ ه
3. The madd letter (long vowel) alif takes on the quality of the
letter preceding it; if heavy, the alif is also pronounced with
tafkheem, and if light, with tarqeeq. Say:
ٌ
َط َئ َفة، التَ َئ هبجن
ّ َي َل، َك ن َ َص َد َيني، ينا َد
َ َس
َ َ َ
Read: Sūrah al-Aḥzāb, āyah 35; Sūrah an-Nāzi‘āt, āyāt 1-14
and Sūrah al-Ghāshiyah, āyāt 1-12.
THE RULE OF LAAM
Laam ( ) لis normally a light letter, the only exception
being when it occurs in the divine name هللا. If the divine name
ِ
is preceded by a kasrah ( ) or yaa saakinah ( ْ)ي, the laam is
pronounced with tarqeeq, as in:
ٰ ْ ْ
َ ّ يه َل ال ه
ه ل
ّ َأ َ هوجذ ه َب هلل ََِف اهلل َالحا هد َهلل َبَ ْس َم اهلل
َ
But if it is preceded by fatḥah ( ), dhammah ( ) or waaw َ
saakinah ( ْ) و, or the reader begins with the divine name, the
ُ
laam is pronounced with tafkheem, as in:
ْ
أل ْرضَ ات وا َ الس ٰاج
َ ّ ٱهلل نهجر ََي َل َإ َ ّّن وب هد اهلل
َ َ ه ه َ
12 ٰ ْ ٰ ْ
َ ّ َو َإذ َي لهجا ال ّل هه َ ّ ك ال ّل هه
َ هسب َح َن ي ل اهلل
َ َ ه
12
The alif following waaw of the third person plural in verbs is silent and
therefore disregarded when applying tajweed rules.
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THE RULE OF RAA
The letter raa ( ) رalternates between tarqeeq and tafkheem
according to the short vowel accompanying it, or in case of
sukoon the vowel preceding it. Therefore:
1. Raa is light (i.e., with tarqeeq) when it is accompanied by
kasrah or by sukoon and preceded by kasrah, as in:
ْ ْ ْ
َف ْروجن اص ََب و الص َب َرين ب
َ الر َي َف َرح
َ ه َ َ َّ َّ َ
It is also light when one stops on it (at the end of a word
thereby omitting the final short vowel) but is preceded by
yaa saakinah, as in:
ْ ْ
خيَ خ َبي
َ َي َدي ْر
2. Raa is heavy (i.e., with tafkheem) when it is accompanied
by fatḥah or dhammah, or by sukoon but preceded by
fatḥah or dhammah, as in:
ْ ْ
َوْشون ح َضرۜا ر َزي َن رأ َ ْوا ََر ّ َبن
َ ه َ ه َ
الق ْرآن ُغ َف ۜة
ْ
ه خ ْرد ٍل
َ ه َ َ
It is also heavy when one stops on it while it is preceded by
ْ ْالغف ْ
alif saakinah or waaw saakinah, as in:
الص هدو ْر
ّه جر َ ه ال َق ّ َه ْر النّ َ ْر
13
And it is heavy when preceded by a connecting hamzah
( )ھَ ْم َزةُ ال َوصْ لin any circumstance, as in:
ْ
ْ ٱرتق
ب ن ْٱر َت ٰضى َٱم ْٱر َت بجا ْإن ْٱرت ْبُت
َ َ َف َ لَ َا ه َ َ َ ه
ٱ َْر َا هعجا ٱ َْر َك هعجا
Sometimes a stop will cause two successive sukoons, as in ْالقَ ْدرand
13
ْالفَجْ ر.
Here, look to the short vowel preceding them both and apply the rule.
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And finally, it is heavy when raa itself is saakinah and
although preceded by kasrah, it is followed by a heavy
letter carrying fatḥah or dhammah, as in:
َم ْرص د َي ْر َط س
َ
Read for practice: Sūrah Hūd, āyāt 96-99 and Sūrah
al-Qamar
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OTHER TYPES OF IDGHAAM
Idghaam was defined under the rules of noon saakinah,
although it is not confined to only that letter. Other cases in
which idghaam occurs in the Qur’ān will be mentioned here
briefly with examples for the purpose of recognition. It is to be
noted that if the letter carrying sukoon is one normally requiring
qalqalah, that quality is eliminated when the letter is merged
into another.
IDGHAAM OF TWO IDENTICAL LETTERS
()إ ْدغَا ُم ْال ُمتَ َماثلَيْن
ْ ي ْل لّ َك
Examples:
ْ
ْ اضر ْ ْ ْ
ب َّب َعص ك خلهجا د د ي ة اع نَ ن م
َ م
َ َ َ َّ َ َ ّ ه ه
ْ ْ ْ ْ ْ ْ ْ ْ ْ ْ
ك َت َب َ اذ َهب َّب كم الاجت ه ّ ْسف َ ِّف ال َقتل يد َرك َ َف َل ي ه
َ ه ه
Note: Whenever two noons or two meems are merged into one,
ghunnah is observed as was mentioned previously.
IDGHAAM OF TWO SIMILAR LETTERS
َ )إ ْدغَا ُم ْال ُمتَ َجان
(سيْن
These are letters with the same makhraj but having
different ṣifaat (qualities). In the Qur’ān the following come
under this category:
a. Dhaal ( )ذis merged into thaa ( )ظas in:
ْ ْإ ْذ ّظَل ْاُت
َإذ ّظَ َل هاجا َ َ ه
b. Taa ( )تis merged into daal ( )دor ṭaa ( )طas in:
ْ ْ ْ
َ ّ َفآمنت
ط َئ َفة كا
ِبت ّدَو َج هت َهأا
َ َ َ َ ه
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c. Daal ( )دis merged into taa ( )تas in:
ْ ْ ْ أَر ْد ْ
ت
م ّ َهد ّ ه ت
َ ّ َكد ّت
َ ّه ني
ََ ّ َيد ّ َت َب
َ
d. Ṭaa ( )طis merged into taa ()ت18 as in:
ْفر ْطُت ْ ْ
ت
ح ّه
ط أ ت
ب َ َس ّ ه
ط
َ ّه
َ َ َ
e. Baa ( )بis merged into meem ( ) مas in:
ْ ْ
(Meem with shaddah requires ghunnah)
َ ار َكب ّ َم َعن
f. Thaa ( )ثis merged into dhaal ( )ذas in:
ٰ ْ ْ
ك
َ َيل َهث
َ ل ذ
ّ
IDGHAAM OF TWO PROXIMITIES ()إ ْدغَا ُم ْال ُمتَقَاربَيْن
This refers to those letters which are near to each other in
makhraj and in ṣifaat.
a. Laam ( ) لis merged into raa ( ) رas in:
ْ ْ
بل ّ َر َف َع هه َإلَ ِْ َه ب
َّ َ ّ يه
ر ل
َ
b. Qaaf ( ) قis merged into kaaf ( ) كas in:
ْ ْ
ك ْم
أَلَ ْم َنخلهق ّ ه
18
Some scholars have mentioned this under "Proximities."
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