2D Transformations in
Computer Graphics-
Transformation is a process of modifying
and re-positioning the existing graphics.
2D Transformations take place in a two-
dimensional plane.
1. Translation
2. Rotation
3. Scaling
4. Reflection
5. Shear
1. 2D Transformation in Computer
Graphics-
In Computer graphics,2D Translation is a process of
moving an object from one position to another in a
two-dimensional plane.
Consider a point object O has to be moved from one
position to another in a 2D plane.
Let-
Initial coordinates of the object O = (Xold, Yold)
New coordinates of the object O after translation =
(Xnew, Ynew)
Translation vector or Shift vector = (Tx, Ty)
Given a Translation vector (Tx, Ty)-
Tx defines the distance the Xold coordinate has to be
moved.
Ty defines the distance the Yold coordinate has to be
moved.
This translation is achieved by adding the
translation coordinates to the old coordinates of
the object as-
Xnew = Xold + Tx (This denotes translation
towards X axis)
Ynew = Yold + Ty (This denotes translation
towards Y axis)
Question Based on 2D translation –
Given a circle C with radius 10 and center
coordinates (1, 4). Apply the translation with
distance 5 towards X axis and 1 towards Y axis.
Obtain the new coordinates of C without
changing its radius.
Solution-
Given-
Old center coordinates of C = (Xold, Yold) = (1,
4)
Translation vector = (Tx, Ty) = (5, 1)
Let the new center coordinates of C = (Xnew,
Ynew).
Applying the translation equations, we have-
Xnew = Xold + Tx = 1 + 5 = 6
Ynew = Yold + Ty = 4 + 1 = 5
Thus, New center coordinates of C = (6, 5).
2. 2D Rotation in Computer Graphics-
In Computer graphics,
2D Rotation is a process of rotating an object
with respect to an angle in a two dimensional
plane.
Consider a point object O has to be rotated
from one angle to another in a 2D plane.
Let-
Initial coordinates of the object O = (Xold,
Yold)
Initial angle of the object O with respect to
origin = Φ
Rotation angle = θ
New coordinates of the object O after
rotation = (Xnew, Ynew)
This rotation is achieved by using the following
rotation equations-
Xnew = Xold x cosθ – Yold x sinθ
Ynew = Yold x cosθ + Xold x sinθ
PROBLEM BASED ON 2D ROTATION IN
COMPUTER GRAPHICS-
Given a line segment with starting point as (0, 0)
and ending point as (4, 4). Apply 30 degree
rotation anticlockwise direction on the line
segment and find out the new coordinates of
the line.
Solution-
We rotate a straight line by its end points with
the same angle. Then, we re-draw a line
between the new end points.
Given-
Old ending coordinates of the line = (Xold,
Yold) = (4, 4)
Rotation angle = θ = 30º
Let new ending coordinates of the line after
rotation = (Xnew, Ynew).
Applying the rotation equations, we have-
Xnew
= Xold x cosθ – Yold x sinθ
= 4 x cos30º – 4 x sin30º
= 4 x (√3 / 2) – 4 x (1 / 2)
= 2√3 – 2
= 2(√3 – 1)
= 2(1.73 – 1)
= 1.46
Ynew
= Xold x sinθ + Yold x cosθ
= 4 x sin30º + 4 x cos30º
= 4 x (1 / 2) + 4 x (√3 / 2)
= 2 + 2√3
= 2(1 + √3)
= 2(1 + 1.73)
= 5.46
Thus, New ending coordinates of the line after
rotation = (1.46, 5.46).
3. 2D Scaling in Computer Graphics-
In computer graphics, scaling is a process of
modifying or altering the size of objects.
Scaling may be used to increase or reduce
the size of object.
Scaling subjects the coordinate points of the
original object to change.
Scaling factor determines whether the
object size is to be increased or reduced.
If scaling factor > 1, then the object size is
increased.
If scaling factor < 1, then the object size is
reduced.
Consider a point object O has to be scaled in a
2D plane.
Let-
Initial coordinates of the object O = (Xold,
Yold)
Scaling factor for X-axis = Sx
Scaling factor for Y-axis = Sy
New coordinates of the object O after
scaling = (Xnew, Ynew)
This scaling is achieved by using the following
scaling equations-
Xnew = Xold x Sx
Ynew = Yold x Sy
PRACTICE PROBLEM BASED ON 2D SCALING IN
COMPUTER GRAPHICS-
Given a square object with coordinate points
A(0, 3), B(3, 3), C(3, 0), D(0, 0). Apply the scaling
parameter 2 towards X axis and 3 towards Y axis
and obtain the new coordinates of the object.
Solution-
Given-
Old corner coordinates of the square = A (0,
3), B(3, 3), C(3, 0), D(0, 0)
Scaling factor along X axis = 2
Scaling factor along Y axis = 3
For Coordinates A(0, 3)
Let the new coordinates of corner A after
scaling = (Xnew, Ynew).
Applying the scaling equations, we have-
Xnew = Xold x Sx = 0 x 2 = 0
Ynew = Yold x Sy = 3 x 3 = 9
Thus, New coordinates of corner A after scaling
= (0, 9).
For Coordinates B(3, 3)
Let the new coordinates of corner B after scaling
= (Xnew, Ynew).
Applying the scaling equations, we have-
Xnew = Xold x Sx = 3 x 2 = 6
Ynew = Yold x Sy = 3 x 3 = 9
Thus, New coordinates of corner B after scaling
= (6, 9).
For Coordinates C(3, 0)
Let the new coordinates of corner C after scaling
= (Xnew, Ynew).
Applying the scaling equations, we have-
Xnew = Xold x Sx = 3 x 2 = 6
Ynew = Yold x Sy = 0 x 3 = 0
Thus, New coordinates of corner C after scaling
= (6, 0).
For Coordinates D(0, 0)
Let the new coordinates of corner D after
scaling = (Xnew, Ynew).
Applying the scaling equations, we have-
Xnew = Xold x Sx = 0 x 2 = 0
Ynew = Yold x Sy = 0 x 3 = 0
Thus, New coordinates of corner D after scaling
= (0, 0).
Thus, New coordinates of the square after
scaling = A (0, 9), B(6, 9), C(6, 0), D(0, 0).
4. 2D Reflection in Computer Graphics-
Reflection is a kind of rotation where the
angle of rotation is 180 degree.
The reflected object is always formed on the
other side of mirror.
The size of reflected object is same as the
size of original object.
Consider a point object O has to be reflected in
a 2D plane.
Let-
Initial coordinates of the object O = (Xold,
Yold)
New coordinates of the reflected object O
after reflection = (Xnew, Ynew)
Reflection On X-Axis:
This reflection is achieved by using the following
reflection equations-
Xnew = Xold
Ynew = -Yold
Reflection On Y-Axis:
This reflection is achieved by using the following
reflection equations-
Xnew = -Xold
Ynew = Yold
PRACTICE PROBLEMS BASED ON 2D
REFLECTION IN COMPUTER GRAPHICS
Problem-01:
Given a triangle with coordinate points A(3, 4),
B(6, 4), C(5, 6). Apply the reflection on the X axis
and obtain the new coordinates of the object.
Solution-
Given-
Old corner coordinates of the triangle = A
(3, 4), B(6, 4), C(5, 6)
Reflection has to be taken on the X axis
For Coordinates A(3, 4)
Let the new coordinates of corner A after
reflection = (Xnew, Ynew).
Applying the reflection equations, we have-
Xnew = Xold = 3
Ynew = -Yold = -4
Thus, New coordinates of corner A after
reflection = (3, -4).
For Coordinates B(6, 4)
Let the new coordinates of corner B after
reflection = (Xnew, Ynew).
Applying the reflection equations, we have-
Xnew = Xold = 6
Ynew = -Yold = -4
Thus, New coordinates of corner B after
reflection = (6, -4).
For Coordinates C(5, 6)
Let the new coordinates of corner C after
reflection = (Xnew, Ynew).
Applying the reflection equations, we have-
Xnew = Xold = 5
Ynew = -Yold = -6
Thus, New coordinates of corner C after
reflection = (5, -6).
Thus, New coordinates of the triangle after
reflection = A (3, -4), B(6, -4), C(5, -6).
Problem-02:
Given a triangle with coordinate points A(3, 4),
B(6, 4), C(5, 6). Apply the reflection on the Y axis
and obtain the new coordinates of the object.
Solution-
Given-
Old corner coordinates of the triangle = A
(3, 4), B(6, 4), C(5, 6)
Reflection has to be taken on the Y axis
For Coordinates A(3, 4)
Let the new coordinates of corner A after
reflection = (Xnew, Ynew).
Applying the reflection equations, we have-
Xnew = -Xold = -3
Ynew = Yold = 4
Thus, New coordinates of corner A after
reflection = (-3, 4).
For Coordinates B(6, 4)
Let the new coordinates of corner B after
reflection = (Xnew, Ynew).
Applying the reflection equations, we have-
Xnew = -Xold = -6
Ynew = Yold = 4
Thus, New coordinates of corner B after
reflection = (-6, 4).
For Coordinates C(5, 6)
Let the new coordinates of corner C after
reflection = (Xnew, Ynew).
Applying the reflection equations, we have-
Xnew = -Xold = -5
Ynew = Yold = 6
Thus, New coordinates of corner C after
reflection = (-5, 6).
Thus, New coordinates of the triangle after
reflection = A (-3, 4), B(-6, 4), C(-5, 6).
5. 2D Shearing in Computer Graphics-
In Computer graphics,
2D Shearing is an ideal technique to change the
shape of an existing object in a two dimensional
plane
In a two dimensional plane, the object size can
be changed along X direction as well as Y
direction.
So, there are two versions of shearing-
[Link] in X direction
[Link] in Y direction
Consider a point object O has to be sheared in a
2D plane.
Let-
Initial coordinates of the object O = (Xold,
Yold)
Shearing parameter towards X direction
= Shx
Shearing parameter towards Y direction =
Shy
New coordinates of the object O after
shearing = (Xnew, Ynew)
Shearing in X Axis-
Shearing in X axis is achieved by using the
following shearing equations-
Xnew = Xold + Shx x Yold
Ynew = Yold
Shearing in Y Axis-
Shearing in Y axis is achieved by using the
following shearing equations-
Xnew = Xold
Ynew = Yold + Shy x Xold
PRACTICE PROBLEMS BASED ON 2D SHEARING
IN COMPUTER GRAPHICS
Problem-01:
Given a triangle with points (1, 1), (0, 0) and (1,
0). Apply shear parameter 2 on X axis and 2 on Y
axis and find out the new coordinates of the
object.
Shearing in X Axis-
For Coordinates A(1, 1)
Let the new coordinates of corner A after
shearing = (Xnew, Ynew).
Applying the shearing equations, we have-
Xnew = Xold + Shx x Yold = 1 + 2 x 1 = 3
Ynew = Yold = 1
Thus, New coordinates of corner A after
shearing = (3, 1).
For Coordinates B(0, 0)
Let the new coordinates of corner B after
shearing = (Xnew, Ynew).
Applying the shearing equations, we have-
Xnew = Xold + Shx x Yold = 0 + 2 x 0 = 0
Ynew = Yold = 0
Thus, New coordinates of corner B after
shearing = (0, 0).
For Coordinates C(1, 0)
Let the new coordinates of corner C after
shearing = (Xnew, Ynew).
Applying the shearing equations, we have-
Xnew = Xold + Shx x Yold = 1 + 2 x 0 = 1
Ynew = Yold = 0
Thus, New coordinates of corner C after
shearing = (1, 0).
Thus, New coordinates of the triangle after
shearing in X axis = A (3, 1), B(0, 0), C(1, 0).
Shearing in Y Axis-
For Coordinates A(1, 1)
Let the new coordinates of corner A after
shearing = (Xnew, Ynew).
Applying the shearing equations, we have-
Xnew = Xold = 1
Ynew = Yold + Shy x Xold = 1 + 2 x 1 = 3
Thus, New coordinates of corner A after
shearing = (1, 3).
For Coordinates B(0, 0)
Let the new coordinates of corner B after
shearing = (Xnew, Ynew).
Applying the shearing equations, we have-
Xnew = Xold = 0
Ynew = Yold + Shy x Xold = 0 + 2 x 0 = 0
Thus, New coordinates of corner B after
shearing = (0, 0).
For Coordinates C(1, 0)
Let the new coordinates of corner C after
shearing = (Xnew, Ynew).
Applying the shearing equations, we have-
Xnew = Xold = 1
Ynew = Yold + Shy x Xold = 0 + 2 x 1 = 2
Thus, New coordinates of corner C after
shearing = (1, 2).
Thus, New coordinates of the triangle after
shearing in Y axis = A (1, 3), B(0, 0), C(1, 2).
