GASTRITIS
Presented By : Group2
NCMMSN4 | NCG
DEFINITION
Gastritis (inflammation of the gastric or stomach
mucosa) is a common GI problem.
CAUSES
Weakness in your stomach lining allows digestive juices
to damage and inflame it, causing gastritis
Bacterial Infection: The most prevalent cause of gastritis
is infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori).
Medications: Regular use of nonsteroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen and aspirin
can irritate the stomach lining.
Alcohol Consumption: Excessive alcohol intake can
erode the stomach lining, making it more susceptible to
inflammation.
Autoimmune Response: In autoimmune gastritis, the
body’s immune system mistakenly attacks the stomach
lining, which can lead to chronic inflammation.
Physical Stress: Severe physical stress from major
surgeries, injuries, or serious illnesses can trigger acute
gastritis.
Bile reflux (backflow of bile into the stomach)
Chronic vomiting (often due to eating disorders)
RISK FACTORS
Gastritis can affect men and women equally
Age: Individuals over 60 years are at a higher risk due to
thinning of the stomach lining with age.
Long-term NSAID Use: Regular use of pain relievers such
as NSAIDs significantly increases the risk of developing
gastritis.
Excessive Alcohol Use: Chronic alcohol consumption
heightens the risk by damaging the stomach lining.
Cancer Treatments: Certain cancer therapies, including
chemotherapy and radiation, can increase susceptibility
to gastritis.
Lifestyle Choices: Smoking and high-stress levels can also
contribute to the development of gastritis.
Other Medical Conditions: Individuals with autoimmune
disorders, Crohn’s disease, or those who have undergone
gastric surgery are at increased risk.
ACUTE GASTRITIS
Sudden inflammation or swelling of the stomach lining
It is temporary and can last for a short while, causing
severe pain (often felt more sharply) in your abdomen.
CAUSES:
-stress
-regular alcohol and tobacco use
-use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
TYPES: EROSIVE AND NONEROSIVE
Acute erosive gastritis
-characterized by ulcer-like symptoms in the stomach
lining
-this form involves both inflammation and wearing
away (erosion) of the stomach lining
Nonerosive acute gastritis
-is mainly the result of Helicobacter pylori infection
-only inflammation, or irritation, of the stomach lining
CHRONIC GASTRITIS
A progressive, long-term inflammation of the stomach
tissues and lining. It occurs over a prolonged period of time
and can wear out your stomach lining completely,
resulting in complications.
A person affected by chronic gastritis may sometimes not
notice many or possibly not even any symptoms and when
pain appears, it is typically dull and long-lasting.
CAUSES:
Chronic H. pylori Infection
Long-term Medication Use
Bile Reflux
Autoimmune Disorders; Hashimoto
thyroiditis, Addison disease, and
Graves disease
TYPES:
Type A
-caused by an autoimmune reaction in the stomach lining
-it can increase the risk of vitamin deficiencies, anemia, and
cancer
Type B
-the most common type
-caused by H. pylori bacteria
-can cause stomach ulcers, intestinal ulcers, and cancer
Type C
-caused by chemical irritants like nonsteroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), alcohol, or bile
-can also cause stomach lining erosion and bleeding
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
ACUTE CHRONIC
1. Epigastric Pain/ Discomfort 1. Fatigue
2. Dyspepsia (Indigestion) 2. Pyrosis (heartburn) after
3. Anorexia eating
4. Hiccups 3. Belching
5. Nausea & Vomiting 4. Sour taste in the mouth
EROSIVE 5. Halitosis
6. Early satiety
Bleeding
7. Anorexia
- Melena (BLACK tarry stools)
8. Nausea & Vomiting
- Hematochezia (Bright RED,
bloody stools)
ASSESSMENT & DIAGNOSTICS
ENDOSCOPY HISTOLOGIC EXAM CBC
Visualizes the stomach A biopsy is taken during Checks for anemia,
lining to identify endoscopy and examined which can be a
inflammation, under a microscope to complication of
ulcers,ulcers or other confirm gastritis and chronic gastritis due
abnormalities. determine the cause. to blood loss.
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
Nasogastric intubation
Antacids
Histamine-2 receptor antagonists (H2
blockers (e.g., famotidine, cimetidine)
Proton pump inhibitors (e.g., omeprazole,
lansoprazole)
IV fluids
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
Gastric resection or a gastrojejunostomy
to treat gastric outlet obstruction
Chronic gastritis: modifying the patient’s diet,
promoting ret, reducing stress, recommending
avoidance of alcohol and NSAIDs.
H. pylori: PPI, antibiotics, and sometimes
bismuth salths
NURSING MANAGEMENT
Reducing Anxiety Promoting Fluid Balance
The nurse uses a calm Daily fluid I&O are
approach to assess the patient monitored to detect early
and to answer all questions as signs of dehydration.
completely as possible.
Promoting Optimal Nutrition Relieving pain
The nurse provides physical Avoid foods and beverages
and emotional support and that may irritate the gastric
helps manage the symptoms. mucosa.
THANK YOU
NSAIDS H. PYLORI
Inhibits COX-1 invasion of gastric mucosa
decrease prostaglandins
Secretion of Urease
synthesis
Release of ammonia
decrease decrease
mucous bicarbonate
production secretion Increase number of H. Pylori
decrease
mucosal
blood flow Release of Cytotoxins (Vac A
&Cag A
Weakening of gastric mucosal
barrier
Gastric Ulcer
Increase gastric secretion Mucosal Injury/ Acid erodes mucosa Dyspepsia
Nausea and vomiting
Inflammatory Response
Epigastric Pain
Release of Release of Neutrophils
Reactive oxygen Cytokines infiltrates
species the damage
area
signs & symptoms
Acute Gastritis Disease
Factor
Inflammatory cells destroy gastric glandular
Leads to
epithelial cells
Chronic Gastritis
Mucosal Atrophy and Intestinal Metaplasia
Parietal Cell Loss
decrease intrinsic factor Hypochlorhydria
decrease Vit B12 absorption decrease iron absorption
Vit B12 Deficiency Iron Deficiency Anemia
