～し
LINKING STATEMENTS; ACCENTUATING REASONS
CONJUNCTIONS AND GRAMMAR TO LINK WORDS AND STATEMENTS
と and: to join nouns [exhaustive]
や and: to join nouns [non-exhaustive]
～くて、～で and: to join adjectives [exhaustive]
～て and: to link activities (verbs) [exhaustive, sequential]
～たり、～たり and: to list activities (verbs) [non-exhaustive, non-sequential]
[clause in plain form] + し [non-exhaustive, non-sequential]
linking statements
Listing/accentuating reasons
LINKING STATEMENTS
The basic function of ～し is a conjunction to link
statements, meaning “and” or “and what’s more”, or “not
only ~, but also ~”)
Haruko is a smart and pretty person.
春子はあたまがよくて、きれいな人です。
春子はあたまがいいし、きれいな人です。
What is the different in nuance in this sentence?
LINKING STATEMENTS
The basic function of ～し is a conjunction to link
statements, meaning “and” or “and what’s more”, or “not
only ~, but also ~”)
This street is dark and dangerous.
この道はくらくて、あぶない。
この道はくらいし、あぶない。（あぶないし。。）
例文
べっぷは色々な色のおんせんがあるし、けしきもいいです。
今日はテニスをしたし、えいがも見ました。
This library is not only convenient but also quiet.
例文
べっぷは色々な色のおんせんがあるし、けしきもいいです。
Beppu has hot springs of various colours and also the view is nice.
今日はテニスをしたし、えいがも見ました。
I played tennis and also watched a movie today.
(I not only played tennis, but I also watched a movie today).
This library is not only convenient but also quiet.
この図書館はべんりだし、しずかです。
WHAT’S WRONG WITH THIS?
ビーチはとても人気があるのでうつくしくてお
もしろいから行ったほうがいいと思います。
WHAT’S WRONG WITH THIS?
ビーチはとても人気があるのでうつくしくてお
もしろいから行ったほうがいいと思います。
LISTING/ACCENTUATING REASONS
We already know how to give reasons with から and ので.
The limit of both of those structures is that it can be hard to
give multiple reasons for the same thing, particularly without
using ～たり.
To give multiple reasons for things, we can use ～し
Using ～し implies that there are multiple reasons, although
they are not (all) listed.
HOW TO USE
verb plain form verb plain form
い adjective い adjective から
し ので effect
noun noun だ し
だ
な adj な adj （な）
• The most common usage lists ONE ～し and then ～から, but you will
sometimes see it with other conjunctions as above.
• In theory, you can list more than two causes with ～し, but in practice, anything
more than three does not sound natural.
• To make it clear you understand ～し, it can be translated as “and also”.
例文
ふみこさんはきれいだしユーモアがあるから、僕は好きだ。
I slept in, and also I have test today, so I decided to stay home from
school.
I often go to the café next to school as it’s quiet and it’s also cheap.
例文
ふみこさんはきれいだしユーモアもあるから、僕は好きだ。
Fumiko is pretty, and also has a sense of humour, so I like her.
I slept in, and also I have test today, so I decided to stay home from school.
今日、ねぼうしたし、テストもあるので、学校を休むことにした。
I often go to the café next to school as it’s quiet and it’s also cheap.
学校のとなりのカフェはしずかだし安いから、よく行く。
OTHER USES
～し is very flexible. Though the previous examples are all
the MOST grammatically correct, there are many uses of
it in ways that do not look like this.
For your own speaking and writing, my recommendation is
to use it as per the previous slides, so as to avoid any
confusion.
例文
あそびに行きたいし、宿題はしなくてはいけないし、どうしよう。
雨もふってきたし、帰ろうと思う。
Q：明日、海に行かない？ A：明日、しけんがあるし。。。
例文
あそびに行きたいし、宿題はしなくてはいけないし、どうしよう。
I want to go and hang out, but I also have to do my homework – what
should I do?
雨もふってきたし、帰ろうと思う。
It’s raining now, so I think I’ll go home.
Q：明日、海に行かない？ A：明日、しけんがあるし。。。
A: I have a test tomorrow… (here, using one し weakens the reason, and also
implies there are other reasons as well.)
