Course Title - Digital Communication

Course: ICT 2205

02.
(a) What do you mean by modulation? Why modulation is needed?
(b) Write the expression for the AM modulated wave.
(c) Find out the power relation of AM wave.
(d) A sinusoidal career voltage of frequency 10 MHz and amplitude 200 volts is amplitude modulated buy a sinusoidal voltage of
frequency 10 KHz producing 40% modulation. Calculate the frequency and amplitude of upper and lower side bands.

03.
(a) Find out the frequency spectrum power relation DSBSC wave.
(b) Explain the Single Side Band technique. Why SSB is needed?
(c) Write the advantage and disadvantage of Amplitude Modulation.
(d) A sinusoidal career voltage of amplitude 80 volts and frequency 800 Khz is amplitude modulated by a sinusoidal voltage half
frequency 15 kHz resulting in minimum modulated career amplitude of 72 volts. compute the modulation index.

04.
(a) Define the term deviation ratio in frequency modulation.
(b) Prove the frequency modulation there are produced side terms extending theoretically up to infinity.
(c) What are the principal merits and limitation of FM?
(d) In an FM system the frequency deviation is 4 khz when the audio modulating frequency is 200 hz and the audio modulating
voltage is 4V. compute the modulation index. Also compute the frequency deviation and modulation index if AF voltage is increased
to 8 volt and modulation frequency is increased to 800 Hz.

05.
(a) Show the mathematical representation of ASK, FSK and PSK modulation.
(b) Compare BFSK and MFSK.
(c) What is the basic difference between QAM and OFDM?
(d) Compare the performance of ASK, FSK, MFSK, PSK and MPSK.

06.
(a) Define Spread spectrum modulation.
(b) Illustrate narrow band and spread spectrum signals. write the comparison between FHSS and DSSS.
(c) Write the comparison between FHSS and DSSS.
(d) Write some advantages of the spread spectrum.
(e) Suppose Dr NL wants to transmit A sequence 10100010111. Using DSSS techniques how can it possible to get original data at the
receiver site.

07.
(a) Name the constituent stages of AM radio transmitter and briefly give the function of each stage.
(b) What are the main requirements of a radio transmitter regarding the career frequency. Briefly discuss these requirements.
(c) Explain envelope detection or linear detection AM signals with circuit actions.

08.
(a) Illustrate super heterodyne AM receiver.
(b) Explain FM receiver with the necessary block diagram.
(c) Why frequency conversion is needed, explain its basic principle.
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01.
(a) What do you mean by communication and system? What are the elements of communication system?
(b) Write the advantages of digital signal over analog signal.
(c) Find out the relation between noise factor and noise figure.
(d) Find out the noise temperature when noise ratio is 1.5 and 1.0.

02.
(a) Write the expression for the sinusoidal carrier voltage which has been amplitude modulated by another sinusoidal modulating
voltage.
(b) Find out the bandwidth of the AM wave.
(c) What do you mean by vestigial sideband? Why vestigial sideband is better than SSB?
(d) A sinusoidal voltage amplitude modulates another sinusoidal voltage of amplitude 2 kV to result in two sideband terms each of
amplitude 200 volts. Compute the modulation index.
(e) A broadcast transmitter radiates 1.08 kW when the modulation depth is 40%. Calculate the total power when the modulation
index has been raised 70%.

03.
(a) Describe the theory of angle modulation techniques. Calculate the FM modulation index.
(b) Analyze frequency spectrum using Bessel function.
(c) Show that the efficiency and bandwidth both depend on both the maximum modulating frequency and the modulation index in
FM signals.
(d) Deduce the expression for phase modulation.

04.
(a) Compare DPCM and DM technique.
(b) Classify Pulse Modulation.
(c) Illustrate Analog Pulse Modulations.
(d) Explain with a block diagram the basic elements of PCM.

05.
(a) List some advantages of M-array signaling over binary modulator.
(b) Compare ASK, FSK, and BPSK.
(c) Draw ASK, FSK, BPSK, and QPSK for the data 10010011.
(d) State bandwidth requirement of ASK, FSK, BPSK and QPSK.

06.
(a) What are the main functions of a transmitter? Show the basic block diagram of a transmitter.
(b) What are the main requirements of a radio transmitter according the carrier frequency? Briefly discuss these requirements.
(c) Give the principle of operation of a harmonic generator.
(d) Draw the circuit of a diode peak clipper.

07.
(a) What is the main function of a radio receiver?
(b) Illustrates Superheterodyne AM receiver.
(c) Explain FM receiver with the necessary block diagram.
(d) Why frequency conversion is needed? Explain with basic principle.

08.
(a) State sampling theorem. Define the term baud.
(b) Explain the FM receiver with appropriate block diagram.
(c) Give the characteristics of an ideal receiving antenna.
(d) Draw the AFC circuit.
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01.
(a) Draw the block diagram of a general communication system and explain briefly the function of each stage.
(b) What is meant by the term 'channel' as applied to a communication system?
(c) What is meant by the term 'noise'? At what stage in the communication does the noise most severely affect the signal?
(d) Name the different sources of random and impulse noise. How can these avoided or minimized?

02.
(a) Define the term modulation. Why modulation is needed?
𝑚𝑐2
(b) Prove that after amplitude modulation, the carrier power increases from 𝑝𝑐 to 𝑝𝑐 (1 + ) where 𝑚𝑐 is the modulation index.
2

(c) A sinusoidal carrier voltage of frequency 1200kHz is amplitude modulated by a sinusoidal voltage of frequency 20kHz resulting in
maximum and minimum modulated carrier amplitude of 110 volts and 90 volts respectively. Calculate
i) the frequency of lower and upper sidebands ii) the unmodulated carrier amplitude iii) modulation index and iv) amplitude of each
sideband.
(d) A broadcast transmitter radiates 4.72kW when the modulation percentage is 60. Calculate the total power when the modulation
has been reduced to 40 percent.

03.
(a) What are the salient features of broadcast radio receivers? Give the basic function of AM receiver.
(b) Draw a block diagram of a superheterodyne receiver and explain the function of each stage.
(c) Draw the circuit of a linear diode detector with delayed AVC and describe the delayed AVC operations.

04.
(a) What is sampling? Explain the sampling process in terms of impulse train.
(b) Briefly explain the process of PCM.
(c) Define quantization and quantization error
(d) Distinguish between PAM and PCM.

05.
(a) What is vestigial sideband modulation? Why is VSB necessary?
(b) List the advantages and disadvantages of SSB modulation technique.
(c) Describe the SSB modulation process with necessary mathematical expressions
(d) Define amplitude modulation index. How is it calculated?

06.
(a) What is carrier wave? Write down the carrier frequency requirements for designing a radio transmitter.
(b) What are the basic elements of a radio transmitter? Explain each part in brief.
(c) Consider an AM radio with IF = 455kHz. Calculate the oscillator frequency for tuning in 710kHz.
(d) Explain the effect of feedback on the performance of AM transmitter.

07.
(a) What is pulse-width modulation? Describe the process of generation of PWM.
(b) Give the principle of pulse code modulation. Describe the methods of generation demodulation of PCM.
(c) What is meant by quantizing noise?
(d) Compare between DM (Delta Modulation) and PCM.

08.
(a) State sampling theorem. Define the term band.
(b) Explain what is meant by ON-OFF keying and frequency shift keying?
(c) Explain the DPSK technique.
(d) Compare the performance of ASK, FSK, MFSK, PSK and MPSK.

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01.
(a)Define communication process. Distinguish between broadcasting and point-to-point communication.
(b) Define SNR. Distinguish between band limited and power limited channels.
(c) Define ATM and B-ISDN. Briefly explain three parameters of quality of service (QoS).
(d) Distinguish between analog and digital communication. Draw a block diagram of a digital communication system with (1)
transmitter, (ii) channel and (iii) receiver

02.
(a) Define amplitude modulation. Briefly explain the modulation index for sinusoidal AM.
(b) A modulating signal consists of a symmetrical triangular wave having zero dc component and peak-to-peak voltage of 11 V. It is
used to amplitude modulate a carrier of peak voltage 10V. Calculate the modulation index and the ratio of the side length 𝐿1 /𝐿2 of
the corresponding trapezoidal pattern.
(c) Explain the effective voltage and current for sinusoidal AM.
(d) The rms antenna of an AM radio transmission is 10 A when unmodulated and 12 A when sinusoidal modulated. Calculate the
modulation index.

03.
(a) What do you mean by modulation and demodulation process and why is modulation needed in communication system?
(b) Name the components those a modulated wave contains. Show these components mathematically analyzing a modulated carrier
wave.
(c) To what extents the theory Shannon's Information Capacity is very valuable in communication systems?
(d) An audio signal given by 30 sin[2𝜋 × 2500𝑡] is used for modulating a carrier wave given by the equation 60 sin[2𝜋 × 200000𝑡].
Find
i. Percent modulation.
ii. Frequency of the signal and carrier.
iii. Frequency spectrum of the modulated wave.

04.
(a) Demonstrate the formation of different linear modulation schemes involving a single message signal.
(b) Justify the generalized translation idea of frequency with its conversion process by sketching the spectrum
(c) Distinguish two cases of frequency modulation with its respective block diagram

05.
(a) Define spread spectrum. Write down the benefits of spread spectrum
(b) What is frequency-hopping spread spectrum?
(c) Explain the difference between slow FHSS and fast FHSS
(d) What is CDMA? What is direct sequence spread spectrum?
(e) An FHSS system employs a total bandwidth of Ws 400 MHz and an individual channel bandwidth of 100 Hz. What is the minimum
number of PN bits required for each frequency hop?

06.
(a)Define the frequency tuning ranges and capacitor tuning ranges.
(b) A receiver tunes signals from 550 to 1600 KHz with an IF of 445 KHz Find the frequency tuning ranges and capacitor tuning ranges
for the oscillator section and for the RF section
(c) Define sensitivity and gain of a receiver
(d) Briefly explain automatic gain control (AGC).

07.
(a) What is Delta modulation? Describe Modulator and Demodulator for DM. Is DM better than PCM. Support your answer with an
example.
(b) Differentiate among data rate, signal rate and modulation rate
(c) Exemplify signals in time and frequency domain concept. Differences among baseband, bandpass and passband signal.

08.
(a) Sketch the block diagram of an FM receiver.
(b) Compare the advantages and disadvantages between AM and FM.
(c) Elaborate ASK, FSK and PSK by exemplifying corresponding formation.