Directing is instructing, guiding, supervising, motivating and leading people to achieve org goals
Features
It is present at all levels/ pervasive
It is continuous
Flows from top to bottom
It initiates action
Importance
Initiates action
Integrates the employee efforts
Guides employees to realise their potential
Promotes stability and balance
Facilitates introduction of needed change, by gaining trust and being a good leader the part of
resistance to change in an organisational structure goes down
Supervision- It is the instructing, guiding, monitoring of the superiors to their subordinates. It is
keeping a check in their work and guiding with throughout the process.
Motivation- It is stimulating people’s actions to accomplish goals, or pushing people in a positive or
negative manner for achievement of the goal
Features
It can be positive (increasing pay, promotion) or negative (threating, stopping increments etc.)
It is a complex process as it doesn’t work the same manner for everyone
It produces goal directed behaviour
It is an internal feeling
Maslow’s need hierarchy theory of motivation
1) Basic psychological needs- hunger, shelter, sleep etc
2) Safety needs- physical and emotional harm, job security, income, pension etc
3) Belonging/affiliation/social needs- friends, good colleagues
4) Esteem needs- self-respect, status, recognition
5) Self-actualisation needs- when one achieves growth and achievement of goals, settling
down.
Financial incentives to motivate
Non-financial incentives for motivation
Leadership- process of influencing people, so that people willingly work towards goals of the
organisation.
Features
Continuous process
Ability to influence others
Ability to bring change in others
Is it necessary to achieve common goals of the org
It shows the inter related relation between leaders and the followers
Typed of leadership
Autocratic- the leader makes all the decisions, does not give freedom. It is called boss-centric
leadership
Democratic- leader makes decisions in consultation with his subordinates, leader respects others’
opinions, this is called group-centric leadership
Laissez fair or free rein- here the employees have full freedom, leaders do not believe in use of
power, they don’t use power until absolutely necessary this is called Subordinate centric leadership
Communication- when 2 or more people exchange information to create common understanding
Process of communication
Sender
Message
Encoding
Media/channel
Decoding
Receiver
Feedback
Noise- barrier is an element of communication
Formal Communication- A channel which flows through official chart of the organisation, like
superior to subordinate, subordinate to superior or among the same level.
Informal communication- It takes place without following the formal channels, it is called as
“grapevine” as it flows throughout the org without any levels of authority
Barriers to communication
Semantic barriers- issue between encoding and decoding, badly expressed message, using wrong
words, faulty translation.
Psychological barriers- state of mind is related, lack of attention, distrust.
Personal barriers- when people have personal reasons with themselves of others, fear of challenge to
authority, unwillingness, lack of poor incentives, lack of confidence in subordinated.
Organisational barriers- when policies don’t allow free-flow of communication
