DIRE DAWA UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER
ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL POWER CHAIR
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION COURSE (ECEg 4261):
POWER POINT(PPT)

PREPARED BY: CHALACHEW M.

 Electrical Installation
Chapter Two: Design of Electrical Installation system
with Materials and Accessories

OUT-LINE
 Use of the standards and regulations
 Wiring Materials and Accessories
 Device sizing and design
 Power cable and Protective device selection
 Electrical Motor installation

2
 2.1. Use of the standards and regulations

The purpose of these Installation Standards is to set the

technical requirements and standards for the design and
installation of electrical assets.
 The major benefits to be gained in applying this standards
and regulations are the harmonization of professional practice
in the building construction in the world and in our country.
and
 Curtailment of informal developments so as to ensure well-
planned, well-maintained, safe, cost effective and decent
building developments and human settlements throughout the
country

3
 Cont’d

The standards and regulations are essential that all

consultants, contractors, electrical engineers & technicians
study and abide by these regulations.
 There are different building code of standards and
regulations. Namely:
 IEEE
 NEMA
IEC
BS
 EBCS and others
Like that of others country our country has documented
standards and regulation in under building code of standards.
4
 Cont’d

oThe purpose of these standards is to serve as nationality

recognized documents.
o The application of this standard and regulation is deemed to
ensure compliance of buildings with minimum requirements
for design, construction and quality of materials set down by
the national building code.
o As these standards are technical documents which, by their
vary in nature, require periodic updating, revised editions will
be issued by the Ministry from time to time as appropriate.
o The code embraces several aspects of electrical installation
work and sets standards and provisions for safe utilization of
electricity.
5
 Cont’d

And the like

6
 2.2. Electrical Materials and Accessories

•From the user’s point of view the electricity service in a

building consists of light switches, sockets, clock connectors,
cooker control units and similar outlets. Such fittings are
collectively known as accessories
• This name came about because they are accessory to the
wiring, which is the main substance of the installation from
the designer’s and installer’s point of view.
•In order to assemble properly and intelligently the great
number of available electrical materials accessory is play a
grate role.

7
 Cont’d

•A device, other than current using equipments associated with

such equipment or with the wiring of an installation is known
as accessory.
• in this chapter it is proposed to consider accessories first.
2.2.1. CONDUITS
The commonest method of installing cables is to draw them
in to a conduit.
 The conduit can be steel or plastic. steel conduit is made in
both light gauge and heavy gauge of which heavy gauge is
much more frequently used.
 In general, conduits can be classified as:

8
 Cont’d
I. Light gauge steel conduit:
 This type of conduit is used with special grip fittings.
 It is available with an external diameter of 12mm,
16mm,19m, 25mm, 31mm, 38mm, and 50mm.
 In general, light gauge is the cheapest and quickest of
conduit installations but should be used where the location
is dry and there is little likelihood of mechanical damage.
II. Heavy gauge screwed steel conduit:
 Though it is very expensive, this type of conduit provides
a permanent installation with a maximum of protection
for the cables. The joints into fittings are by means of
screw threads which provide mechanical strength and
good electrical conduit:
9
 Cont’d
Are available in approximately 3meter lengths and are
threaded at the two ends.
III. Flexible steel conduit:
This usually consists of light galvanized steel strip spirally
wound, and to some extent, interlocked, so as to form a tube.
 It is made in size from 19mm to 50mm internal diameter and
in two grades: non water tight and water tight.
 Available in lengths up to 250 meters. So no coupling is
required ands hence no threading.
 Since the conduits are flexible and are easily bent no elbow
is required.
 One of the most common uses of flexible conduit is for
protecting the final connections to motors.
10
 Cont’d
It has the additional advantage of reducing the transmission
of vibration. However, the flexible conduit is costlier than the
rigid conduit.
IV. PVC conduit:
 This type of conduit wiring is finding wide applications in
internal wiring because it is light in weight, shock proof, anti
termite, fire resistant, acid and alkaline resistant.
Can be used for surface, recessed or concealed type of wiring.
2.2.2. CONDUIT ACCESSORIES AND FITTINGS
2.2.2.A Conduit couplers:
 used to join two lengths of conduit
are threaded on both ends.

11
 Cont’d

Bends, elbows and tees:-are generally called conduit fittings.

 Bends are usually used for change in direction of conduit.
 This should never be sharp.
The minimum allowable radius of curvature is 2.5 times the
outside diameter of the conduit.
Solid elbows and tees should be used only at the end of the
conduit run (e.g. close behind a light fitting or accessory.)
2.2.2. B. Conduit boxes
o are used in surface conduit wiring as well as concealed
conduit wiring.
o are of different designs which serve the following purposes:
B.1. For providing connections to light, fan, and other points.
12
 Cont’d
oThe conduit boxes serving the purpose are known as outlet
boxes because conduit terminates at the boxes.
B.2. For pulling of cables in to the conduits. The boxes serving
this purpose are known as inspection boxes.
B.3. For housing junction of cables. The conduit boxes serving
this purpose are known as junction boxes.
2.2.3 LIGHTING ACCESSORIES
2.2.3A. Switch:
A switch is used to make or interrupt a circuit. Normally
when one talks of switches one has in mind light switches
which turn lights on and off. Switches are used to control
lighting circuits. Most are rated at 5/6A, but ratings at 15A are
also available
13
Cont’d

14
Cont’d

15
 Cont’d
Single chord ceiling switch is suitable for installation in the
bathroom, where by one pull of the chord puts the switch ON
and the following pull puts the switch off.
 Switches for water-heaters are of the double pole type and
rated to carry 20A. They are also available at 32A and 45A
rating, the latter being used to control cooker circuits.
 Dimmer switches are used to allow control of the level of
lighting from luminaries.
 Splash-proof switches are found in situations where water
is present, such as in shower rooms.
NB. Standard boxes for recessing within a wall are 16, 25, 35
and 47mm deep.

16
 Cont’d
 Incase when, the wiring is done not in the depth of the
structural wall, but within the thickness of the plaster. For use
with such wiring, boxes are made 16mm deep (plaster depth
boxes).
 The National Electrical Code specifies that each room in a
house should have at least one switch to operate lights in the
room, but it doesn't say anything about how high the switch
should be. Many builders position switch boxes so the bottom
of the box is 48 to 56 inches above the floor.
 According to the National Electric code- somewhere you
can easily reach out! So there is no specific rule on how far a
light switch should be from a door frame,
17
 Cont’d

but the standard distance for the electric switch of your

building should be placed at 8 inches far away from the door
frame so that a person can comfortably reach it while standing.
 All light switches should place on the latch side of a door,
not the hinge side.
 This makes it easier to access the lights as you walk in or
out of a room.
2.2.3.B: Lamp Holders
 Are designed for quick removal and replacement of the
lamp and yet they must hold the lamp in firm metallic contact
to prevent overheating

18
 Cont’d
 There are three main sizes of lamp holders: Bayonet-cap (B,
C), the medium Edison screw (E.S) and the Goliath screw
(G.E.S).
 For ordinary tungsten filament lamps up to 200W the lamp
caps and lamp holders are B, C, caps, up to 300W the caps are
E.S, and above 300W they are G.E.S.
 In any case where the lamp is to be installed, the
appropriate size and type of holder must be fitted. Lamp
holders may be either the insulated type of Bakelite or the
brass type with porcelain interior.
 Lamp-holders frequently have protective shields which are
intended to prevent accidental contact with either metal -

19
 Cont’d

parts or with the lamp-holder pins themselves. Lamp-holders

with such shields are shown in Figures 2.4 and 2.5. These
shields are often referred to as Home Office Skirts.
Mainly lamp-holders classified as follows.

20
 Cont’d
2.2.3.C. Socket outlets and Plugs
 A socket outlet is a female socket connected to the power
wiring in the building and will accept the male plug attached
at the end of the flexible cord of an appliance such as a
vacuum cleaner, electric fire or electronic equipment.
 Like switches, socket outlets can be recessed into a wall
with the front flush with the face of the wall or they can be
mounted completely on the surface. The socket outlets
illustrated in Figure 2.6 are of both types.

21
 Cont’d
 The plug is the movable part connected to the apparatus by
flexible wire, and consists of two or three contact pins to
fit in to the contact tubes.
There’s a reason for that. The US National Electrical Code,
Section 210.52, states that there should be an electrical outlet
in every kitchen, bedroom, living room, family room, and any
other room that has dedicated living space. They must be
positioned at least every twelve feet(3-4m) measured along the
floor line.
 These do not include dedicated electrical outlets for items
like your stove, or receptacles included in cabinets or drawers,
located more than 5 ½ feet off the floor, or controlled by a
light switch.
22
 [Link] and Cables
 The term wire and cable are used more or less
synonymously in house wiring.
 Strictly speaking, single wire, may be bare or covered with
insulation is known as a wire and several wires stranded
together is known as a cable.
 But in practice bare conductors, whether single or
stranded together are termed as wire and conductors covered
with insulation are termed as cables.
 The necessary requirements of a cable are that it should
conduct electricity efficiently, cheaply, and safely.
 This should neither be so small so as to have a large
internal voltage drop nor be too large so as to cost too much.

23
 Cont’d
Its insulation should be such that it prevents leakage of current
in unwanted direction and to minimize risk of fire and shock.
cable consists of three parts:
a) The conductor or core- the metal wire or strand of wires
caring current.
b) The insulation or dielectric- a covering of insulation
material to avoid leakage current from the conductor.
c) The protective covering- for protection of the insulation
from mechanical damage.
NOTES: Cable requirements:
 Has to efficiently conduct electricity.
 It has to be cheap- i.e. not too small so as almost no voltage
drop if possible, not to large so as it isn’t costly.
24
 Cont’d

 Safe- i.e. the insulator must prevent leakage of current and

this to minimizes risk of fire and shock.
a. Conductor materials used in cables:
 The Copper and aluminum are the materials that mostly
used as conductors in power and lighting cables.
Aluminum: is frequently used in place of copper for bare
electric cables used for long distance power distribution.
 The electrical conductivity of aluminium is about 60% of
that of copper.
 The only application of aluminium cables for wiring in
buildings is for a continuous bus-bar system of distribution,

25
 Cont’d

used sometimes in blocks of flat or office buildings for rising

mains and sub-mains of large sectional area.

Copper: though silver is the best conductor, due to its higher

cost it is hardly used anywhere.
The
The next best conductor is copper, which is comparatively
cheap. The electrical resistivity of pure copper at 200C is
1.786 x 10-8 ohm-m.
 It is mechanically strong, hard, extremely tough, durable
and ductile. It is highly resistive to corrosion, oxidation, and
pitting.

26
 Cont’d
b. INSULATING MATERIALS
 Insulating materials used in electrical installation and
wiring must possess the following properties.
o High resistivity
o High flexibility
o Non-inflammability
o High resistivity to moisture, acid or alkalis qualities. So the
type of insulating materials used depends up on the service for
which the cable is required.
The various types of insulating materials used in cables are:
1. Rubber: rubber may be natural or synthetic. Its dielectric
strength is about 30KV/mm.

27
 Cont’d

Though it posses high insulating qualities, it absorbs

moisture readily, softens when heated to a temperature of
60(0)C to 70(0)C, swells under the action of mineral oils and
ages when exposed to light.
 Hence pure rubber cannot be used as insulating material.
2) PVC: polyvinyl chloride is a man made thermo-plastic
materials, which is tough, incombustible and chemically un
reactive.
 Its chief drawback is that it softens at a temperature above
80(0)C.
 It does not deteriorate with age and does not need to be
renewed.
28
 Cont’d
PVC insulated cables are usually employed for low and
medium voltage domestic and industrial lights and power
installation.
3) Vulcanized Indian Rubber: It is prepared by mixing
Indian rubber with minerals such as sulphur, zinc, red lead,
etc.
 The copper conductors used in this cables are tinned to
protect them from corrosive action of rubber or copper.
 It absorbs water, which reduces its insulation properties and
becomes brittle with age.
 The use of VIR cables is limited to low voltage distribution
and internal wiring as paper-insulated cables have largely
superseded them.
29
 Cont’d
4) Impregnated paper: it is quite cheap, has low capacitance,
high dielectric strength (30KV/mm), and high insulation
resistivity(10Mohm-cm).
 The main advantage of paper insulated cable is that a cable
of given size can be worked out at a higher current density
than a VIR cable.
Impregnated paper insulated cable on its own would be too
fragile to be used unprotected, and a lead sheath is applied
over the insulation.
 Paper insulated cables are used for conveying large power
in transmission and distribution and particularly for
distribution at low voltage in congested areas

30
 Cont’d

5) Mechanical protection- all the insulating materials used in

the manufacturing of cables are mechanically weak, so they
require some form of protection for mechanical injury.
 Mechanical protection is usually provided to power cables
laid direct in the ground by providing two layers of steel tape
in such away that upper layer covers the lower joint in the
lower layer.
TYPES OF CABLES USED IN INTERNAL WIRING
The wires used for internal wiring of buildings may be divided
in to different groups according to:
The type of conductor. The number of cores.
The voltage grading. The type of insulation used.
31
 Cont’d
 According to the number of cores, the cables may be
divided in to three classes known as:
 Single core,
 Twin Core,
 Twin core with ECC (Earth Continuity Conductor).
 According to voltage grading the cables may be divided in
to two classes:
250/440 volt cable and
 650/1100 volt cable
 According to type of insulation cables can be classified in
to:
A. Vulcanized Indian Rubber (VIR) cables:

32
 Cont’d
1) VIR cables are available in 250/440volt as well as
650/1100 volt grades and are used for general conduit
wiring.
2) Lead sheathed cables:
 available in 250/440 volt grade.
 are used for internal wiring where climatic condition has
moisture.
 are vulcanized rubber insulated conductors covered with a
continuous sheath of lead.
 The sheath provides very good protection against the
absorption of moisture and sufficient protection against
mechanical injury and can be used without casing or
33
 Cont’d
conduit system.
 are available as single core, flat twin core, flat three core
and flat twin core with ECC.
3) PVC cables:
 are available in 250/440 volt and 650/1100 volt grades
 used in concealed type of wiring system.
 since PVC cables are harder than rubber, they do not
require cotton taping and braiding over it for mechanical
and moisture protection.
4) Weather proof cables:
 are used for out-door wiring and for power supply
 are not affected by heat or sun or rain.

34
 Cont’d
are either PVC insulated or vulcanized rubber-insulated
conductors being suitably taped (only in case of vulcanized
rubber insulated cable) braided and then compounded with
weather resisting material. are available in 250/440 and
650/1100 volt grades.
5) Flexible cords and cables:
They consist of wires either silk or cotton or plastic covered;
plastic cover is more popular as it is available in various
pleasing colors.
Flexibility and strength is achieved by using conductors
having large number of strands.
Most stranded conductors are built upon a single central
conductor,
35
 Cont’d
surrounding this conductor are layers of wires in a numerical
progression of 6 in the first layer, 12 in the second layer, 18 in
the third layer and so on.
COLORS OF CONDUCTORS
Color identification of cores of flexible cables and cords
according to EBCS – 10 is as follows:
Note: See for EBCS-10 1995 page 72 table 4.1 and 4.2.

36
Cont’d

37
Cont’d

38
Cont’d

39
 2.3. Device sizing and Design
2.3.1. Terminology and definitions:
Ampacity: current carrying capacity of electric conductors
expressed in amperes.
Appliance: utilization equipment
Branch circuit: the circuit conductor between the final over
current device protecting the circuit and the outlet(s)
Demand factor: the ratio of the maximum demand of a
system, or part of a system, to the total connected load of a
system or the part of the system under consideration
Feeder: all circuit conductors between the service equipment,
or the generator switch board of an isolated plant, and the final
branch circuit over current device.

40
 Cont’d
Ground: a conductor connection, whether intentional or
accidental, between an electric circuit or equipment and the
earth
Lighting outlet: an outlet intended for direct connection of a
lamp holder, a light fixture, or a pendant cord terminating in a
lamp holder
Outlet: a point on the wiring system at which current is taken
to supply utilization equipment
Receptacle: a contact device installed at the outlet for the
connection of a single attachment plug
Service: the conductor and equipment for delivering energy
from electric supply system to the wiring system of the
premises served
41
 Cont’d
Switch board: a large panel, frame or assembly of panels on
which are mounted, on the face or back or both, switches, over
current and other protective devices, buses, any usual
instruments.
[Link] Design Criteria:
 Flexibility: Able to change to suit new conditions or
situations for the provision for expansion.
 Reliability: that can be trusted to do something well or with
out interrupting the system.
Safety: the designer must be constantly alert to an initial
safe electrical installation and such factors as electrical
hazards caused by misuse of equipment.

42
 Cont’d
Energy saving and control consideration: includes
limiting voltage drops, power factor correction, use of
switches for control, etc
 Economic cost: includes initial cost and operating cost
 Space allocation: concerned with maintenance ease,
ventilation, expandability, centrality, limitation of access, and
noise, in addition to the basic item of space adequacy.
2.3.3. Design procedure
There are main steps involved in the electrical wiring design
of any facility. These are:-
A. Determine the type and rating of all client furnished
equipments.

43
 Cont’d
B. Make an electrical load estimation based on the collected
data.

44
 Cont’d

C. Decide the point of service entrance:- type of service run,

service voltage, metering location and building utilization
voltage.
D. Determine the location and estimate the size of all
required electric equipment spaces including switch board
rooms and emergency equipments spaces.
E. Design the lighting for the facility.
F. In your plan locate all electrical apparatus including
receptacles, switches, motors and other power consuming
apparatus and signal apparatus such as, phone outlets,
speakers, microphone, TV outlets, fire and smoke detectors
and so on.
45
 Cont’d

G. Make drawing showing all lightings, devices, and power

equipment circuit connection to the appropriate panel board.
H. Prepare the panel schedule:-this shows the load
distribution over the three phases and the type of load which
is connected to each circuit.
I. From the panel table :- compute panel loads and make
connection rearrangement so that you will be able to an
optimum power balance over the three phases R, S and T.
J. Prepare the riser diagram:- this includes design of
distribution panels, switch boards and a service
equipment.

46
 Cont’d
K. Compute feeder size and all protective equipment
ratings
L. Cheek the preceding work.
[Link]. Branch circuit design
• Branch circuits:- are circuits that supplies power from the
distribution board(DB)
• Protective devices:- Fuses, MCBS and Main switch
• Main cables:- the cable that carry the total current of the
system.
• Sub main cables:- the cable that carry the current to
sections of large installation to SMDB
• Final circuit feeds one type of circuit/Loads.

47
 Cont’d
The various final circuit ratings are listed as follows:
• Lighting circuits 10A,
• General purpose socket outlets 16A,
• Socket outlets for water heater 3kw, 16A,
• S.O for cooker(stove/enjera mitad) 20/25A,
• Power outlets for feeding motor 16A,
•Bell circuits 6A etc.
[Link].A. Residential wiring system
Guide Line
The NEC requires to supply a load of 3w/sq ft in the
building,

48
 Cont’d
 The NEC requires a minimum of two 20-amp
appliance branch circuits to feed all the small
appliance outlets in the kitchen, pantry, dining
room, family room etc.
 The NEC requires that at least one 20-amp circuit supply to
be set for laundry outlets.
 Do not combine receptacles and switches into a single
outlet except where convenience of use dictates high
mounting of receptacles.
 Circuit the lighting and receptacles so that each room has
parts of at least two circuits.
 Supply at least one receptacle in the bathroom and one
outside the house
49
 Cont’d
Provide switch control for closet lights.
 In bedrooms supply two duplex outlets at each side of the
bed location.
 Kitchens should have a duplex appliance outlet every 36
in. of counter space
 A disconnecting means, readily accessible, must be
provided for electric ranges, cook tops, and ovens.
Non-residential wiring
Guidelines
a) Schools
b) Office
c) Stores

50
 a) Schools

Under the school the following activities must be consider

Lecture Hall Laboratory
Shop Assembly
Office Gymnasium
Swimming Pools Photographic Labs
so it is not possible to generalize on branch circuit design
considerations except for the following
A. To accommodate the opaque and film projectors frequently
used in the classroom 20-amp outlets wired two
receptacles on a circuit are placed at the front and back of
each such room.

,
51
 Cont’d
B. Light switching should be provide: High-low levels for
energy conservation and to permit low-level lighting for film
viewing. And also Separate switching of the lights on
the window side of the room, which is often lighted
sufficiently by daylight
C. Provide appropriate outlets for all special equipment in
labs, shops, cooking rooms, and the like.
D. Use heavy-duty devices and key operated switches for
public area lighting (corridors, etc.).
E. The NEC requires sufficient branch circuitry to provide a
minimum of 3 w/sq ft for general lighting in schools.
F. Keep lighting and receptacles completely separate when
circuiting.
52
 Cont’d
(b) Office Space
i. In small office spaces (less than 400 sq ft) provide either
one outlet for every 40 sq ft, or one outlet for every 10
linear ft of wall space, In larger office spaces, provide one
outlet every 100 to 125 sq ft.
ii. Corridors should have a 20-amp, 220-v outlet every 50 ft,
to supply cleaning and waxing machines.
iii. As with all non-residential buildings, convenience
receptacles are figured at 180 w each.
(c)Stores. In stores, good practice requires at least one
convenience outlet receptacle for every 300 sq ft in
addition to outlets required for loads such as lamps, show
windows, and demonstration appliances
53
 Load Tabulation
Arranging facts or figures of loads.
 While circuiting the loads, a panel schedule is drawn up
which lists:
 The circuit numbers
 Load description (the type of the load)
 Wattage (actually in volt-amperes)
 The current ratings
 Number of poles of the circuit-protective device
 Spare circuits are included normally no less than 20% of the
number of active circuits.
In calculating panel loads,
 Each specific appliance, device, lighting fixture , or other
load is taken at its nameplate rating
54
 Cont’d
Each convenience outlet, is counted as16 amp
 Spare circuits are figured at approximately the
same load as the average active circuits
 Free spaces are not added into the load

55
 Example
Assume a single floor of an office building 10 m X 20 m.
Calculate the required number of panels, circuits for lighting.
Solution
Office space- illumination=300lux from table (EBCS-10)

2.1
Where cu=coefficient of utilization=0.55,
MF=maintenance factor=0.9.
n*Ø shows luminous flux produced per lamp.
Let’s select single fluorescent lamp(n=1), wattage =40w
which has efficiency of 60.
Flux lumen=lumenus efficiency *watt
= 60*40 =2400 lumens flux per lamp
56
 Cont’d

=51 single fluorescent lamps Total wattage

=51*40=2040W
Assuming that each lighting branch circuit is 1300 W rated.
:. Number of branch circuit for lightening =1.5~2ckt
Receptacles:
we simply take into account the furniture, electronic
equipments that located in that room and the functions of
rooms.
Let’s take total number of receptacles =6(mostly 6
receptacles supplying from one branch ckt ) So, one branch
ckt for socket is required.
57
 Cont’d

Total wattage of receptacles=6*200=1200W,

(Assume each socket outlet point has wattage of 200 W).
The total no of circuits for lighting plus receptacles is 2 + 1 =
3 ckts and
Spares is = 20% of total circuits, 3*20% = 3*0.2 = 0.6 ~ 1ckt
~1200W
Total of 4 ckts.

58
 Riser Diagrams
When all devices are circuited and panels are located and
scheduled, we are ready to prepare a riser diagram.
A typical diagram, shown in Figure below, represents a
block version of a single-line diagram, as the name implies,
vertical relationships are shown All panels, feeders, switches,
switchboards, and major components are shown up to, but not
including, branch circuiting.
 This diagram is an electrical version of a vertical section
taken through the building.
 The main switchboard shown in the figure below
constitutes a combination of service equipment and feeder
switchboard.

59
 Cont’d
 The service equipment portion of the board comprises the
metering and the 4 main switches feeding risers, motor
control center (MCC), roof, machine room, and
elevators.

60
 Cont’d
Cable Size Design procedure
The correct choice of cable size for any installation is
dependent upon
Environmental conditions and characteristics of protection,
PVC, weather proof, VIR
 Current-carrying capacity of the cable and
Voltage drops of the cable.
Steps for selection of cable size
 Determine the design current Ib.
 Select the rating of the protection In (rating of protective
device)
 Select the relevant correction factors (CFs).
Divide In by the relevant CFs to give cable current-carrying
capacity (Iz) 61
 Cont’d
Choose a cable size to suit Iz
 Check the voltage drop
 Cheek for shock risk constraints
 Cheek for thermal constraints.
Design current (Ib )
In many installations, the design current Ib is quoted by the
manufacturer, but there are times when it has to be calculated.
In that case two formulas are involved,

62
 Cont’d

If an item of equipment has a pF and ɳ , it will have been

taken into account. Hence:
• Single phase: Ib = (P/(V*PF* ɳ)
• Three phase: Ib = (P/ (√3*V L*PF* ɳ)
Nominal setting of protection
having determined Ib , we must now select the nominal setting
of protection In, such that In>Ib. This value may be taken
from IEE regulations.
Correction factors:
When a cable carries its full load current, it becomes hot. This
is not a problem unless its temperature rises further due to
other influences in which case insulation could be damaged.

63
 Cont’d
other influences which cause temperature rise are,
 high ambient temperature
 cable grouped together closely
 un cleared over currents and
 contact with thermal insulation.
Ambient temperature (Ca )
The cable rating in the IEEE regulations are on an ambient
temperature of 30(0)C, and hence it is only above this
temperature that an adverse correction improvement is needed.
Grouping (Cg)
When cables are grouped together they impart heat to each
other.

64
 Cont’d
Therefore the more cables there are, the more heat they will
generate, thus increasing the temperature of each cable.
IEEE regulation also gives factors for such groupings of the
same cable sizes.
Protections by BS 3036 fuse (Cf).
Because of the high fusing factor of BS 3036 fuses, the rating
of the fuse in, should be less than or equal to 0.725Iz Hence
0.725 is the correction factor to be used when BS 3036 fuses
are used.
Thermal Insulation (Ci)
 IEE Regulation gives these factors for situations when
thermal insulation touches one side of a cable.

65
 Cont’d

However, if a cable is totally surrounded by thermal

insulation for more than 0.5 m, a factor of 0.5 must be applied
to the tabulated clipped direct ratings.
 For less than 0.5 m, de-rating factors should be applied.
 For each of the above factors , there is a correction factor
(CF) which derates cable current capacity or conversely
increases cable size.
Current carrying capacity of conductor,
Iz= In/(relevant CFs)

2.2

66
 Choice of cable size
Having established Iz of the cable to be used, it now remains
to choose a cable to suit that value.
The IEE regulation also lists all
 Cable Sizes,
 Current Carrying Capacity
 Voltage Drops Of Varies Types Of Cables.
(These data is read from table).
Voltage drop
It is the voltage difference between the voltage measured at
DB and the voltage reaching the load.
The conductor has its own resistance , R =ρ l/A,

67
 Cont’d
• for copper conductor, ρ = 1.72x10-8
• for Aluminum conductor, ρ = 2.83x10-8
NB. If resistance of a conductor at any temperature different
from room temperature is required it can be calculated using:
RT= RO (1+ αΔT)
Where, RT = resistance at the required temperature
RO =ρ l/A resistance at room temperature
α = Expansion coefficient; α = 0.00393 - for copper; α = .0039
for Aluminum;
ΔT = Change in temperature.
According to IEE regulations,
Vd = (mV/Am)* I b* L
Where,
68
 Cont’d

Vd = voltage drop obtained from IEE table

mV = voltage drop in mv
Am = amper meter
I b = design current
L = total length of the cable
SERVICE ENTRANCE
Power is transmitted by means of transmission lines. And
further distributed by means of distributing lines.
 The consumers are supplied with power by taking
connections (tapping’s) from distributing lines.
 The conductors and equipment used for delivering
electric energy from the supply system to the wiring
69
 Cont’d
system of the premises is called the service.
 Overhead service lines :- the service cables are
connected to the line conductors by means of
mechanical connectors called line-taps .
 Underground Cable Service Lines:- used when
the power to be supplied to the consumer is large
(say above 25kw).
Diversity Factor :
The diversity factor has an important place in the
design of an installation and its final costing.
 Diversity factor is a factor which is applied to sub main
and main cables and their associated switch gears to reduce:

70
 Cont’d
The cross sectional area of the cable conductor, and
 The capacity of the switch gears.
 The factor is based on the assumption that the whole
of the connected load will not be turned on at the same time.
 It is noted that the provision of an allowance for diversity is
a matter of calling for a special knowledge and experience
 Indeed, the application of the diversity should be decided by
the engineer responsible for designing each particular
installation. The amount by which they are increased or
decreased for each installation is a matter for
the installation engineer to decide.
There are ten types of final circuit fed from wiring to
which diversity applies:
71
 Cont’d
 Lighting....................................................................0.7-0.9
Heating :
 water heaters …………………………….….0.2-0.3
 stoves …………………………..………...0.2
 electric iron …………………………...............0.3
Cooking appliances ………………….……….…0.3
 Motors (other than lifting motors) …….......0.7- 0.9
 Instantaneous-type water heater ………………0.2
 Thermostatically controlled water heater …..….0.2
 Office equipments ………………..……..0.3-0.5
 Thermal-storage space-heating ……………....…0.2
General purpose [Link]. ……………………....0.2-0.5

72
 Example 2.2
From EBCS-10. Table B.1, select cables of suitable
current-carrying capacity for the following loads and
conditions (PVC cables to BS 6004 into conduit)
A. 240 V single-phase sub-mains of lighting load
totaling 10.5 kW. Length of run 10 m. Average
ambient temperature 25oC, diversity 66%.
So/n
Given
Power =10.5kw
single phase Voltage =240V
Length of cable run= 10 m
Average ambient temperature of 25oC
diversity factor =0.66
73
 Cont’d
selecting suitable cable size Current taken by load ?
Ib = Power / Voltage
= 10.5kw/ 240v
=43.75 A
But, the maximum current through cables using D.F =43.75*
0.66= 28.88 A
D.F = 0.66(From table)
i. If protection, BS 88 32A circuit breaker is chosen.
Then, In = 32 Amp and
The correction factor for ambient temperature from Table A.4
for 250C is 1.04.
Therefore the required cable capacity rating:
Iz = In/Ca = 32/ 1.04 = 30.77 A
74
 Cont’d
From Table B.1, choose a 4 mm2 conductor which carries
32A.
To check the voltage drop under the standard or not use the
following formula.
 Voltage drop = mV/Am * Ib * L
 From table B.2 voltage drop for 4mm2 conductor
size = 11mv/Am.
 Then Vd on cable =11 mv/Am* 28.8 A * 10 m = 3.168 V
 the permissible Maximum allowable voltage drop( MVd) =
2.5% of 240 MVd =2.5*240/100 = 6V.
 Since the actual voltage drop(Vd) < MVd, 4 mm2 can be
the correct size selected

75
 Cont’d

ii. If BS 3036 fuse is chosen for protection

 This fuse type requires a correction factor of 0.725.
Then, Iz = In/CF*Ca
where Ca = 1.06, Cf = 0.725,
Therefore, Iz = In/ Ca* Cf =32/1.06*0.725 = 41.64 Amp.
From Table B.1, a 6mm2 conductor carries 41 A. And a
10mm2 conductor carries 57 A.
Take 10mm2 diameter conductor.
Voltage drop = (mV/Am) * Ib * L
From table B.2 voltage drop for 10mm2 conductor size =
4.4mv/Am
Voltage drop on cable = 4.4 mv/Am * 28.8 A * 10 m= 1.27 V
76
 Cont’d
Maximum allowable voltage drop = 2.5% of 240 V = 6V.
Since the actual voltage drop is less than from the allowable
maximum voltage drop, selected size is 10mm2
Exercise
From EBCS-10. Table B.1, select cables of suitable
current-carrying capacity for the following loads and
conditions (PVC cables to BS 6004 into conduit).
A. 400 V balanced 3-phase power circuit. Load 18.65 kW,
efficiency, 80%, power factor 0.69. Average temperature
30oC. Length of runs 100 m.
B. A 30 m run of twin and earth p.v.c. non-armored four
touching copper cables are situated in an ambient
temperature of 35 (0)C.
77
 Cont’d
Determine the minimum size of cable to supply a 240-V 10-
kW load. Protection given by:
a. Miniature circuit-breaker (m.c.b.)
b. Rewritable fuse.

THANK YOU
QUESTION???

78