Academic Guide INTERPOL GCBMUN XXIV

April 2024

ACADEMIC GUIDE
INTERPOL

Elizabethk. (2023, October 20). Weaponizing Interpol | Journal of Democracy. Journal of

Democracy. [Link]

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 Academic Guide INTERPOL GCBMUN XXIV
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Welcoming letter
United nations model GCBMUN XXIV

Secretary General Dear Dear delegates,

Camilo Garavito As your dais, all three of us, Laura, Emilia, and Mariana, welcome you
to this model and to our INTERPOL committee. We are thrilled to
have you join us for this GCBMUN edition, which we hope will be an
Secretary academic exciting journey to learn and to share with others. Please know we are
honored to be your dais in this edition and to be guiding you through
Felipe Ospina
this experience, know we will always aim to do it in the best way. Feel
encouraged to use this opportunity to develop your abilities of being
able to speak up, listen, and work together as a team. We value your
Academic support compromise in participating in something that will endorse your global
engagement and knowledge regarding what seem to be today’s most
María José Gonzalez
challenging problematics for world leaders. Hopefully this experience
María Ximena Peña is as unforgettable to you as it surely will be for us. With thorough
preparation and research, we believe you can do a good work as a
Luz Andrea Quintero delegate, which is what matters the most in the model.

Finally, we thank you for giving us the opportunity of guiding you

President through this model, which hopefully inspires you to continue
participating in further Model United Nations. Don’t hesitate to ask us
Laura Rojas for help or any sort of guidance whenever you need it. In this guide
you will find information that will help you understand the topic and
think of possible solutions for it, as well as to have a kickstart on how
Vice – President you are going to represent your delegation in the debate.

Maria Emilia Murcia Sincerely,

Laura Rojas
Academic upport in
charge Maria Emilia Murcia

Mariana Torres Mariana Torres

GCBMUN Director
Fabio Cárdenas

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HISTORY OF THE COMMITTEE

The first International Criminal Police Congress took place in Monaco in April 1914, and
although INTERPOL was formally founded in 1923, the concept originated there. Lawyers
and police officials from 24 nations convened at Prince Albert I of Monaco's request to
discuss collaboration in crime solving, identification methods, and extradition.

The International Committee of the Red Cross's main goal was to facilitate international
police cooperation. Its goals and organization were outlined in several Resolutions, Direct
police communication, collaboration on arrests and extradition, shared languages,
establishment of offices for counterfeit money, checks, passports, and fingerprinting
methods and documentation were a few of the major issues. These ideas are still applicable
today, and they are still incorporated into the daily operations.

Vienna was chosen as the location of the headquarters. The Executive Committee elected
Johannes Schober as its President, and Dr. Oskar Dressler, an attorney, and head of the
Austrian Federal Police, as its secretary. With the approval of a revised constitution in
1956, the ICPC became the International Criminal Police Organization (ICPO-
INTERPOL). By collecting dues from member nations and depending on financial
investments, the Organization was able to gain autonomy. Since this, police from across the
world have been working together to prevent and combat crime for more than a century,
and have maintained efforts to keep up with societal, technological, and economic
advancements.

COMMITTEE SPECIFICATIONS

INTERPOL works as an intergovernmental organization that seeks to facilitate

international police cooperation. This is done by enabling secure databases holding
information on crimes and criminals, as well as providing technical and operational
support. Each country has an INTERPOL National Central Bureau (NCB), which works as
the central point of contact between the General Secretariat (the principal unit of control of
INTERPOL) and other NCBs, which are run by national police officials and generally
located in the departments of each country’s governments responsible for policing. The
actions that INTERPOL takes to combat crime are the following: it enables databases with
information on criminal activities, suspects, or ongoing investigations accessible in real-
time to the police forces of countries; it offers investigative support like forensics, analysis,
and assistance in locating fugitives worldwide; and it instructs and trains officials, who run

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tasks such as field operations and networking alongside the police of other countries.
INTERPOL itself cannot issue arrest warrants; however, it can issue a "Red Notice", which
is a global request to law enforcement to find and temporarily arrest someone. These are
directed towards individuals wanted by the requesting member country or an international
tribunal. Countries individually can issue arrest warrants. INTERPOL’s main sources of
financing for their operations come from the money given by member countries and
voluntary funding. It provides legal assistance on issues related to extradition or law
enforcement, yet it is not able to directly modify or establish laws as it does not have legal
authority over countries.

What is INTERPOL? (n.d.). [Link]

Also, the main task of this committee is:

 Consider and approve the United Nations budget and establish the financial
assessments of Member States
 Initiate studies and make recommendations to promote international political
cooperation, the development and codification of international law, the
realization of human rights and fundamental freedoms.
 Make recommendations for the peaceful settlement of any situation that might
impair friendly relations among countries.
 Consider reports from the Security Council and other United Nations organs.
(United Nations, s. f.-b)

GENERAL MISSION
Today’s security challenges are interconnected and global, this threats the development of
society. In consequence the cooperation from all sides among law enforcement agencies is
vital to address the security risks around the globe.
As INTERPOL is the only police organization that works at a global level, it has an unique
role on international efforts to protect communities and make the world more secure.
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INTERPOL developed seven Global Policing Goals (GPGs) to address of issues related to
crime and security, the Global Policing Goals are universal, ambitious and focused on
collective actions.

“The Global Policing Goals focus on the collective efforts of the

international law enforcement community to create a safer and
more sustainable world for future generations.”
 Goal 1: Enable the global law enforcement community to more effectively counter
and prevent terrorism through international cooperation
 Goal 2: Promote border security worldwide
 Goal 3: Enhance the law enforcement response to protecting vulnerable
communities
 Goal 4: Reduce the global harm and impact of cybercrime
 Goal 5: Tackle corruption and financial crime in all its forms
 Goal 6: Counter serious organized crime and drug trafficking
 Goal 7: Strengthen environmental security and support the promotion of sustainable
livelihoods by countering crimes that affect the environment and climate

INTERPOL GPGs and individual United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
are somewhat connected. Some INTERPOL GPGs support the same UN SDG. This is seen
on the SDG 5 (Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls), and SDG 17
(Revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development).

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TOPIC A
Fentanyl Trafficking

Cengiz, Mahmut . “COLUMN: Cocaine Networks Merge with Fentanyl Trafficking between the Middle
East and Central America - HS Today.” Today US, 12 Apr. 2023, [Link]/featured/column-
cocaine-networks-merge-with-fentanyl-trafficking-between-the-middle-east-and-central-america/.

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INTRODUCTION

What is Fentanyl?
Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid (opioids are a broad group
of pain-relieving medicines that work on the brain cells)
approved by medical institutes for pain management and
anesthetic purposes. Heroin and Morphine are also
opioids with medical uses, but fentanyl is around 100
times more potent (Dea, N/D). Fentanyl use causes
relaxation, euphoria, pain relief, sedation, confusion,
drowsiness, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, urinary
retention, pupillary constriction, and respiratory
depression (Dea, N/D).
Detox, S. (2022, marzo 21). The dangers of
fentanyl abuse. Summit Detox.
[Link]
dangers-of-fentanyl-abuse/
Implications of Fentanyl use
Who consumes?
The likelihood of opioid consumption was
higher among individuals of lower
socioeconomic status compared to those in
higher one; economic deprivation serves as a
significant risk factor for opioid overdoses in
the United States, contributing to the trend of
declining life expectancy (PMC, 2020).
Unemployment correlates with an elevated
risk of opioid use in contrast to those who are
employed, also the heightened risk of opioid
misuse was observed among
individuals with lower levels of National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2023, junio 30). Drug overdose
death rates. National Institute on Drug Abuse.
education may be attributed to [Link]
downstream effects such as limited death-rates
access to stable employment
opportunities and lack of awareness (Altekruse, 2020). In other words, fentanyl and other
opioid consumption are presented in those groups of people with lower economic status,
people with scarce resources, and those with no opportunities.

Impact of consumption
Similar to heroin, morphine, and other opioids, fentanyl operates by attaching to the opioid
receptors in the body, which are located in regions of the brain responsible for managing
pain and emotions, with repeated opioid use, the brain adjusts to the drug, reducing its
responsiveness and making it challenging to experience pleasure from anything other than
the drug, leading to dependence and then addiction (NIH,2021).

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The addictive nature of fentanyl stems from its high potency, when legally prescribed,
individuals using fentanyl may develop dependence, marked by experiencing withdrawal
symptoms upon cessation of the drug. (NIH, 2021).

Addiction represents the most severe manifestation of a substance use disorder (SUD),
marked by compulsive drug seeking and use that becomes challenging to manage, despite
dangerous outcomes, addicted people persist in fentanyl usage despite encountering health
issues or disruptions in their daily lives, whether at work, school, or home (NIH, 2021).

Those dependent on fentanyl may undergo intense

withdrawal symptoms, often starting within hours
after the last dose, these symptoms include muscle
and bone pain, sleep disturbances, gastrointestinal
issues such as diarrhea and vomiting, cold flashes
accompanied by goosebumps, uncontrollable leg
movements, and intense cravings (NIH, 2021). This
discomfort caused by withdrawal contributes
significantly to the difficulty of people to stop
consuming fentanyl.

People consuming fentanyl experience high rates of

Oxford, D., & Duggal, H. (2023, October 5). What’s
addiction, meaning they just focus on the drug. For
fentanyl, and why have deaths due to drug overdose themselves this means their priority will be to take
spiked in the US? Al Jazeera. the drug as soon as withdrawal symptoms start, it
[Link]
does not matter where and with who they are. These
fentanyl-and-why-have-deaths-due-to-drug-overdose-
spiked-in-the-us people cannot have a normal life because as soon
the effect of the drug stops, they focus on getting more, socially this means that if the
person addicted to these has no resources to get more drugs will then do desperate things to
fulfill their addiction, these could mean crimes, thefts, or prostitution.

History and description of the topic

In the early 1960s, fentanyl was first introduced in Western Europe and the to be used as an
intravenous pain relief medication, but in the United States, it was approved just until 1968.
Because of its potential to become abused, it was only allowed when combined with
another drug to decrease the risk of its abuse. Still, in 1972, it became available as an
independent medication. By the late 1970s and early 1980s, it gained popularity in cardiac
and vascular surgery

Misuse and overdose cases emerged in the mid-1970s, with no permitted forms synthesized
in illegal labs from 1979. Transdermal patches and oral delivery methods were developed,
for example, Duragesic and Actiq which expanded their use in cancer pain management.
However, the reports of misuse and overdoses still happened, leading to FDA
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investigations, especially on Duragesic, and illegal prescriptions of Actiq.

From the mid-2000s, there was an increase in illicit recreational use, with many deaths
attributed to non-pharmaceutical fentanyl or illegal fentanyl. The crisis got worse in 2013,
because it spread across North America, leading to a rise in fatal overdoses. A fact is that
Prince's death in 2016 made the crisis to stand out, with also the creation of stronger
derivates of fentanyl, like carfentanil.

The current opioid crisis became larger in a shorter amount of time due to the synthetic
opioids, specially the fentanyl, which significantly contributed to deaths because of
overdose. These crisis generated multiple declarations of public health emergencies, but
there is still no concrete solutions. The concerns about the spread of illegal fentanyl and its
derivatives need imperative attention and solutions.

How is fentanyl trafficked? Which countries are involved?

The US Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) described China as “the main source for all
fentanyl-related substances trafficked into the United States” and accused Chinese
companies of selling precursor chemicals (chemicals used to produce fentanyl) to both the
US and to Mexican drug cartels. (Al Jazeera, 2024) For China, the country with the second
largest pharmaceutical market, it is easy and cheap to produce fentanyl given that the
chemicals used in the production process are commonly found and can be legal prescription
drugs, but due to the regulations imposed by the government there has been a shift towards
illicit prescription drugs. Because fentanyl is easy to produce, then huge amounts of it will
be manufactured which will contribute to the social problem of addiction and overdose and
it will be harder for governments and law enforcement to intervene. As for China, being the
market’s main supplier represents a big issue for it as it could be considered largely guilty
for facilitating the traffic of this drug which leads to thousands of deaths and overdoses in
the world. Usually, the companies involved are small chemical companies that go easily
unregulated and make big profits from the sale of very small amounts; A kilogram of
precursor can be purchased from Chinese manufacturers for about $800, which is enough to
manufacture 415,000 fentanyl pills. (Financial Times, 2023) This makes the market of
fentanyl profitable, which is an important cause for the expansion of this market; the larger
the market is, the more harm that is done to society’s wellbeing.

After it is manufactured, fentanyl

or its precursors are shipped
through direct export
internationally. This is important
as it positions fentanyl traffic as a
global problem involving an
international economy and market
that operates unlawfully, which
leads it to socially reach citizens
across the globe. The main

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Ferragamo, M. (2023, December 21). These eight charts show why fentanyl is a huge
foreign policy problem. Council on Foreign Relations. [Link]
eight-charts-show-why-fentanyl-huge-foreign-policy-problem#chapter-title-0-2
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destination to which it is trafficked is Mexico, where its drug cartels such as the Sinaloa
Cartel, and transnational criminal organizations manage to continue to run the fentanyl
trade. These use clandestine laboratories where further processing methods are done to
finish its production. Several transport methods like boats or planes then make its way
through the US-Mexico border and fentanyl is then distributed to the rest of the United
States. Countries in Europe, Southeast Asia and both South and North America have also
received the drug. Among these are Canada, Spain, Germany, Colombia, Russia, Austria,
Brazil, and Lithuania. Moreover, India has emerged as another main source of traffic
fentanyl over the past years. This could be attributed to China’s attempts to set regulations
to control fentanyl production.

Drug Enforcement Agency. Fentanyl Flow to the United States DEA Intelligence Report.

This diagram shows the main traffic routes of fentanyl and how it is illegally exported and
imported into several countries. It principally focuses on India and China as manufacturers
and Mexico, the United States and Canada as main destinations. It is important to
understand how this drug enters the countries in order to know how to stop its traffic. Even
if these are where fentanyl moves the most, remember it is now trafficked to many other
countries.

ACTUAL STATUS

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What is being done?

Some strategies used to combat psychoactive substances trafficking (Illegal manufacture
and sale of chemical substances) have been firstly: collaboration among law enforcement,
health, and social service agencies. By creating different methods to end up with Fentanyl
Trafficking Act, for example senators such as Joni Ernst (R-IA) and Tim Kaine (D-VA)
increase federal attention on this kind of trafficking by using tools provided by the
Department of Defense (DoD) and involving Mexico as a key partner to fight with the
“illicit opioid (type of drug) and disrupt psychoactive substance cartel (criminal
organization that promote and sale drugs) and trafficking activity” this with the specific
purpose of trying to improve security and provide more attention on certain places that
criminal organizations use for trafficking. (Carbajal-Bice Bill to Combat Threat of Fentanyl
Signed Into Law, 2023).

Also, the Biden-Harries administration diplomacy has started an action policy against
fentanyl trafficking. The PRC (Peoples Republic of China) has been taking law enforcement
action (Certain action made by organizations to make sure that rules are followed) against
Chinese synthetic drugs; consequently, it has been sharing information about suspicious
shipments and suspected trafficking, to help global law agencies identify trends and conduct
intelligence-driven to disrupt illicit supply chains that are in charge on its creation and sale.
Additionally, they increased security at the borders, deployed detection technology (A
system that detect and monitories de most common places for trafficking), expanded their
High-Intensity Drug Trafficking Area (HIDTA) program, targeting the global illicit supply
chain and finally regulating chemicals used to produce illicit Fentanyl. (House, 2023).

Trafficking prevention:
On the other hand, the US and Mexican authorities are trying to combat the trafficking of
this kind of drug fighting against many criminal groups. The most important routes of
fentanyl are the US mailing system as can be observed on the image above and the
southwest border of the United States according to Brian McKnight the special agent of the
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) Chicago. That’s why the US mailing system is
key for preventing the acquisition of Fentanyl in Mexican criminal groups, this by stopping
and preventing Fentanyl precursors from being sent; As a result, they would not be able to
send it directly from the North American country using the United States Postal service
(USPS).

The service of narcotics (The ones that combat against the illegal drug) confiscated more
than 18 metric tons of illicit drugs during 2017, which is an increase of 1,000 percent in
international parcels (Delivery package or shipment full of drug) and 750 percent in
domestic parcel seizures (Take by a legal authority). Especially in America, it had been
evidencing an increase in synthetic drugs and opioids like Fentanyl, oxycodone, and illegal
drug heroin that had been the cause of 70,237 deaths, according to the Centers for disease
control and Prevention. Furthermore, the US authority’s security on the mailing US system
is key to stopping the huge number of deaths that had increased over the past years.
Additionally, U.S Customs and Border Protection (CBP) agents had modified and create a
better technology to identify illicit drugs hidden in parcels; this also being a key intervention

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from part of the US government to prevent Fentanyl trafficking. (Asmann & Asmann,
2023)

Asmann, P., & Asmann, P. (2023, April 24). US mailing system key to future fentanyl trafficking prevention. InSight
Crime. [Link]

ANÁLISIS

Fentanyl traffic is one of the most pressing issues nowadays as it has social, political, and
economic repercussions on the world. The drug has reached almost all countries of the
world, becoming responsible for thousands of deaths. If it continues to expand at the rate it
has been doing it will result in even more deaths and worsen many problems worldwide. In
this way, it is crucial to act fast to stop its spread.

Firstly, it represents a significant threat to public health, given the numerous health risks
associated with its consumption. Moreover, as the drug continues to circulate illegally, the

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potential for harm on several communities persists and expands. Its traffic fuels overdose
and addiction, given that it has a very high potency which makes creating dependence from
it very easy, making it harder for individuals to quit it or to seek help in any way. Also, it
can potentially affect the security of countries as organized crime groups manage to run its
illicit trade being able to get away with it despite law enforcement efforts and it can also
lead to other ways of criminal activity affecting negatively social security at a local,
community or even national level.

Moreover, fentanyl developing into a crisis can suggest governments have been inefficient
regarding their regulations and anti-drug policies. It is important that countries considered
centers of activity for fentanyl traffic such as China, Mexico, the US and India, work
together and find ways to counter the issue. Yet, due to its expansion this means other
countries should also seek for solutions because after all, the drug is entering through their
borders smuggled and hidden as other types of products and in different ways of transport.
Law enforcement plays a big role in the prevention of the traffic of the drug and is in need
of international legal and political cooperation to address the root causes and dismantle the
networks. Those responsible of it should go through a trial and penalized as they become a
threat for other people, there is a wide legal framework that countries could work with to
end fentanyl’s traffic.

Finally, the fact that there is a stablished traffic route with many new routes opening shows
the strong illegal economy built from fentanyl traffic; therefore, it is important to stop the
global network behind it focusing on how and why the interaction takes place among those
who supply it and those who consume it. As it is a drug easy to produce and to go
unregulated in its production then it is as important to cut off the supply of it as well as its
consumption, which is what mostly makes the market grow bigger and bigger as it
continues to increase. Economic regulations and mechanisms to disrupt and make the
market of fentanyl less profitable.

Important Documents:
 Interpol and Drug Trafficking. [Link]

 Interpol Illicit Drug Trade. [Link]

q=interpol+trafficking+[Link]&rlz=1C5CHFA_enCO1009CO1013&oq=inter
p&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUqCAgAEEUYJxg7MggIABBFGCcYOzIICAEQRRgnG
DsyBggCEEUYOzIGCAMQRRg5MgYIBBBFGDwyBggFEEUYPDIGCAYQRRg
8MgYIBxBFGDyoAgCwAgA&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#:~:text=ILLICIT
%20DRUG%20TRADE,content%20%E2%80%BA%20download
%20%E2%80%BA%20file

 Financial Action task Force (FAFT) Report on Money Laundering from Fentanyl
and Synthetic Opioids.
[Link]
[Link]

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 UNOCD Opioid Strategy.

[Link]
Flyer_WEB.pdf

 UNOCD Report by intergovernmental organizations on drug control activities.

[Link]
ECN72019_CRP1_V1901401.pdf

 GCBMUN’S Handbook: In the GCBMUN handbook delegates will find all the
necessary information on committee procedures, parliamentary language, and
formalities of interventions.

 Academic guide: The academic guide contains all the information needed for the
committee. It works as a base for delegates to be able to understand the topic and to
establish a context to do their own investigation.

 Opening speech: The opening speech is a formal document that has the purpose of
making known to the committee the point of view of your delegation has and its
position regarding the topic. Each delegate will have one minute and thirty seconds to
read it. The structure it follows will be provided by the dais in an attached document.

PREPARATION QUESTIONS

1. What are the primary factors contributing to the trafficking and consumption of
fentanyl in your country?

2. Is your country a major country involved in the production, distribution, and

consumption of fentanyl?

3. What has your country done about fentanyl traffic?

4. What are some common methods used by traffickers to smuggle fentanyl across
borders, and has your country taken measures to combat these tactics?

5. Which part of the society in your country is the most affected by fentanyl?

6. Has your country implemented any regulations on legal fentanyl or its precursors?

7. How does the trafficking of fentanyl contribute to social issues in your country?

8. What legal frameworks and international agreements is your country part of

involving fentanyl?
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9. What are the socioeconomic factors in your country that drive individuals to engage
in fentanyl trafficking?

10. How can your country collaborate on a international scale to address the challenges
posed by fentanyl trafficking?

GLOSSARY

- Fentanyl: A potent synthetic opioid approved by medical institutes for pain

management and anesthetic purposes.

- Opioids: A class of drug used to reduce moderate to severe pain

- Synthetic: made artificially by chemical reaction; not natural.

- Precursor: a chemical substance that gives rise to another more important substance

- Profit: an amount of money that you gain when you are paid more for something than it
cost you to make

- Law enforcement: the department of people who enforce laws, investigate crimes, and
make arrests.

- Organized crime: A continuing criminal enterprise that rationally works to profit from
illicit activities that are often in great public demand.

- Profitable: making or likely to make a profit

BIBLIOGRAPHY

(N/D). [Link]. retrieved on February 26, 2024, from

[Link]

Asmann, P., & Asmann, P. (2023, 24 abril). US Mailing System Key to Future Fentanyl
Trafficking Prevention. InSight Crime. [Link]
system-key-future-fentanyl-trafficking-prevention/

Carbajal-Bice Bill to Combat Threat of Fentanyl Signed into Law. (2023, 22 diciembre).
U.S. Congressman Salud Carbajal. [Link]

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DocumentID=1779#:~:text=The%20Disrupt%20Fentanyl%20Trafficking%20Act,partner
%20to%20combat%20the%20flow

House, W. (2023, 16 noviembre). FACT SHEET: Biden-Harris Administration Continues

Progress on Fight Against Global Illicit Drug Trafficking. The White House.
[Link]
biden-harris-administration-continues-progress-on-fight-against-global-illicit-drug-
trafficking/#:~:text=Working%20with%20Mexico%20and%20Canada,precursor
%20chemicals%20and%20related%20equipment

Treasury announces strike force as U.S. and China pursue crackdown on illicit fentanyl
trafficking. (2023, 4 diciembre). PBS NewsHour.
[Link]
pursue-crackdown-on-illicit-fentanyl-trafficking

1923 – how our history started.

(n.d.). [Link]

Fentanyl Flow to the United States DEA Intelligence Report. 2020.

[Link]
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Jazeera, A. (2024, January 30). US and China talk on fentanyl trafficking. Al

Jazeera. [Link]
trafficking-amid-tense-relations

Domestic and international dimensions of the U.S. fentanyl crisis - United States
Department of State. (2024, February 21). United States Department of
State. [Link]
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%20drugs,have%20established%20methamphetamine%20markets%20there.

Smyth , Jamie , et al. “The Global Network behind the Fentanyl Crisis.” The Financial
Times. 21 Sept. 2023, [Link]

China Primer: Illicit Fentanyl and China’s Role. (2024). Congressional Research
Service, 18. [Link]

CFR Editors. (2023, October 24). America’s fentanyl epidemic: The China
connection. Council on Foreign Relations. [Link]
epidemic-china-connection

Commission on Combating Synthetic Opioid Trafficking. “Commission on Combating

Synthetic Opioid Trafficking: Final Report.” Reports from the Commission on Combating
Synthetic Opioid Trafficking (2022), 8 Feb. 2022
[Link]/pubs/external_publications/[Link].

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Drug-induced deaths – the current situation in Europe (European Drug Report 2023) |
[Link]. (2024, February 26)
[Link]
deaths_en

What is INTERPOL? (n.d.). [Link]

Our funding. (n.d.). [Link]

View red notices. (n.d.).

[Link]

Millar, A. (2018, febrero 27). Fentanyl: where did it all go wrong? Pharmaceutical
Technology. [Link]
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Fromiti. (n.d.). Organized Crime Module 1 Key issues: Defining Organized

Crime. [Link]
[Link]

Collins dictionary [Link]

Merriam Webster dictionary [Link]

Cambridge dictionary [Link]

NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms. (n.d.). National Cancer

Institute. [Link]

“What Is INTERPOL and How Does It Work?” Gherson LLP, 13 Dec. 2023,
[Link]/blog/what-is-interpol-and-how-does-it-work/#:~:text=INTERPOL
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Drug trafficking. (n.d.). [Link]

Comission on Narcotic drugs. Implementation of the Political Declaration and Plan of

Action on International Cooperation towards an Integrated and Balanced Strategy to
Counter the World Drug Problem Reports by Intergovernmental Organizations on Drug
Control Activities. 22 Mar. 2019.
[Link]
ECN72019_CRP1_V1901401.pdf

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