GEOMETRY

Class - V
The word Geometry has bean derived from two Greek words, namely ‘Geo’ and ‘metron’. Here,
‘Geo’ means earth and ‘metron’ means measurement. Thus, the word geometry means,
measurement of earth.
In ancient times geometry was used in land measurement. But, now it is widely used in various
fields of our daily life. We will learn about the fundamental concepts of geometry such as point,
line segment, line, ray, angle, curves, triangles, quadrilaterals, circles etc.

POINT :
A point is a mark of position.
Usually, a fine dot marked with a sharp-edged pencil on a plane paper, represents a point.
We denote a point by a capital letter A, B, P, Q etc.
In the adjoining figure, A is a point. A

A point has neither length nor breadth nor depth (or thickness). So, it has no dimensions.

LINE SEGMENT :
Let A and B be two points on a paper. Then the straight path from A to B is called the line
segment AB, denoted by AB .
We may also call it the line segment BA, denoted by BA .
Thus, the line segment AB is the same as the line segment BA.
The points A and B are called the end points of AB . A  B

The distance between the points A and B is called the length of AB .

So, a line segment has a definite length, which can be measured. So, it has one dimension.

How to measure a line segment?

For measuring a line segment, we use a ruler.
One edge of a ruler is marked in centimetres (cm) and millimetres (mm). Other edge is marked
in inch. P  Q

Example 1. Measure the length of the line segment PQ, given below :

Method : Place the edge of the ruler along the given line segment PQ, keeping the O cm mark
of the ruler at point P, as shown below.
P Q

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Read the mark on the ruler against the point Q. It is seen that the point Q is 5 small divisions
ahead of the 5 cm mark.
 Length of PQ = 5.5 cm
LINE :
A line segment extended endlessly on both sides and marked by arrow marks at the two ends
represent a line, denoted by 
AB
 or 
BA
.
A line has no end points Q
A B
Two arrows in opposite directions of a line shows that it extends indefinitely in both the direction.
 A line does not have a definite length.
Sometimes we denote a line by a small letter e, m, n etc.
In the given figure,  is a line 
A B
RAY :
A line segment extended endlessly in one direction is called a ray.
A line segment AB extended in the direction from A to B represents a ray 
AB
.
Ray  AB
 has one end point, namely A.
A B
This end point A of the ray AB is called its initial point.
A ray has no definite length.
 AB
 is a ray with initial point A and extending endlessly in the direction from A to B.
BA
 is a ray with initial point B and extending endlessly in the direction from B to A.
AB
 and  BA
 are two different rays.
A B
OPPOSITE RAYS :
Two rays with the same initial point and extending indefinitely in the opposite directions along
the same line are called opposite rays.
In the adjoining figure, OA
 and  OB
 are two rays with the same initial point O and
extending infinitely in opposite directions along the same line l. So  OA
 and  OB
 are
opposite rays. 
Differences between a line segment, a line and a ray B O A

LINE SEGMENT LINE RAY

i) A line segment has two end i) A line has no end point i) A ray has one end point.
points. ii) A line does not have a definite ii) A ray does not have a definite
ii) A line segment has a definite length. length.
length. iii) A line can not be drawn on a iii) A ray can not be drawn on a
iii) A line segment of a given length paper. We can simply represent paper. we can simply represent
can be drawn on a paper a line. a ray.
iv) A   B is a line segment. iv) A line AB is represented by iv) A ray AB is represent by
v) Line segment AB is the same A B . A B .
   

as line segment BA. v) Line AB is the same as line v) Rays  AB

 and 
BA
 are
BA. different.

SURFACE :
A solid has a surface which may be curved or flat.
For example, the surface of the ball is curved while the surface of the wall is flat.

PLANE :
A plane is a flat surface which extends indefinitely in all directions.
The surface of a smooth wall, the surface of a smooth blackboard are example of a portion of a
plane.
A plane is named by taking 3 different points on it, which are not on the same line.
In the given figure, ABC is a plane. A

B C
INTERSECTING LINES :
If there is a point P common to two lines l and m in the same plane, we say that the two lines
intersect at point P and this point P is called the point of intersection of the lines.
  

P m P m

m
PARALLEL LINES :
Two lines  and m in a plane are called parallel lines if they do not intersect even when produced
and we write   m. The distance between two parallel lines is always same.

Opposite edges of a ruler, railway tracks are examples of parallel lines.
m
CONCURRENT LINES :
Three or more lines in a plane are called concurrent if all of

them pass through the same point.
m
This common point is called the point of concurrence of the
given lines.
P n
In the given figure, the lines , m, n, p all pass through the same
point P. So, all lines are concurrent and P is the point of
concurrence of these lines. p
COLLINEAR POINTS :
Three or more points in a plane are said to be collinear if all of them lie on the same straight line.

A B C D P Q
In fig (i), all four points are collinear. 
R

S
In fig (ii), the points P, Q, R, S are non-collinear. (i) (ii)
CURVES :
The figures traced out with the help of the sharp edge of a pencil without lifting the pencil are
called curves.
Each of the figures shown below is a curve.

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)

Closed and open figures :
A figure which begins and ends at the same point is called a closed figure.
In the above figure, curves (i), (ii), (iv) are closed figures.
A figure which does not end at the starting point is called an open figure.
In the above figure, curves (iii) and (v) are open figures.
POLYGONS :
A simple closed figure formed of three or more line segments is called a polygon.
The line segments which form a polygon are called its sides.
The point at which two adjacent sides of a polygon meet is called vertex of the polygon.
A polygon with 3 sides is called a triangle.
A polygon with 4 sides is called a quadrilateral.
A polygon with 5 sides is called a pentagon; and so on.

Triangle Quadrilateral Pentagon

Interior and exterior of a closed figure
The part of the plane enclosed the boundary of a closed figure is called its interior.
The part of the plane lying outside the boundary of a closed figure is called its exterior.
Examples :
In fig (i), the points A, B, C lie in the interior of the
given figure; D and E are the points lying on the
figure and F and G are the points lying exterior
of the figure.
In fig (ii), P & Q lie in the interior of the given
figure; R lies on the figure and point S lies in the
Fig (i) Fig (ii)
exterior of the given figure.
ANGLE :
The figure formed by two rays with the same B
initial point is called an angle.
The common initial point is called the vertex
of the angle and the rays forming the angle
are called its arms or sides.
Thus, in the adjoining figure, rays OA and OB
are the arms or sides of the angle and O is
the vertex of the angle.
O A
NAMING AN ANGLE :
To name an angle, we name any point on one ray, then the vertex and then any point on the other
ray. The symbol to denote an angle is ‘  ’. So, the above angle is AOB or BOA . Sometimes,
we may name an angle by its vertex only. Thus, the above angle can be denoted by O .
Some more angles are shown below :

A R
Y

B C P Q Z X
 ABC or  CBA or  B  QPR or  RPQ or  P  XZY or  YZX or  Z

INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR OF AN ANGLE :

An  AOB divides the plane of the paper in three parts :
i) The region of the plane that lies inside  AOB is called the interior of  AOB.
ii) The part of the plane consisting of all those points which lie on the arms of the angle, is
called the boundary of  AOB.
iii) The region of the plane that lies outside  AOB is called the exterior of  AOB.
In the given figure, the shaded portion shows the interior of  AOB.
Thus,
i) the points P, Q and R are the interior points of  AOB.
ii) the points O, A, B, D, E and F lie on  AOB.
iii) the points x, y and z are the exterior points of  AOB.

MEASUREMENT OF AN ANGLE :
The standard unit of measuring an angle is degree, denoted by ‘º’.
Angle is measured by an instrument called protractor.

[Use of protractor will be shown in class] :

A degree may be further divided into minutes and seconds.
1º (degree) = 60 minutes written as 60 .
1 (minute) = 60 seconds written as 60 .
CONGRUENT ANGLES :
Two angles having the same measure are known as congruent angles or equal angles.
In the given figures, we have  ABC =  DEF = 45º.
 ABC and  DEF are congruent or equal angles.

A D

45º 45º

B C E F
CLASSIFICATION OF ANGLES :
i) ZERO ANGLE : An angle whose measure is 0º is called a zero angle. In the given figure,
two coinciding rays, each OA have a common end point O and therefore  AOA = 0º.
O
A
ii) ACUTE ANGLE : An angle which measures more than 0º but less than 90º is called an
acute angle.
In the given figure  ACB=60º < 90º
  AOB is an acute angle.
B

6 0º

O A
iii) RIGHT ANGLE : An angle whose
C
measure is 90º, is called a right angle.
In the given figure,  COD = 90º.
  COD is a right angle we write it as
 COD =1 right angle.

O D

iv) OBTUSE ANGLE : An angle whose

measure is more than 90º but less than D
180º is called an obtuse angle.
In the given figure,  DEF = 120º. 0º
12
Clearly 90º < 120º < 180º.
  DEF is an obtuse angle. E F
v) STRAIGHT ANGLE : An angle whose measure is 180º, is called a straight angle.
In the given figure,  XOY = 180º

  XOY is a straight angle.
X O Y
1

vi) REFLEX ANGLE : An angle whose C

measure is more than 180º but less than B
360º, is called a reflex angle.
In the given figure, marked  ABC= 245º,
is a reflex angle.
A

vii) COMPLETE ANGLE : An angle whose

measure is 360º, is called a complete
angle.
If a ray 
OA
 rotates about O and after O 1
a complete rotation takes the final A
position OA, then it traces out an angle
of 360º, called a complete angle.
viii) ADJACENT ANGLES : Two angles are
said to be adjacent if they have a A C
common vertex and a common arm and
their other arms are on the opposite
sides of the common arm.
In the adjacent figure,  ABC and  CBD
are adjacent angles. They have a
common vertex B and a common arm
BC and their two arms BA and BD lie on D
B
opposite side of common arm BC.
ix) LINEAR ANGLES : Two adjacent C
angles are said to ferm a linear pair of
angles if their non-common arms are two
opposite rays that form a straight line.
The sum of a linear pair of angles is
always 180º. In the given figure, the D
A
adjacent angles  ABC and  DBC is a B
linear pair.
x) VERTICALLY OPPOSITE ANGLES :
If two-straight lines cut each other at a m

point, the angles formed on the opposite

a
sides of the common point are called
d c
vertically opposite angles. o

In the given figure, two straight lines  and

b
m intersect and four angles  a,  b,  c, 
 d are formed.  a and  b are vertially
opposite angles.  c and  d are also
vertically opposite angles.  a =  b and
L
 c =  d.
P
xi) COMPLEMENTARY ANGLES : Two
angles are said to be complementary
angles if the sum of their measures is
º
35

90º. Each of these angles is said to be

complement of the other. In the given fig, 55º
 LMP is the complement of  NMP and
vice versa as  LMP +  NMP = 35º + M N
55º = 90º.
P
xii) SUPPLEMENTARY ANGLES : Two
angles are said to be supplementary
angles if the sum of their measures is
180º. Each of these angles is said to be
supplement of the other.
º

In the given figure,  LMP and  NMP

75º
105

are supplementary angles since the sum

of their measures is 105º + 75º = 180º. L N
M
Here  LMP is the supplement of  NMP
and vice versa.