Topics to be Covered
Matrices - Basics
Definition: Rectangular array of numbers.
15 6 ⇠ First row
10 2 ⇠ Second row
13 5 ⇠ Third row
↑ ↑
First Second
Column Column
General Matrix
Types of Matrices
Row Matrix
Column Matrix
Types of Matrices
Null Matrix or Zero Matrix
Types of Matrices
Horizontal Matrix
Vertical Matrix
Square Matrix
Square Matrix
Square Matrix
In a square matrix the pair of elements aij & aji are called Conjugate
Elements.
The elements a11, a22, a33,..........ann are called Diagonal Elements. The
line along which the diagonal elements lie is called “Principal or
leading” diagonal.
Trace (A) = Sum of elements along principal diagonal. Notation tr(A).
Square Matrix
Triangular Matrix Diagonal Matrix
(aij = 0 if i ≠ j)
Upper triangular Lower triangular = dia(d1, d2, d3)
If aij = 0 ∀ i > j If aij = 0 ∀ i < j
Scalar matrix Unit Matrix
If d1 = d2 = d3 ….. = a If d1 = d2 =...... = 1
Think !
Think !
Question (JEE Main 2022)
The number of matrices of order 3 × 3, whose entries are either 0 or 1 and
the sum of all the entries is a prime number, is ______
Question (JEE Main 2020)
Solution
Algebra of Matrices
Adding/Subtracting
Multiplication by Scalar
Multiplying
Adding/Subtracting Matrices
We can add/subtract two matrices only if they are of
same order
Given Find A + B
Scalar Matrix Multiplication
Properties
Order should be same
A+B=B+A (Commutative)
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C) (Associative)
tr(A + B) = tr(A) + tr(B) (Square Matrix)
tr(A - B) = tr(A) - tr(B) (Square Matrix)
tr(kA) = k tr(A) (Square Matrix)
Matrix Multiplication
AB exist if, A = m x n & B = n x p
Matrix Multiplication - Method 1
Find .
(3, 2) (5, 1)
(2, 4)
(1, 5)
Matrix Multiplication - Method 2
Properties of Matrix Multiplication
1. In general, AB ≠ BA
2. If A = O or B = O ⇒ AB = O
3. If AB = O ⇏ A = O or B = O
4. If AB = AC ⇏ B = C
5. But if B = C ⇒ AB = AC
6. AB = BA ⇒ A and B commute each other
7. And if AB = - BA then A and B anticommute each other.
8. Multiplication of diagonal matrices of the same order will be commutative
9. (A . B) . C = A . (B . C)
10. A (B + C) = AB + AC
11. (A + B) C = AC + BC
Properties of Matrix Multiplication
Transpose of Matrix
Properties of Transpose
1. (AT)T = A
2. (A + B )T = AT + BT
3. (A - B )T = AT - BT
4. (kA)T = k(AT)
5. (AB)T = BTAT
6. (An)T = (AT)n
Question (JEE Main 2023)
If for the matrix then the value of α4 + β4 is :
A. 1
B. 3
C. 2
D. 4
Question (JEE Main 2024)
+
Pattern wale Matrix
Question (JEE Main 2020)
Question (JEE Main 2019)
Question (JEE Main 2020)
Question (JEE Main 2021)
Question (JEE Main 2024)
Question (JEE Main 2021)
Question (JEE Main 2023)
Question (JEE Main 2023)
Question (JEE Main 2023)
Types of Matrices
Orthogonal Matrix ATA = AAT = I
Idempotent Matrix A2 = A
Involutory Matrix A2 = In
Nilpotent Matrix Ak = O
Periodic Matrix Ak+1 = A
Question (JEE Main 2022)
Question (JEE Main 2022)
Question (JEE Adv. 2022)
Symmetric and Skew-Symmetric Matrix
If AT = A, then A is symmetric
If AT = -A, then A is skew symmetric
Symmetric and Skew-Symmetric Matrix
(1)
(2)
Note: Diagonal elements of a Skew-symmetric = 0
Theorem 1
For any square matrix A with real number entries, A + A’ is a
symmetric matrix and A - A’ is a skew symmetric matrix.
Theorem 2
Any square matrix can be expressed as the sum of a
symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.
Question
Express the following matrices as the sum of a symmetric and a skew
symmetric matrix.
Properties of Symmetric & Skew-Symmetric
1. If A is a symmetric matrix, then -A, kA, AT, An, A-1, BTAB are also
symmetric matrices, where n ∈ N, k ∈ R and B is a square matrix
of order that A.
Properties of Symmetric & Skew-Symmetric
2. If A is a skew symmetric matrix, then
(a) A2n is a symmetric matrix for n ∈ N,
(b) A2n + 1 is a skew-symmetric matrix for n ∈ N,
(c) kA is also skew-symmetric matrix, where k ∈ N,
(d) BTAB is also skew-symmetric matrix where B is a
square matrix of order that of A.
Properties of Symmetric & Skew-Symmetric
3. If A, B are two symmetric matrix, then
(a) A ± B, AB + BA are also symmetric matrix,
(b) AB - BA is a skew-symmetric matrix,
(c) AB is a symmetric matrix, when AB = BA.
Properties of Symmetric & Skew-Symmetric
4. If A, B are two skew symmetric matrix, then
(a) A ± B, AB - BA are skew-symmetric matrices,
(b) AB + BA is a symmetric matrix.
Question (JEE Adv. 2015)
Question (JEE Main 2023)
Question (JEE Main 2022)
Question (JEE Main 2023)
Important Result
Question (JEE Adv. 2017)
Question (JEE Main 2021)
Let M be any 3 x 3 matrix with entries from the set {0, 1, 2}. The maximum number of such
matrices, for which the sum of diagonal elements of MTM is seven is
Ans: 540
Minor & Cofactor
Adjoint of Matrix
adjoint = (cofactor)T
Properties of Adjoint
A (adj A) = (adj A) A = |A| In |adj A| = |A|n-1
adj (AB) = (adj B).(adj A)
adj (kA) = kn-1 (adj A), (k 𝞊 R)
adj (adj A) = |A|n-2 A.
Question (JEE Main 2022)
Let A be a 3 x 3 invertible matrix. If ladj (24A)| = |adj (3adj(2A))|, then |A|2
is equal to :
A. 66
B. 212
C. 26
D. 1
Question (JEE Main 2022)
Let A and B be two 3 x 3 matrices such that AB = I and |A| = 1/8 then
|adj(Badj(2A)) | is equal to
A. 16
B. 32
C. 64
D. 128
Inverse of Matrix
Note: A-1 exists if A is non-singular.
Shortcut for Inverse of 2 x 2
If A =
Inverse of Diagonal Matrix: Shortcut
Shortcut: Inverse of 3 x 3 matrix
Properties of Inverse of Matrix
(Ak)-1 = (A-1)k = A-k, k 𝞊 N AA-1 = A-1A = I
(AT)-1 = (A-1)T
(A-1)-1 = A (AB)-1 = B-1 A-1
Question (JEE Main 2023)
Question (JEE Adv. 2020)
Question (JEE Adv. 2019)
Question (JEE Main 2024)
Question (JEE Main 2024)
Question (JEE Main 2023)
Question (JEE Main 2023)
Thank You #VCians
