PROGRAMME IN BUILDING SURVEYING

DEPARTMENT OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT STUDIES AND TECNOLOGY

FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING AND SURVEYING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
PERAK BRANCH
SERI ISKANDAR CAMPUS

TRAINING MODULE FOR HOUSE DEFECT INSPECTION FOR

RESIDENTIAL BUILDING: CASE STUDY AT TAMAN KOTA SERIBONG

NUR HIDAYAH BINTI MALIKI (2018802306)

BACHELOR OF BUILDING SURVEYING (HONS.)

PRACTICAL TRAINING REPORT

FEBRUARY 2022
 PROGRAMME IN BUILDING SURVEYING
DEPARTMENT OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT STUDIES AND TECNOLOGY
FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING AND SURVEYING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
PERAK BRANCH SERI ISKANDAR CAMPUS

(TRAINING MODULE FOR HOUSE DEFECT INSPECTION FOR

RESIDENTIAL BUILDING: CASE STUDY AT TAMAN KOTA SERIBONG)

FEBRUARY 2021

This practical training report is fulfilment of the practical training course.

PREPARED BY
NAME : NUR HIDAYAH BINTI MALIKI
SIGNATURE :

SUPERVISING LECTURER
NAME : SR DR ALIA ABDULLAH SALEH
SIGNATURE:
DATE:

2
 List of Content
List of Content ........................................................................................................ 3
List of Figures ......................................................................................................... 5
List of Table ............................................................................................................ 5
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................... 6
1.1 COMPANY PROFILE .................................................................... 7
1.2 COMPANY BACKGROUND ........................................................ 8
1.3 COMPANY VISION AND MISSION ........................................... 9
1.4 LOCATION PLAN........................................................................ 10
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................. 11
2.1 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING ......................................................... 12
2.2 BUILDING DEFECT .................................................................... 12
2.2.1 Definition of Building Defect ....................................................... 12
2.3 BUILDING DEFECT INSPECTION ............................................ 13
2.3.1 Definition of Building Defect Inspection ...................................... 13
2.3.2 Types of Building Defect Inspection ............................................ 14
2.4 METHOD OF ASSESSMENT ...................................................... 15
2.5 TOOLS & EQUIPMENT USED FOR HDI .................................. 17
2.6 DEFECT CLASSIFICATION ....................................................... 20
2.6.1 Architectural Work ........................................................................ 20
2.6.2 M&E Work.................................................................................... 20
2.7 THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY STANDARD FOR HOUSE
DEFECT ASSESSMENT ......................................................................... 21
2.7.1 Architectural Work .......................................................................... 21
2.7.2 Basic M & E Fittings ....................................................................... 37
2.8 HOUSE DEFECT INSPECTION REPORTING .......................... 41
2.9 THE IMPORTANT OF BUILDING DEFECT INSPECTION .... 42
2.10 CHAPTER SUMMARY................................................................ 44
CHAPTER 3: CASE STUDY ............................................................................... 45

3
 3.1 INTRODUCTION TO CASE STUDY ......................................... 46
3.2 THE ASSESSMENT FOR HOUSE DEFECT INSPECTION ........... 48
3.3 HOUSE DEFECT IINSPECTION REPORT FOR KOTA
SERIBONG............................................................................................... 50
CHAPTER 4: RECOMMENDATION ................................................................. 65
4.1 PROBLEM AND RECOMMENDATION ................................... 66
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION ............................................................................. 67
5.1 CONCLUSION .............................................................................. 68
5.2 REFERENCE................................................................................. 69

4
 List of Figures
Figure 1. 1: AVE Building ...................................................................................... 7
Figure 1. 2: AVE Logo ........................................................................................... 8
Figure 1. 3: Location Plan of AVE Building ........................................................ 10

Figure 2. 1: The Cover Page for HDI Report........................................................ 41

Figure 3. 1: The Area of Kota Seribong Residential ............................................ 46

Figure 3. 2: The House of Clients ......................................................................... 46
Figure 3. 3:The Defect Checklist .......................................................................... 48
Figure 3. 4: Activities of HDI ............................................................................... 48
Figure 3. 5: Cover Page for Kota Seribong HDI Report....................................... 50

List of Table
Table 3. 1: V The defect list for HDI .................................................................... 16
Table 3. 2: The list of Tools and Equipment for HDI........................................... 17
Table 3. 3: The Element of Architectural Work ................................................... 20
Table 3. 4: Defect Group for Architectural Work................................................. 20
Table 3. 5: List OF M&E Work ............................................................................ 20
Table 3. 6: list of Architectural Work ................................................................... 21
Table 3. 7: The Information of Clients ................................................................. 47

5
 CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION

6
1.1 COMPANY PROFILE

Figure 1. 1: AVE Building

Company Name: Akira Ventures Enterprise

Company Adress : PT1530, Tingkat 1, Taman Iman Jaya,Wakaf Che Yeh, 15150
Kota Bharu, Kelantan.

Contact Number : 012 325 3478 (Wan Amir), 016 220 6494 (Syukran Na'im)

Email : [email protected]

7
1.2 COMPANY BACKGROUND

Figure 1. 2: AVE Logo

Akira Venture Enterprise (AVE) is a private company founded by En Wan Amir

and his partner En Syukran Naim. The company was established in 2020 located in the area
of Kota Bharu, Kelantan.The company provided the service in the east coast of Malaysia,
especially in Kelantan.

Akira Venture Enterprise is a contsruction company which have two sub-branding

service, Kaki Reno Deco and Pantai Timur House Defect Inspection. Kaki Reno Deco
provide service for private home construction, renovation, interior design and landscape
services. Pantai Timur House Defect Inspection involved building inspection service for
pre and post home ownership and work in progress to sustain the quality of the building.

8
1.3 COMPANY VISION AND MISSION

VISION
Akira Ventures aims to be a company that provides professional services with integrity in
the field of construction (civil) & mechanical on the east coast, especially in Kelantan.

MISSION

Akira Ventures is committed in helping our customers to achieve our service professional
satisfaction totally in line with the company motto "professionalism within build-
inintegrity".

9
1.4 LOCATION PLAN

Figure 1. 3: Location Plan of AVE Building

1.5 SUMMARY

This chapter introduce the selected company which is Akira Venture Enterprise
from company profile, its background, vision mission and its location plan.

10
 CHAPTER 2:
LITERATURE REVIEW

11
2.1 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

Residential building is made up of one or more rooms used for housing, with the
necessary facilities and utilities that satisfy the living requirements of a person or family.
Residential building for the purpose of house inspection, a structure consisting of one to
four dwelling unit used or occupied for residential purpose.

2.2 BUILDING DEFECT

2.2.1 Definition of Building Defect

A defect is a building flaw or design mistake that reduces the value of the building,
and causes a dangerous condition. A construction defect can arise due to many factors,
such as poor workmanship or the use of inferior materials. Building defects do not appear
to have been minimized despite recent advancements in building technology. Some
common defects caused by agents such as atmospheric pollution, poor workmanship or the
use of inferior materials and climatic conditions are more frequent.

Defective building construction not only contributes to the final cost of the product
but also to the cost of maintenance, which can be substantial. Defective construction
includes activities such as compaction not done to specifications leading to ground
subsidence and eventual early deterioration of foundations. This may lead to the complete
failure of a structure. Conditions under which building construction takes place are often
far from ideal with the focus mainly being on speedy delivery. Defects resulting of
inaccurate construction can be avoided by ensuring that proper inspection mechanisms are
in place. The understanding of building defects and their causes is essential for better
performance of any building. Building defects can affect the performance of structure and
appearance of structure.

12
2.3 BUILDING DEFECT INSPECTION

2.3.1 Definition of Building Defect Inspection

Building inspection is a physical review of a property in the various stages of

construction, to ensure the builder has complied with all requirements of the local building
codes.

A building inspector is a government employee who reviews plans and visits

construction sites to ensure all local and national building codes and regulations are being
met. The building inspector, for example, will look at the wiring, HVAC system,
foundation, roof, siding, garage, plumbing, and any electrical equipment. If the project does
not meet the standards, the building inspector can shut it down.

13
2.3.2 Types of Building Defect Inspection

i. British Standard defined non-destructive testing (NDT) as a test that does not
impair the intended performance of the element or member under investigation.
Visual inspection is the method applied during the first survey of the structures.
The purpose is to observe for any surface discontinuities. Visual features may be
related to workmanship, structural serviceability and material deterioration.
Typical equipment used during the visual inspection includes special tapping
hammer, crack gauge, magnifying glass, binocular and camera. For buildings,
survey may be started from the outside of the building and followed by the inside
survey with particular attention given to areas at the corner or any tension area of
the building.

ii. Destructive Test

Destructive testing methods are commonly used for materials characterisation,

fabrication validation, failure investigation, and can form a key part of engineering
critical assessments, which also involves non-destructive testing techniques such
as digital radiography. During the process, the tested item undergoes stress that
eventually deforms or destroys the material. Naturally, tested parts and materials
cannot be reused in regular operation after undergoing destructive testing
procedures.

14
2.4 METHOD OF ASSESSMENT

a) Site Inspection
• Visual assessment
• Physical Assessment

b) Use assessment tools as specified in CIS

• To inspect for defect
• Tapping rod, Angle mirror & others

c) Use assessment tools as specified in CIS

• To measure the building element is within the specified tolerance
• L-Square, Steel gauge, spirit level & others

15
Defect List Assessment

PANTAI TIMUR HOUSE DEFECT INSPECTION

(SOP & CHECK LIST)

DEFECT LIST

NO AREA DEFECT DESCRIPTION DEFECT CATEGORY

Table 3. 1: V The defect list for HDI

16
2.5 TOOLS & EQUIPMENT USED FOR HDI

Tools Function

1. Tapping road QLASSIC tapping rod to check for

hollowness on wall or floor. Also used
to check for lippage Also used to
check for lippage.

2. Steel Rule/ Gauge Steel gauge to measure gap between

door leaf & door frame (tolerance in
CIS 7: size of gap ≤5mm).

Table 3. 2: The list of Tools and Equipment for HDI

17
Tools Function

1. L-Square and Steel Gauge L-square (300x200mm) & steel wedge:

walls to meet at right angle. (tolerance
in CIS7 is ≤ 4mm over 300mm)

2. Spirit Level Spirit Level (1.2m length) used to check

the variance in lengths of treads for
staircase must not exceeding 5mm from
dimensions specified in the approved
drawings.

Spirit Level also used to check floor in

wet areas to have proper falls using
spirit level.

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 Tools Function

3 Torch Light To check on the area with no lighting

4 Measuring Tape To measure the length of defect and its

related matter

5 Angle Mirror Angle Mirror to check the paintwork

on top & bottom of door leaf

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2.6 DEFECT CLASSIFICATION

2.6.1 Architectural Work

The Element of Architectural Work

Internal Finishes Floor, Internal Wall, Ceiling, Door, Window,

Internal Fixtures

External Finishes Roof, External Wall, Apron & Perimeter, Drain,

Carpark & Car porch

Material & Functional Test Skim Coat or Pre-packed Plaster, Wet Area Water
Tightness Test/ Wet Area Ponding Test

Table 3. 3: The Element of Architectural Work

Defect Group for Architectural Work

Finishing
Alignment and Evenness
Crack and Damages
Hollowness and Delamination
Jointing
Table 3. 4: Defect Group for Architectural Work

2.6.2 M&E Work

Plumbing Pipes
Gully trap & floor trap
Fittings ( shower/ shower tap/ water tap & others)
M&E fittings Power points/ switches/ lights, telephone point, air- con diffuser,
fan coil unit, lighting, smoke alarm, sprinkler heads,
CATV/CCTV camera
Table 3. 5: List OF M&E Work

20
2.7 THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY STANDARD FOR HOUSE DEFECT
ASSESSMENT

2.7.1 Architectural Work

Floor Element
Defect Group Standard Assessment Tool

Finishing No stain marks Visual

Consistent color tone Visual

Surface should not be unduly rough or Visual

patchy
No permanent foreign material visually Visual
detected
Finished texture & color to be uniform Visual

Table 3. 6: list of Architectural Work

Defect Group Standard Assessment Tool

Alignment and Evenness of surface Visual

Evenness
Falls in wet areas should be in right direction Visual

For staircase, the variance in lengths of Visual

treadsand risers must not exceed 5 mm from
dimensions specified in the approved
drawings

Joints are aligned with skirting tiles or wall Visual

tiles
Joints are aligned between tiles Visual

No protrusion or potential of tripping over of Visual

panels
Lippage between two tiles Visual

21
Defect Group Standard Assessment
Tool
Cracks and No visible damages /defects (chipping, broken tiles, Visual
Damages crack tiles,scratches, broken timber

No warpage Visual
No loose floor panels or rocking Visual

Defect Group Standard Assessment

Tool
Hollowness/ No hollow sound when swipe and tapped Tapping rod
Delamination
No sign of delamination Physical

Timber strips to rest firmly onjoists or screeds Visual &

Physical

Defect Group Standard Assessment

Tool
Jointing Edge to be straight and aligned Visual

Consistent skirting thickness and no visible gaps Visual

between wall and skirting

Jointing are consistent in size Visual

No visible gaps between tiles/timber strips/ Visual

carpet
Edges of the floor are properly sealed Visual

22
Internal Wall
Defect Group Standard Assessment Tool

Finishing No stain marks Visual

Consistent colour tone and good Visual

paintwork
No rough/patchy surface Visual

Surface should be smoothly finished Visual

No brush marks to be seen Visual

Good opacity, no patchiness resulted from Visual

touch up work
Surface should be free from peeling, blister, Visual and Physical
chalkiness (no discolouration andfading
Surfaces are evenly painted Visual

Defect Standard Tolerance Assessment Tool

Group
Alignment Evenness of surface ≤ 3 mm Spirit level 1.2m
and per
and steel wedge
Evenness 1.2 m
Verticality of wall Visual
Walls meet at right angle ≤ 4mm over L-square (200mm
300 mm x 300mm and steel
wedge
Joints are aligned between tiles Visual
Wall paper should be stretched and Visual
even surface
Glass blocks/panels should be Visual
properly aligned
Lippage between two tiles ≤ 1 mm Tapping rodor L-
square(200 mm x
300 mm and steel
wedge

23
 Defect Standard Type of Finishes Assessment
Group Tool
Cracks and No visible damages/defects/visual Visual
Damages crack/ dent/scratches/corrosion

Crack and warpage should Visual

not be detected

Type of Finishes Assessment

Defect Group Standard Tool
Hollowness/ No hollow sound whenswipe and Plaster / Tiles Tapping rod
Delamination tapped
Finishes
No sign of delamination Wallpaper, Physical
Wood/ Timber
Panel
Timber strips to rest firmly on Wood Finishes Visual &
joists or screeds Physical

Defect Type of Assessment

Standard
Group Finishes Tool
Jointing Edges to be straight, aligned and Plaster Finishes/ Visual
consistent Tiles Finishes/
Painting/ Wallpaper/
Wood or Timber
Panel/ Cladding/
Glass Blocks/
Architectural
Coating
Joints should not be visible Plaster Finishes/ Visual
Tiles Finishes/
Painting/
Wallpaper/ Wood or
Timber Panel/
Cladding/ Glass
Blocks/
Architectural

24
 Coating

Proper anchoring at all edges Wallpaper Visual

Edges should be neatly laid and Visual
Wallpaper
finished
Consistent and neat marking Tiles Finishes/ Visual
Cladding/ Glass
Blocks
Joints between tiles consistent in Tiles Finishes Visual
size
Proper anchorage for panels Cladding Visual
Edges should be properly aligned Visual
Wood/ Timber
and sealed Panel
Consistent spacing and within Visual
Cladding
allowable tolerance

Defect Group
Type of Assessment
Standard
Finishes Tool
Finishing No stain marks Plaster / Skim Coat Visual
Ceiling/ False
ceiling/Grid System
Consistent color tone Plaster / Skim Coat Visual
Ceiling/ False
ceiling/Grid System
Paintwork with good Plaster / Skim Coat Visual
opacity and with no brush
Ceiling/ False
marks
ceiling/Grid System

25
Ceiling

Type of Assessment
Defect Group Standard Finishes Tool
Alignment Surface should be smooth, Plaster / Skim Coat Visual
and Evenness even, not wavy and notsagging Ceiling/ False
ceiling/ Grid System
Straight and aligned ceiling Plaster / Skim Coat Visual
edges Ceiling/ False
ceiling/ Grid System
Alignment of rails should False ceiling/ Grid Visual
be visually straight System

Laid neatly on grids False ceiling/ Grid Visual

System

Defect Standard Type of Finishes Assessmen

Group t
Tool
No visible damages like Plaster / Skim Coat Visual
Cracks and spalling, leaks cracks, chipped, Ceiling/ False
Damages cracked surfaces or corners ceiling/ Grid
should not be detected System

No pin holes Plaster / Skim Coat Visual

Ceiling
No sign of corrosion False ceiling/ Grid Visual
System
Panels should not warp False ceiling/ Grid Visual
System

26
Defect Group Standard Type of Finishes Assessment
Tool
No rough or patchy Plaster / Skim Coat Visual
Roughness/ Ceiling/ False
Patchiness surfaces ceiling/ Grid System
No trowels marks Plaster / Skim Coat Visual
Ceiling

Defect Group Type of Assessment

Standard Finishes Tool
Jointing Consistent, aligned and neat Plaster / Skim Coat Visual
Ceiling/ False
ceiling/ Grid System
Access opening joints should Plaster / Skim Coat Visual
beneat and consistent width
Ceiling/ False
ceiling/ Grid System
Formwork joints are grounded Plaster / Skim Coat Visual
smooth Ceiling

Gap between ceiling and Plaster / Skim Coat Visual

wall should not be
detected Ceiling/ False
ceiling/ Grid System

27
Door
Defect Group
Standard Tolerance AssessmentTool

Joints and Gaps Consistent gap between bottom of ≤ 5 mm Steel wedge

door leaf and finished floor
No visible gaps between door frame Visual
and wall
Neat joints between frame and wall Visual
internally and externally
Consistent and no visible gaps for ≤ 5 mm Steel Gauge
joints at door leaf and frame

Assessment Tool
Defect Group Standard Tolerance

Aligned and level with walls Visual

Alignment and
Evenness Double leaf doors to flush with each Visual
other
Doors frame and leaf to flush Visual
Door leaf and frame corners L-square
maintained at right angles (200 x
300)mm
No rattling sound when the door is Physical and
closed auditory
(hearing)

28
 Assessment
Defect Group Standard Tolerance
Tool

Materials and No stains marks and any visible damages Visual

Damages
No sags warps on door leaf Visual
Door joints and nail holes filled up, Visual
properly sandedwith good paintwork

Glazing clean and evenly sealed with Visual

gasket
No sign of corrosion Visual
Good paintwork (including top and Visual and
bottom of doorleaf) angle mirror

Consistent colour tone Visual

Defect Group Standard Tolerance Assessment

Tool
Ease of opening, closing and locking Physical
Functionality
No squeaky sound during opening Test minimum Physical
and closingof the door 1 time and
continuously auditory
(hearing)

Lockset should be functional Test minimum Physical

1 time
continuously

29
Defect Group Standard Tolerance Assessment
Tool
Ease of opening, closing and locking Physical
Functionality
No squeaky sound during opening Test minimum Physical
and closingof the door 1 time and
continuously auditory
(hearing)

Lockset should be functional Test minimum Physical

1 time
continuously

Defect Group Standard Tolerance Assessment

Tool

Consistent gap between window Visual

leaf andframe (for timber
window only)

Joints and No visible gaps between window frame Visual

Gaps and
wall
Neat joints between window frame and Visual
wall,
internally and extremely
Consistent and no visible gaps for joints Visual
at
window leaf and at frame

30
Window

Assessment
Defect Group Standard Tolerance Tool
Alignment Alignment/level with wall openings Visual
andEvenness

Window leaf and frame corner Visual

maintained at right angles

Assessment
Defect Group Standard Tolerance Tool
Materials and No stain marks and visible damages/ Visual
Damages
defects
Louvered window with glass Visual
panels of correctlength

Glazing clean and evenly sealed Visual

with putty orgasket for aluminium
windows
No sign of corrosion Visual

Good paintwork Visual

Assessment
Defect Standard Tolerance Tool
Group
Ease opening, closing and locking Physical
Functionality
No squeaky sound during opening Tested Physical
and closingof the window minimum 1 and auditory
time (hearing)
continuously

No sign of rainwater leakage Visual

31
 Assessment
Defect Group Standard
Tool

Locksets with good fit and aligned Visual

Accessories
Defects (e.g., No sign of corrosion Visual
hinges, screw, and
handle ) No missing or defective accessories Visual

Screws levelled and flushed. No over-tightened Visual

screws

Internal Fixtures

Element Defect Standard Assessment

Group Tool
Consistent joint width and
Internal fixtures Joints and Gaps Visual
neat
(wardrobe, kitchen
No visible gaps Visual
cabinet, vanity top,
Welding joints
mirror, bathtub, Visual
grounded orflushed
water closet, shower
screen, sink, basin, Alignment and Level and in alignment Visual
signage, railing, unit Evenness
number plate, grill
Materials and No stain marks Visual
door,) Damages No visible damages/
defects Visual
Note: All M&E
fitting that comes Consistent with colour Visual
with internal tone
fixtures shall be Functional, secured and
assessed as part of Functionality safe Visual &
internal fixtures Physical
consider under No missing accessories Visual
Accessories
accessories Defects No sign of corrosion Visual
No damages/ defects Visual

32
Roof - Flat roof including exposed waterproofing, gutters and rain water down
pipes (RWDP)

Defect Group Standard Assessment

Tool
Finishing No stain marks Visual

Good paintwork Visual

No paint defects Visual
Smooth and with no tool marks Visual
Rough/Uneven/
Even and level, especially with no Visual
Falls
potential of stripping
Falls in right direction Visual
Surface to level to avoid tripping Visual
No visible damages/defects, e.g., cracks,chippings, Visual
Cracks and etc
Damages
No signs of damage to membrane/coating Visual

Defect Group Standard Tolorence Assessment

Tool
Joint/ Sealant/ Consistent joint width, neat and aligned Visual
Alignment
RWDP inlet to be lower than the Visual

surrounding gutter invert level

Chockage Water ponding <3 Visual and
/Ponding mm
measuring tape
No sign of chockage Visual
Construction Proper dressing for any protrusion Visual
Visual
Opening to be sealed to prevent pest
invasion
Evently installed, no sharp protusion Visual
Complete adhesion to base Visual
Good laps at joints and proper vertical Visual

abutment details

33
 Visual
Gutter and RWDP inlet to be covered
toprevent chockage, where practical

Pitched Roof Including Gutters and Rain Water Down Pipes (RWDP)

Defect Standard Assessment

Group Tools
No stain or rust Visual
Finishing
Consistent color tone Visual

Good painting to roof structural members Visual

Smooth and with no tool marks Visual

Rough/Uneven/F
alls Even and level, especially with no potentialof Visual
stripping

Falls in right direction Visual

No visible damages/defects, e.g., cracks, Visual

Cracks and
Damages chippings, etc
Consistent joint width, neat and aligned Visual
Joint/Sealant/Ali
gnment RWDP inlet to be lower than the Visual

surrounding gutter invert level

Chockage/ No sign of chockage and ponding at gutter &rain Visual
Ponding
water down pipes
Construction Proper dressing for any protrusion Visual

Opening to be sealed to prevent pest invasion Visual

Gutter and RWDP inlet to be covered toprevent Visual

chockage, where practical

34
External Finishes: Apron & Perimeter Drain

Item Defect Standard Tolerance Assessment

Group Tool
No stain marks Visual
Drain Finishing
No patchiness & brush marks Visual
cover/
Inspection No sign of corrosion on the Visual
Chamber drain
grating
Finishes must be even, Visual
Alignment level, alignedand consistent
and
Evenness Level and do not wrap or rock Visual &
Physical
No visible cracks and Visual
Cracks damages
and
Fixtures installed must be Visual and
Damages
safe,secured and functional Physical
Free flowing and no water Visual
Fall/Gradient ponding
Drain grating to be safely and Visual
securelyfixed and functional

Consistent joints width and Visual

Joints and neat
Gaps
Gap between drain covers 5-10 mm Visual
wide
Gap between sides of drain 5-10 mm Visual
wide

35
External Finishes: Car Porch

Assessment
Defect Group Standard
Tool

Finishing No stain marks Visual

Consistent color and good paintwork Visual
No rough/patchy surface Visual

Evenness of surface Visual

Alignment and
Evenness Edge to be straight Visual

No visible damages/defects Visual

Materials and
Damages No missing or defective accessories Visual

No sign of corrosion Visual

Securely fixed, functional and safe Visual and
Functionality physical

Consistent joints width and neat Visual

Joints and gaps
No visible gaps for M&E fittings Visual

36
2.7.2 Basic M & E Fittings

Plumbing Fittings

Item Defect Group Standard Assessment

Tool
Joints and Gaps No visible gap Visual
Gully and floor
trap Consistent joints width and neat Visual

Alignment Aligned, levelled and straight Visual &

and
Spirit level
Evenness
Traps top lower than the surrounding Visual
floor level
Materials and No visible damages/defects Visual
Damages
No stain marks Visual
Consistent color tone Visual
Functionality No operational defects Physical &
andSafety
Visual
Must be securely fixed Physical
No chokings Visual
Accessories No missing accessories Visual
Defects (Floor
trap cover) No visible damages/defects Visual

Accessories with good fit and no stains Visual

37
Item Defect Group Standard Assessment
Tool
Joints and Gaps No visible gap Visual
Pipes
Consistent joints width and neat Visual

Joints properly sealed and marked Visual

Alignment and Aligned, levelled and straight Visual &
Evenness Spirit level
Horizontal, vertical and parallel aligned Visual
to building surface
Materials and No stain marks Visual
Damages Consistent color tone Visual
If painted, no drippings with good Visual
opacity
No visible damages/defects, bent without Visual
distortion and kink
Functionality No operational defects Physical &
and Safety Visual
No leakage at joints Visual
Securely fixed Physical
Accessories No missing accessories Visual
Defects (Bracket &
Brackets securely fixed & pipes properly Visual
Screw)
support

38
Item Defect Group Standard Assessment
Tool
Joints and Gaps No visible gap Visual
Fittings
Consistent joints width and neat Visual
Joints properly sealed and marked Visual

Alignment and Aligned, levelled and straight Visual

Evenness
Materials and No visible damages/defects (i.e., chipping Visual
Damages or cracks)
No stain marks (paint drops or mortar Visual
droppings)
Consistent color tone Visual
Functionality and No operational defects Visual
Safety No leakage at joints Visual
Securely fixed Physical
Fittings in working condition Visual and
Physical
Accessible for maintenance Visual

All sensors covers properly sealed against Visual

water seepage
Accessories No missing accessories Visual
Defects
No visible damages/defects Visual
(Moveable parts:
screw, capping, Accessories with good fit and no stains Visual
shower rose)

39
Item Defect Group Standard Tolorence Assessment
Tool
No visible gaps Visual
Installation ( Joints and Gaps
include power Consistent joints width and Visual
point, neat
telephone Neat patch-up for Visual
point, air-cond marking/penetration
diffuser, fan No visible gap between Visual
coil unit,
switches and walls
lighting,
smoke alarm, Alignment and Aligned, levelled and Visual &
sprinkler Evenness straight Spirit level
heads, Heights of switch and Visual
CATV/CCTV
marks should be consistent
camera,
speakers, Visual
Materials and No visible damages/defects
alarm system,
Damages No stain marks Visual
etc )
Visual
Consistent color tone
No operational defects Physical and
Functionality
Visual
and Safety
Physical
Securely fixed, functional
and safe
Switch can properly Tested Physical
function minim
um 1
time
Accessories Visual
No missing accessories
Defects
(Moveable No visible damages/defects Visual
parts;screw,
capping, Accessories with good fit Visual
switches and no stains
button)

40
2.8 HOUSE DEFECT INSPECTION REPORTING

House Defect Reporting were done after the building inspection. The report is for the
specific purposed of assessing the general condition of the property. It contained the
general information and defect detail. The inspection report is a valid instrument to
submitted to the client.

Figure 2. 1: The Cover Page for HDI Report

41
2.9 THE IMPORTANT OF BUILDING DEFECT INSPECTION

The importance of building defect inspection is to protect interest of new home buyers. It
is:

i. Confirmation on materials and workmanship of the building.

In general, new house buyers are eager to move in their new house once issuance
of vacant possession is given by the Property Developers. Building defects could
be identified through visual inspection. However ,any legal incompliance due to
the materials used and workmanship are difficult to determine by the house buyers.
Most of the vendor‟s representatives try their best to avoid from receiving many
complaints pertaining to the defects of the buildings. The situation is even worse,
when the owner lacks technical background to confirm on specification and
building condition of the property.

In Malaysia, the property developer is subjected to the Housing

Development.The provision of Clause 13 in Schedule H of Housing Development
stated that the property shall be constructed in accordance with the plans approved
by the appropriate authority. The law has also highlighted no changes or deviations
therefore shall be made without the consent in writing of the purchaser except such
as may be required by the appropriate authority. In view of the above matter, most
of the vendors, take advantage on buyers who lack technical knowledge and legal
rights of their property. As such, the building condition survey report (BCSR) will
reveal information related to specification, material and workmanship.

42
 ii. The right of new house buyers are protected under provision.

In Malaysia, any new completed houses are protected under the provision of Defect
Liability Period (DLP) as stated in Clause 29 in Schedule H of Housing
Development. Any defect, or other faults in the said parcel or in the building or in
the common property which shall become apparent within a period of twenty four
month (24 months) after the date of vacant possession of the said parcel. Most of
the new home buyers are not aware of their rights, that any defect of the property
could be claimed to the vendors.

iii. To be used as a tools for Property Developer to manage building defects.

The condition survey report is a comprehensive report containing a list of defects,

photo, building plan and recommendation of rectification work. The vendor can
use the report to monitor the appointed contractor to carry out rectification works.
The Report will be used as a tools to the Property Developer to monitor every
building defects and statutory incompliance related to the houses. The report is an
imperative tool to monitor the progress of rectification work to be done by the
appointed contractor within Defects Liability Period (DLP). DLP is effective for
24 months after vacant possession and within this period, the owner could lodge
their complain and to be rectified by the Property Developer with the said period.

43
2.10 CHAPTER SUMMARY

This chapter were about the standard of building construction, the isnpection will
use this as their reference when inspect the defect. The methods, tools, the standard and
the important of hiring defect inspector were describe in this chapter.

44
CHAPTER 3: CASE
STUDY

45
3.1 INTRODUCTION TO CASE STUDY

Figure 3. 1: The Area of Kota Seribong Residential

Figure 3. 2: The House of Clients

The selection of the case study was meant for the study of training module for
house defect inspection for residential building.

The case study known as Kota Seribong Residency is a two-storey terrace house
located at Kota Seribong in Kota Bharu, Kelantan. Kota Seribong Residency placed at
strategic location which it close to schools, markets, supermarket, Kota Bharu city center,
government departments and many more.

46
 This housing is the choice of the people because it is built with a modern and
attractive design. Residential areas are equipped with 24 -hour surveillance. The housing
area are quiet, green & peaceful area. The construction plans of various infrastructure
facilities nearby.

Client Information

Name of Client Pn. Farah

Type of Building Residential House
Status of Occupancy Newly House
Area of Building 1702 sqft
Date of Inspection 17 January 2022

Table 3. 7: The Information of Clients

47
3.2 THE ASSESSMENT FOR HOUSE DEFECT INSPECTION

Figure 3. 3:The Defect Checklist

Figure 3. 4: Activities of HDI

The defect assessment at Kota Seribong take two days to complete. It depends on
the area of the building. All the element and component in this building was inspected by
using tools and equipment. The building element such as floor, wall, ceiling, door, window
and other components include M&E fittings and permanent fixtures such as bath tubs,
basins and kitchen cabinet. The defects were assessed by area or room for example master
bedroom, guest room, bathroom 1, bathroom 2, kitchen and family area.

48
 The defect inspection performed by assess the wall in the living room, we look at
the finishing. Make sure the walls are free from paint drips or stain marks and are evenly
painted. Next, we checked the alignment and evenness. Then, see whether there are cracks
or damage on the walls. We also check the wall for hollowness and make sure there is
consistent skirting thickness and no visible gap between the wall and skirting. Finally,
ensure that all electrical outlets and switches are properly installed. Make sure the positions
of the electrical outlets and switches follow what is stated in the layout plan.

For doors, windows, components and M&E fittings, we check for alignment and
evenness, the joints and gaps, materials and damage, functionality and accessories defects.
For instance, check the windows, make sure the lead and frame corners are at the right
angles. Make sure the window can open and close smoothly.

Next, check that the windows are sealed when closed. Also, we see whether there
are scratches on the glass and check that the windows can be locked properly. Finally,
make sure there are no missing accessories and that all the accessories, such as the window
stays, handles and screws, are in good condition.

For bathroom, make sure all the taps are functioning. Pour a pail of water down
the sink to see whether the water in the basin discharges quickly. Check that the bath tub,
basin and toilet bowl are properly installed. Inspect under the bath tub and basin to ensure
there are no leaks. Also check whether the tiles have been properly installed. Make sure
there isn’t a hollow sound when we tap on the floor tiles. Also, pour a pail of water on the
floor to see whether there is a water ponding problem and whether the floor is properly
sloped.

For roof, we will use the ladder to assess the defect. We check for water tank to
make there are no dirt. We also check for wiring and piping by making sure they are
installed properly. Finally, we check for roof tile, making sure there are no sun light or
hole.

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3.3 HOUSE DEFECT IINSPECTION REPORT FOR KOTA SERIBONG

Figure 3. 5: Cover Page for Kota Seribong HDI Report

50
 1: INSPECTION DETAILS
Information

Inspection Date 17 January

2022

Type of Building 2 Storey

Terrace

In Attendance Client, House

Inspector

Occupancy Newly House

General Disclaimer

Disclaimer

The House Defect Inspection Report is prepared by Pantai Timur House Defect Inspection
for the specific purposed of assessing the general condition of the property and identifying
defects that are readily apparent at the time of inspection based on the limited visual, non-
invasive inspection. Contained in this report are general information items and defect
details.

This report is our professional opinion but not a guarantee or a warranty. The inspection is
intended to add to your knowledge of the building and help you understand the defects and
risk in it.

The report is complete and thorough, but it is a general overview, not technically
exhaustive. Specialists in each field could provide a more detailed analysis of the building
systems, but at considerably more cost and time. Our visual and limited operational
inspection provides the broadest overview of the property with less costs and time.

This inspection report is limited to deficiencies present at the time of the inspection. Roof,
mechanical equipment, plumbing and electrical systems often fail without warning. New
deficiencies can develop in buildings at any time, especially in buildings which may lie
vacant.

No responsibility is accepted in the event that the Report is used for any other purpose.

51
 2: REPORT SUMMARY & ANALYSIS

Defects Analysis by Area Table

NO AREA NO. OF DEFECTS

1 Living 22
2 Kitchen 13
3 Bath No.1 7
4 Staircase 6
5 Foyer 3
6 Master Bedroom 12
7 Master Bath 11
8 Bedroom No.1 8
9 Bedroom No.2 11
10 Bath No.2 8
11 Exterior – Car Porch 14
12 Exterior- Backyard 10
13 Bedroom No. 3 13
14 Roof 1
TOTAL 139

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 DEFECTS ANALYSIS BY AREA CHART
Bedroom No. 3 Roof
Living
Exterior- 9% 1%
16%
Backyard
7%
Exterior – Car Kitchen
Porch 9%
10%

Bath No.1
Bath No.2 5%
6% Staircase
Foyer4%
Bedroom No.2
2%
8% Master
Bedroom No.1 Bedroom
Master Bath
6% 9%
8%

Defects Analysis by Item Table

NO ITEM NO. OF
DEFECTS
1 Floor 8

2 Wall 59

3 Ceiling 8

4 Door 35

5 Window 7

6 Internal Fixtures 3

7 M&E Fittings 11

8 Others 8

TOTAL 139

53
Report Summary:

The pie charts compare the analysis of the defect area and item. It can be clearly seen that
most of the defects are at the Living and the most defect items are for Wall.

In defect analysis by area, the Exterior contributes the most at 16% and for most defect
by items will be for Wall with 43% of overall contribution. Clearly we can see the
Walling issue will be the most concern defect in the house.

In conclusion, we can see the Living and Wall in the house must be taken extra attention
for verification & rectification.

DEFECTS ANALYSIS BY ITEM CHART

M&E Fittings
8% Others Floor
Internal Fixtures 5% 6%
2%
Window
5%

Wall
43%
Door
25%

Ceiling
6%

54
 3: INTERIOR (LIVING)

Observations

3.1.1 Floors

FINISHING

a) Gap at floor tiles to skirting

 Reference No : A15 (4 Locations)

3.2.1 Wall

FINISHING

a) Paint stain at skirting

 Reference No : A5 (4 Locations)

55
 4: INTERIOR (KITCHEN)

Observations

4.1.1 Wall

FINISHING

a) Paint stain at wall tiles

 Reference No: B4 (2 Locations)

4.1.2 Wall

CRACK & DAMAGES

a) Chipped wall tiles

 Reference No: B2

56
 5: INTERIOR (BATHROOM #1)

Observations

5.1.1 Wall

FINISHING

a) Poor wall tiles assembly finishing

 Reference No: C5

5.2.1 Mechanical & Electrical Fittings

MATERIAL & DAMAGES

a) No grouting finishing at stopcock & shower rose inlet area.

 Reference No : C2 (2 Locations)

57
 6: INTERIOR (STAIRCASE)

Observations

6.1.1 Wall

FINISHING

a) Rough plaster finishing

 Reference No : D3

6.2.1 Ceiling

CRACK & DAMAGES

a) Hairline crack at ceiling
 Reference No : D6

58
 7: INTERIOR (FOYER)

Observations

7.1.1 Floor

FINISHING

a) Big gaps at lower floor skirting area.

 Reference No : E3 (2 Locations)

7.2.1 Ceiling

FINISHING

a) Unpainted (after touch up) ceiling surface.

 Reference No : E1

59
 8: INTERIOR (MASTER BEDROOM)

Observations

8.1.1 Floor

FINISHING

a) Poor cement render finishing at 1st floor aircond compressor area.

 Reference No : F9

8.2.1 Door

MATERIAL & DAMAGES

a) Paint stain at door frame

 Reference No : F3

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 9: INTERIOR (MASTER BATH)

Observations

9.1.1 Wall

FINISHING

a) Unfinished tiles installation at door frame

 Reference No : G6
`

9.1.2 Wall

HOLLOWNESS

a) Hollowness at sink table top

 Reference No : G3 (4 Locations)

61
 10: INTERIOR (BEDROOM #1)

Observations

10.1.1 Door

FUNCTIONALITY

a) Doorknob not locking when door fully closed.

 Reference No : H5

10.3.1 Window

ALIGNMENT & EVENNESS

a) Window frame touching to coping area

 Reference No : H6

62
 11: EXTERNAL (CAR PORCH)

Observations

11.1.1 Ceiling

CRACK & DAMAGES

a) Ceiling damage at joint area.

 Reference No : K10

11.2.1 Fence

CRACK & DAMAGES

a) Crack at fencing area.

 Reference No : K11 (2 location)

63
3.4 SUMMARY
This chapter discuss about how the inspection was perform and the preparation for
the report to be submitted to clients.

64
 CHAPTER 4:
RECOMMENDATION

65
4.1 PROBLEM AND RECOMMENDATION

Some of the problems in this study is the vital information such as building plan is
not provided for the defect inspector. It purpose is to ensure the building constructed as in
plan. For example, the position of electrical outlet and switches follow what is stated in the
layout plan. The inspector should ask the home owner for the building plan as a reference
for inspection. The plan will ease the inspector to do an inspection.

Other problem is that the inspector did not provide rating system for the building.
With defect rating, the home buyers will know the condition of their house. So that, the
clients will aware of defect condition. If the building element or building component is
defected severely, the home owner will ask the developer to fix the problem before the
expiry of defect liability period. The inspector may use QLASSIC rating system to be
included in the report before submitted to clients.

66
 CHAPTER 5:
CONCLUSION

67
5.1 CONCLUSION

As a conclusion, training module for house defect inspection is important

to the inspectors in Akira Venture Enterprise as their guidelines to perform defect
inspection. The performance of inspection will become smooth when the inspector
understands the standard for every element and know how uses the right tools for
every defect.

With this training module, the inspector will be detecting the defect
according to the QLASSIC. The home owner might able to check the defect by
themselves but it is may not accurate and not realize there may defect in the building
because they are not professionally trained to detect the defect. With the service
provided by professional inspector will help home owner to give them justice for
their home.

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5.2 REFERENCE

1. Yimie Yong (January 2017. How to Perform an Inspection On a New House.

https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/how-perform-inspection-new-house

2. Vinod Gonipath (June 2021). Destructive Test (DT) on Hardened Concrete.

https://www.google.com/amp/s/vincivilworld.com/2021/06/11/destructive-tests-
on-hardened-concrete/amp/

3. Quality Guidebook for Homeowners QLASSIC

4. Tavukçuoğlu, A. (2018). Non-Destructive Testing for Building Diagnostics and

Monitoring: Experience Achieved with Case Studies. MATEC Web of
Conferences, 149, 01015.

doi:10.1051/matecconf/201814901015

5. Construction Industry Standard 7 (2014). Quality Assessment System for Building

Construction Work.

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