CNC MACHINES
Conventional Machine
Turret
Headstock
X-axis
assembly
Bed
Tailstock assembly
Z-axis
5/26/2021
Basic Progression to a CNC M/c
Types of CNC Machines
• CNC Turning Centre
• CNC Milling Machine
• CNC Horizontal Machining Centre (HMC)
• CNC Grinder
• CNC Drilling Machine
• CNC Gear Cutting Machine
• CNC Turret Punch Press
2-Axes Turning Centre
Figure 1.3 : Coordinate System (Turning Operations)
3-Axes Machining Centre (Milling and Drilling Operations)
Figure 1.2 : Coordinate System (Milling and Drilling Operations)
CNC MACHINING CENTRE:
1. Vertical Machining Centre (VMC):
• Vertical spindle configuration comprising of three basic servo axes
(X - axis, Y-axis & Z - axis ): Two for the table movement and one for
the spindle head.
2. Horizontal Machining Centre (HMC):
• It can perform machining on different faces of a cubical or prismatic component.
• Both VMC and HMC uses Auto Tool Changer (ATC ) & Automatic Pallet Changer
(APC)
Auto Tool Changer (ATC ) & Automatic Pallet Changer (APC)
• ATC ( Auto Tool Changer ) is a device which can automatically change the
tool from the tool magazine to the machine spindle as per the CNC
programme.
• Tool Magazine is a device which holds number of tools and can
automatically index to enable ATC to pick the right tool and to replace the
used tool.
• Automatic Pallet Changer (APC) is a device which can automatically change
the pallet to/from machine to pallet stand.
• By this Mechanism ( i .e. APC ) the pallet with the finished component and
the pallet with a raw component could be exchanged automatically.
ATC & Tool Magazine
Automatic Pallet Changer (APC)
Pallet is a transferable work table
having `T’ slots or tapped holes for
component/fixture clamping.
Used to avoid the machine waiting
time during loading & unloading of
component.
Pallet is held on the machine table by
locating pins and clamping
mechanism to ensure repeatability
and accuracy.
Contents of mechanical and electronic software and hardware in
different manufacturing facilities
CNC SYSTEMS
• Computer Numerical Control (CNC) is computer based system to store and
process data for control of slide motions and auxiliary motions of machine tools.
• CNC Systems are constructed with NC Unit integrated with HMI,
Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) with a ‘Feed Back Device’.
• PLC controls the ON/OFF functions of the machine tool. It sets the output based
on the input conditions & corresponding logic.
PLC Functions:
Coolant ON/OFF.
Spindle ON/OFF.
Selection of a tool.
Change of workpiece (Pallet Changing).
Workpiece clamping etc.
Components of a CNC Machine
» CNC System (Controller)
» Drives.
» Servo Motors
» Actuators
» Sensors/ Feedback devices.
HOW A CNC SYSTEM WORKS ?
CNC SYSTEM
DISPLAY PERIPHERAL
UNIT INTERFACE
(MMI OR HMI)
DRIVES & ELECTRICALS DRIVE MOTORS
SYSTEM AXES MOTORS
KEYBOARD AXES WITH
AXES OR COMMANDS
DRIVES POSITION
SERVO & VELOCITY M
POS. F/Bs FEEDBACK
CONTROLLER FROM M/C A
TOOL C
H
COMMAND
SPINDLE MOTOR I
TAPE SPINDLE
SPINDLE F/B FROM WITH POSITION N
READER/ DRIVE
CONTROLLER M/C TOOL & VELOCITY E
PUNCH
FFEDBACK
ELEMENTS T
INPUTS
I/O O
CONTROLLER SWITCH- O
MISCELLANEOUS
(PLC) OUTPUTS
ING L
MOTORS
OUTPUTS
SENSORS /
FEEDBACK
FEEDBACK DEVICE
CLASSIC SERVO LOOP
POSITION LOOP
D/A Converter
changes following
Accumulator holds error to analog Slide
VELOCITY LOOP
following error voltage Servo Motor
Amplifier
Speed feedback is
Interpolator issues
Position feedback is subtracted from
position commands
subtracted from speed command
position command
Tacho
to provide
following error
Position Transducer
Monitors Position
Analog Servo Loop in CNC System
Following
error signal Velocity Error Velocity Slide
Accumulated Signal Amplifier
Command
Current
+
-
DAC +
- Amplifier M
Lead screw
Accumulated
feedback
Encoder
Counter Tacho
generator
VELOCITY FEEDBACK
POSITION FEEDBACK
CNC SYSTEM DRIVES
Special Features of CNC M/c
• Mechanical Features:
» Ball Lead Screws.
» Linear Bearings.
» Improved Guide ways.
» Timing Belts.
» Curvic Coupling.
• Smooth Linear Motion.
• Low starting friction.
• Wear resistant.
• Very Low Backlash.
Ball Lead Screws
Linear Bearings on guide-ways • Smooth Linear Motion.
• Low starting friction.
• Wear resistant.
• Toothed Belt, Steel-wires.
• Slip-Proof Drive.
Timing Belt
• Used in Turret Indexing of CNC m/c.
Curvic Coupling
Fanuc Series 0i System
CNC Controller Drive amplifier
Servo motor
Fanuc Serial Servo
bus (FSSB)
• Spindle Interface (Serial)
Spindle
motor
Fanuc I/o Link
Connection Panel
I/O Modules
MOP
I/O devices
Centralised Lubrication System
Online Machine Diagnosis System
Operating Features
Basic Operating Modes:
JOG Mode
MDI MODE
AUTO MODE
JOG MODE
Manual movement of axes.
Manually select the tool.
Manually move the axes.
Find the tool offset.
MDI MODE
Program phase.
Manually feed the program.
AUTO MODE
Create a Program.
Store the Program
Execute the program
CNC SYSTEMS
MANUFACTURER COUNTRY MODEL
MANUFACTURER COUNTRY MODEL
ROCKWELL AUTOMATION
ROCKWELL AUTOMATION U.
U.S.
[Link] ALLEN
ALLEN BRADLEY
BRADLEY
8610,
8610, 8650,
8650, 9/PC
9/PC
CINCINNATI
CINCINNATI MILACRON
MILACRON U.S.
U. [Link] ACRAMATIC
ACRAMATIC950, 2100
950, 2100
FAGOR SPAIN FAGOR 800, 8025, 8050
FAGOR SPAIN FAGOR 800, 8025, 8050
FANUC JAPAN FANUC 15i/150i, 16i/160i, 18i/180i, 21i/210i
FANUC INDIA
FANUC INDIA
JAPAN FANUC21i/210i,
FANUC 18i/180i, 0 , 0i 30i/31i/32i,
300i/310i/320i
HEIDENHAIN GERMANY TNC 155, 426, 430
NUM FRANCE NUM 1040, 1050, 1060
FANUC INDIA INDIA FANUC 0 , 0i
SIEMENS GERMANY SINUMERIK 810, 820, 840, 880
HEIDENHAIN
MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC AUTOMATION INC. GERMANY
JAPAN TNC
M64 CNC, FUSION 155,
640, 426, TPLUS
MPLUS, 430 AND 600
SERIES.
GSK CNC EQUIPMENT CHINA GSK980TDa., GSK983M
SIEMENS GERMANY SINUMERIK 802, 840, 880
MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC AUTOMATION INC. JAPAN 70/700 SERIES, C6/C64 SERIES, 60S/E60/E68
SERIES
Program configuration
Block configuration
G - CODES
G-codes are used to move the tool or axes by Program.
G 00 – Rapid travel.
G 01 – Linear interpolation.
G 02 – Circular interpolation clock-wise.
G 03 - Circular interpolation anti-clockwise.
G 04 – Dwell time.
G 20 – Inch data input
G 21 – Metric data input.
G 22 – Stored stroke check on.
G 23 - Stored stroke check off.
G 27 – Reference point return check.
.G 28 – Reference position return.
G 29 – Return from reference point
G 30 – Return to second reference point.
G 31 – Skip function.
G 32 – Thread function.
G 36 – Automatic tool compensation X
G 37 - Automatic tool compensation Z
G 40 – Tool nose radius compensation cancel
G 90 – Absolute dimensioning.
G 91 – Incremental dimensioning.
G 98 – Feed rate in mm/min.
G 99 - Feed rate in mm/rev.
M- CODES ( Miscellaneous Codes )
• ON/OFF Codes.
• Controlled by PLC
.
M 00 – Optional stop.
M 01 – Programmable stop.
M 02 – Main program end.
M 03 – Spindle clock-wise.
M 04 – Spindle counter clock-wise.
M 05 – Spindle stop.
M 06 – Tool change.
M 07 – Coolant b on.
M 08 - Coolant a on.
M 10 – Chuck open.
M 11 – Chuck close.
M 13 – Spindle forward & coolant on.
M 14 - Spindle reverse & coolant on.
M 16 – Special tool call.
M 17 – Sub-program end.
M 19 – Spindle orientation.
M 30 – Main program end & rewind.
Steps to Execute a CNC Program
[Link] to start the CNC Machine:
Main Supply ON
Stabilizer ON
Machine Switch ON
CNC System ON
Releasing Emergency Button
[Link] – Manual movement of tool in X, Y, and Z-axis directions in off-line mode
3. REFERENCING/HOMING – Sending the tool to Home position with X= 0, Y = 0, & Z
= 0 co-ordinates position i.e. MCS position.
4. OFF-SETTING of Tool and Workpiece – WCS & MCS – Shifting of MCS to WCS i.e.
selecting a Job ‘0’ position
5. TOOL SELECTION & INDEXING – With the help of ATC
6. SELECTING the Program to be executed
7. SIMULATION of the program – Do Simulation using the appropriate Button
to confirm that you have made the correct CNC program.
8. EXECUTION of the Program – Perform Execution of the program using
Execution Button.
9. After Execution, how to make ‘OFF‘ the CNC Machine:
Emergency Button off
CNC OFF
Machine Switch OFF
Stabilizer OFF
Main Supply OFF
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PROGRAM FOR FACING OPERATION
Data input in metric units (mm)
Feedrate in mm/ min
G21 G98
Reference position return
For X
For Z
G28 U0W0
Tool Change or Tool call
Tool no 2
Offset file for tool no 02
M06T02 02
Spindle rotation CW
Spindle rotation 1500 rpm
M03 S1500
Rapid travel of tool
Tool position in X-direction
Tool position in Z-axis
G00 X25.4 Z5.0
Facing cycle code
Tool position in X-direction
Tool position in Z-direction
Feed rate value
G94 X-1.0 Z0.0 F80
Z-0.2 Tool position in Z-direction
Z-0.4 Tool position in Z-direction
Z-0.6 Tool position in Z-direction
Z-0.8
Z-1.0
Z-1.2
Z-1.4
Z-1.6
Z-1.8
Z-2.0
G28
Reference position return
U0W
Spindle Stop
0
Program stop
M05
M30
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PROGRAM FOR DRILLING OPERATION
Data input in metric units (mm)
Feedrate in mm/ min
G71G94
Referencing code
Z-axis referencing
G75Z0
Referencing code
X & Y-axis referencing
G75X0Y0
Tool Change or Tool call
Tool no 1
M06T1
Spindle rotation CW
Spindle rortation 1000 rpm
M03S1000
Rapid travel of tool
Drilling cycle code
Offset file
Position of X,Y & Z axes
G00G90G54X0Y0Z10
Linear movement of tool Feed rate 60 mm/min
G01F60
X25Y20 position of X & Y axes
X-25Y20 position of X & Y axes
X-25Y2-20
position of X & Y axes
X25Y-20
position of X & Y axes
G00Z5
position of Z-axis
G75Z0X0Y0
X, Y & Z axes referencing
M05
Spindle stop
M30
Program stop
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THANK YOU
