ORIGIN AND GROWTH OF ANDHRA

Emergence of Andhrodyamam:
• During the rule of the Satavahanas, Kakatiyas and Qutubshahis, the Telugu people lived as
a united race and had political unity.
• After the fall of the Qutb Shahi kingdom, Telugu ethnic unity was destroyed.
• In 1801, the then ‘Governor General Lord Wellesley’ merged the Andhra Pradesh (Coasta,
Rayalaseema) with the Kingdom of Karnataka to form the Madras Presidency. From then,
till 1953, the Telugus lived with the Tamils.
• Andhras have no respect in Madras state. All the top jobs were done by Tamils. Knowing
that justice will not be done, the Telugus wanted to achieve a separate Andhra state.

 The history of Andhrodyamam from 1903 to 1956 can be divided into five phases.
1. Initiation phase : 1903-1912
2. Propaganda phase : 1913-1920
3. Underlying phase : 1921-1935
4. Resolution phase : 1936-1947
5. Formation phase : 1947-1953

1) INITIATION PHASE : 1903-1912

• Representation of Andhra in Madras State : Andhra territory - 58%, Telugu people -
40%.But no effective voice in the politics of the region.
• 1903 – Yuvajana Navyasahiti Samiti (Guntur) – first time expressed need for Andhra Rashtra.
• 1905 – The Vande Mataram movement marked the beginning of political consciousness in
Andhra and was the reason for birth of separate Andhra feeling .Vandemataram
Movement created among the Andhras a lively interest in their language,literature and
past history.
• 1910-Vignana Chandrika Mandali published Andhrula [Link] this Andhras
realised that in days gone by,they were not behind other people in India in extent of their
kingdoms,their intellectual attainments or their civilization.
• Places in Madras State, Nizam's Kingdom Mysore Central Provinces where Telugu people
live are shown as a single portrait by Unnava Lakshminarayana, Jonnavittula Gurunadham.
• 1911 – The Hindu magazine published 6 consecutive Articles and Deshabhimaani also
published articles on the backwardness of Telugu people in Madras state.
Jonnavittula
Gurunadham wrote many articles on the conditions of the Andhras in the Hindu magazine.
NIDADAVOLU CONFERENCE (1912) :
o Joint Conference of Guntur, Krishna & Godavari Districts. Andhra State issue was included
in the agenda by Guntur District Association.
o Those who opposed this : KV Reddy Naidu , Pedada Sambasivarao
o In this meeting Jonnavittula Gurunadham passed a resolution for a separate state for the
Andhras and sent it to the Government. Konda venkatappayya lead a youth movement
for demand of Separate Andhra state.
2) PROPAGANDA PHASE : 1913-1920
• ‘Andhra Mahasabha Committee’ is formed to bring all the Telugu speaking people
together. Place – Guntur ; President – Vinjamuri Bhanavacharya ; Secretary – Konda
Venkatappayya.
• This Mahasabha has spread the goals of the Andhra Movement to all parts of the country.
• In 1913, It was decided to hold the Andhra Mahasabha in Bapatla to discuss the following:
--Starting an English Newspaper for the benefit of Andhras.
--Ban on entry of Telugus in Indian Army should be removed.
--Formation of a single association to raise funds to help Telugu students undergoing
technical training in the country and abroad.
--To provide necessary equipment and funds to run Sarasvata Niketan in Vetapalem and
National College in Machilipatnam.
--Drafting of the Andhra Mahasabha Constitution .
--To look into the issue of appointing Andhras in higher positions.
 Development is possible only with small states-Pattabhi.
 Telugu magazines which strengthened the Andhra movement:
o Andhra Patrika (by Kashinathuni Nageswara Rao) ; Krishnapatrika (by Konda Venkatappayya)

ANDHRA MAHASABHA MEETINGS:

First Andhra Conference (May 20, 1913) – Venue : Bapatla ; President : BN Sharma
• Member of Madras Legislative Council Mr. Baiya Narasimheswara Sharma (BN
Sharma) presided over the meeting. Guest President - Konda Venkatappayya .
• In his presidential speech, Sharma said, "First we are Indians and then we are Andhras".
• A resolution for a separate Andhra State was proposed by Vemavarapu Ramadasu
panthulu of [Link] resolution was opposed by notables like Nyapati Subbarao,
Mocharla Ramachandra Rao and Ganti Venkataramaiah.
• This meeting decided that the matter of special Andhra state can be decided in the
next meeting and meanwhile, public opinion should be collected on this matter.
• This committee decided to ask the Government to take public opinion under the direction
of Dr. Pattabhi Sitaramaiah, and form a separate Andhra state with Telugu districts.
• The Bapatla meeting(26 May,1913) gave birth to the separate Andhra movement. After
the Bapatla meeting, the issue of special Andhra came up for discussion in various district
meetings.
• The First Andhra Mahasabha passed the following resolutions: To start a University,
Agri college, a Health college, some other colleges in Andhra and to build a port in
Visakhapatnam.
Vishakapatnam Zilla Sabha : In 1913, the Visakhapatnam Zilla Sabha held at Chodavaram under
the chairmanship of Vizianagaram Municipal Chairman, Manda Suryanarayana passed
a resolution welcoming the Andhra Movement. Expressed satisfaction with the separate state
proposal at the stage of recognition of regional autonomy. Appointed a committee to collect
public opinion in the districts and submit a report on the issue of Andhra State. A weekly
newspaper called ‘Andhra Advocate’ was started to campaign in this regard.
Second Andhra Conference (April 11, 1914) - Venue : Vijayawada ; President : Nyapati Subbarao
• Here, the term Andhra meeting was changed as Andhra Mahasabha.
• Manda Suryanarayana proposed a separate Andhra state resolution and Vemavarapu
Ramadasu Pantulu seconded it. The resolution was opposed by the representatives
of Nellore and Cuddapah region but still resolution won.
• In this meeting, it was decided that a separate Andhra state should be formed
through public opinion.
• It was decided to establish an Engineering college.

3rd Andhra Mahasabha (1915 May) – President : Raja Ram Raya Ayangar ; Venue : Visakhapatnam
• In this meeting, it was decided that Secondary School Education should be done in
the mother tongue and the lectures given by the leaders should be in Telugu
language.
• It was decided that it is just and necessary to form 11 Telugu districts as a separate state.
• The Tamil paper ‘Swadesha Mitran’ supported the desire to introduce Education in Telugu.

4th Andhra Mahasabha (1916 May) - President: Mocharla Ramachandra Rao ; Venue: Kakinada
• Krishna Rao (Polavaram Zamindar) was the guest President .
• Even those who opposed the separate Andhra state movement started recognizing the
need for a separate Andhra state
• Gade Raghava Rao, who previously opposed the formation of Andhra state, now supports it.
• Nyapati Subbarao introduced a separate Andhra State resolution here.
• In a speech delivered by Achanta Rukmini Lakshmipati as the women president of
Andhra Conference held at Kakinada on May 8, 1916, she sought the realization of
national self- consciousness and the rightful rights of women.

5th Andhra Mahasabha (1917 June 01) - President : Konda Venkatappayya ; Venue : Nellore
• Guest President : Ongolu Venkata Rangaiah
• Here, 2 different factions were formed and B.N Sharma took the lead to unite them .
• In April 1917 ‘Andhra Rajakeeya Samiti’ Party under the chairmanship of [Link] .

 Montague Statement: 20 August 1917

o When the Secretary of State of India announced the Constitutional Reforms in the House
of Commons, a special meeting of the Andhra Mahasabha was held at Vijayawada under
Ayyadevara Kaleshwar Rao to discuss the contents of the Montague Declaration.
o During Montague's visit to Madras state, Nyapati Subbarao presided over the
Andhra delegation formed by 21 people to inform him about Andhra state.
o On February 6, 1918 B.N Sharma introduced resolution in the Central Legislative
Assembly for the reorganization of regions on the basis of language .
o Those who expressed their support - K.V. Rangaswamy,
Iyengar Opponents- Mohammad Ali Jinnah, Srinivasa Shastri.
  Formation of a separate Andhra Congress Branch (January 22, 1918):
o Andhras enthusiastically participated in the National Movement since the establishment
of the Indian National Congress. In 1891, Anandacharyulu was elected as the President of
INC.
o The Andhras are of the opinion that they want to form a separate Congress wing.
o 1916 All India Congress Committee held in Lucknow examined this matter. But no
decision was taken. Later ,with the efforts of Pattabhi Sitaramaiah and Konda
Venkatappayya, On January 22, 1918, with the intervention of Tilak, separate Andhra
Provincial Congress Commitee (APCC) was formed with the Telugu speaking districts of
Madras. This is the first victory of Andhrodyamam.
o First President of Andhra Congress Branch-Nyapati Subbarao ;
o First Secretary - Konda Venkatappayya.

6th Andhra Mahasabha (1918 May) : Venue – Kadapa ; President: Nemali Pattabhi Ramarao
• Guest President : Nukala Venkatasubbaiah
• The first APCC conference, held along with the Andhra Mahasabha, passed a
unanimous resolution for the formation of a separate Andhra State.
• Montague – Chelmsford reforms were announced in the month of July, 1918.
• Special meeting of the Andhra Mahasabha under chairmanship of Kashinathuni
Nageswar Rao held at Guntur on 17th August 1918. All prominent leaders of Andhra
attended this.
• The absence of mention of a separate Andhra state in the Montague Chelmsford
reforms was a disappointment to the Andhras.
• APCC met in December 1918 at Vijayawada under the chairmanship of Pattabhi
Sitaramaiah to discuss Montagu-Chelmsford reforms and it was decided to send a
delegation to London.
• Mocherla Ramachandrarao submitted resolution to British government in London.
• Venkatapathiraju introduced a resolution in the Madras Council to establish institutions
and offices in the manner necessary for self-government in the Telugu regions of Madras
State.
• The 7th and 8th Andhra Mahasabhas were held at Anantapur and Mahanandi
under Gadicharla Harisarvotham Rao and Ranganatha mudalayar respectively.
• In the case of separate state, the same resolutions were passed again and the
Provincial Congress sessions also followed the same.

Justice Party Incarnation - Disdain for Androdyam:

• Brahmins were dominant in jobs and positions in Madras state. Brahmins were the
majority among the leaders of the National Congress and the leaders of the Separate
Andhra.
• A Non-Brahmin association called "South Indian People's Association" was formed in
Madras in November 1916 to present their grievances to the government.
• Pitty Tyagarayachetty was the founder of this association. His newspaper – Justice
(English 1917 Aug 26) .
• They also founded the Justice Party, for benefit of non-Brahmins .
• The Congress party did not participate in the Madras state elections in 1920. The
 Justice Party, which participated in the elections, formed the Madras State Cabinet.
• Subbarayalu Reddyar became the first CM from Justice Party in 1920. In 1921, due to
illness, he resigned from the post and Panagal Raja Ramarayaningar became CM.
 • There are many prominent Andhras in the Justice Party which has been in power since
1921. However, that party never strengthened the special Andhra movement.
• In 1925, Dr. Rama Rao of Madras in the newly formed second 'Council of State' meeting
made a resolution to examine the aspects for the formation of a separate Kannada
state.
• In 1926 Sankaran Nair proposed a resolution for the formation of a separate Tamil state.
At the same time, Ramdasu Pantulu introduced another resolution for the formation of a
separate Andhra state. All these resolutions failed.
Note:By 1925,with the emergence of Swaraj Party and with death of Tyagaraja chetty,Justice party
started declining.

3) UNDERLYING PHASE : 1921-1935

• From 1921 to 1935 Andhra leaders participated in the National Movement led by Gandhiji
and separate Andhra movement was given second priority. The Andhra movement did not
completely lose its existence but was led to some extent by the Moderates.
• During this period, the Mahasabhas led by many prominent people who did not
interfere much in politics. Chief among them are : Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, [Link],
[Link] .
Foundation of Andhra University (1926 April 26):
o Bhupathi Raja Venkatapathi Raju was the first to introduce a resolution in the
Madras Legislative Assembly for a separate university for Andhras in 1917.
o ‘Stoutham Commission’ formed by the Justice Party in 1923 for the establishment of
this University.
o Andhra University should be named as Telugu University - K.V. Reddy Naidu.
o Madras University V.C. who indirectly helped in the establishment of Andhra University.
– Raghupati Venkataratnam Naidu.
o On April 26, 1926, Bobbili Raja was named as the first Chancellor, [Link](Chattamanchi
Ramalinga Reddy) was appointed as the first VC. This university was formed at the center
of Vijayawada.
o This University was established in Vijayawada as the Administrative center and
Rajahmundry as the Teaching center.
o CM of Madras during this period – Panagal Raja Ramaniam ; Education Minister – [Link]
o Leaders of Rayalaseema opposed the presence of 2 centers of this University in Coastal
Andhra region. This created a gap between them.
o Finally the leaders of Seemandra came to an agreement and included Rayalaseema
Colleges under Madras University . Andhra University was started in Visakha on September
5, 1930.
• 'Vepa Ramesham' from Andhra was appointed as the first 'Judge' in Madras High Court.
• 'All Andhra Cooperative Literary' held Telugu Mahasabhas every year .
• In 1928, Ayyadevara Kaleswara Rao said that the government was delaying the creation of
a separate state. He reminded this in Madras Council. However, the govt. did not respond.
• In 1931, under the chairmanship of Kadapa Kotireddy, a special conference was organized
in Madras. In this conference, on the basis of language, it was decided to form Andhra
Rashtra and Mahatma Gandhi presented this resolution while attending the second RTC at
London.
• In support of Mahatma Gandhi, [Link] Panthulu was sent to London in 1931.
 • Bobbili Raja and Mocharla Ramachandra Rao attended the Second Round Table
Conference (London) in 1931. In 1934, Desa Pandya Subbarao went to England and
worked for the formation of a separate state. But that wish did not work.
• No matter how many resolutions and conferences were held for the formation of
separate states on the basis of language, there was no result. Finally, the GOI Act, 1935
resolved it.

4) RESOLUTION PHASE : 1936-1947

• Before the Bapatla Andhra Mahasabha, Rayalaseema Districts Mahasabha was held
at Mahanandi in Kurnool district in the month of April 1913.
• They declared that the formation of a separate Andhra state was impracticable for a
while but supported the Andhra movement.
• Kesavapillai portrayed the Andhra Rashtrodyam as a Brahmin movement.
• Leaders of Andhra Mahasabha toured Rayalaseema districts to clear the doubts of the
people of this region. Second Kurnool District Mahasabha held in 1915, Kadapa District
Mahasabha held in 1916 stregthened Andhra movement. Third Kurnool District
Mahasabha and Madanapalli Mahasabha held in 1916 supported the separate Andhra
state.
• The Tamils who migrated to Rayalaseema and established themselves as prominent
citizens opposed the Andhra movement. "These Pillais and Iyers will never strengthen the
Andhra movement. They are making money in Andhra. The separation of Telugus from
Tamils is in no way detrimental to the unity of the country” – Andhra Patrika column .
• In the Andhra State Congress Committee elections, held in Vijayawada in 1924, Gadicharla
Hari Sarvottam Rao from Rayalaseema was proposed as the president but the Sarkar
district (Coastal) representatives defeated that proposal. With this, the differences
between the
leaders of both the regions started.
• There was a desire to have a separate Congress unit for Rayalaseema districts. Over this,
the formation of Andhra University in 1926-27 intensified these differences.
• In the month of October 1931, a special meeting of the Andhra Mahasabha was held in
Madras. Prominent Congress leader from Rayalaseema Kadapa Kotireddy presided over
the Madras special meeting. Subramaniam, another representative of Rayalaseema
proposed
amendments to form a separate state of Rayalaseema.
Note: The Rayalaseema districts were not in favour of Separate Andhra till 1937 Sribagh Pact as
ceded areas of Rayalaseema were dominated by Tamil people who migrated to Rayalaseema.

Rayalaseema Mahasabhas:
• During the discussion held in 1933, Kadapa Kotireddy proposed that Madras should be the
capital of Andhra State. In 1934, Narasimhaswamy proposed a Private Bill in the
Legislative Assembly to bring the areas of Rayalaseema under Andhra University. This was
not liked by the people of Rayalaseema. In 1934 Rayalaseema Mahasabha was
established.
First Conference (1934) – Venue : Madras ; President : Nemali Pattabhi Ramarao
• Satyamurthy stated that Rayalaseema region, whether to join Andhra state or not should
 be left to the people of Rayalaseema.
• The House opposed the inclusion of Rayalaseema area under Andhra University.
• In this meeting it was decided to establish a separate university in Tirupati.
 Second Conference (1935) – Venue : Kadapa ; President : [Link] Reddy
• In this meeting it was decided to oppose the formation of separate Andhra State.
o 1936 Telugu Mahasabha held at Pitapuram (President : Ramamurthy; Originally Gidigu
Ramamurthy) gave a boost to separate Andhra movement.

1937 Elections :
• Congress party participated in the elections held in 1937. In the month of July
1937, Congress Cabinet assumed power in Madras with Rajagopalachari as CM.
• Intense efforts were started for the establishment of Andhra Rashtra. Pattabhi
Sitaramayya was elected as the President of Andhra State Congress.
• Legislative Assembly Speaker Bulusu Sambamurthy declared that Andhra State should
be formed before the implementation of the Constitution of India.
• Pattabhi toured extensively throughout the state and conveyed people's support.
• Out of 10 cabinet ministers, only three were Andhras. They did not care about Rayalaseema.
o Tanguturi Prakasam Pantulu – Revenue Minister
o Bejawada Gopal Reddy – Local Governance
o V.V. Giri – Department of Labour , Industries
• Andhra Mahasabha Silver Jubilee Conference (1937) – [Rajitotsava Andhra Mahasabha]
Venue : Vijayawada ; President: Kadapa Kotireddy ——> Decided that Pattabhi Sitaramayya
to lead separate Andhra Movement. 1937 Diwali to be celebrated as Andhra Rashtra day.

Sribagh Pact (1937- November 16):

• Kashinath held a meeting at Nageswara Rao's house (Sribagh) to remove the
barriers between RayalaSeema-Coastalandhra(also known as Seemandhra) leaders.
• RayalaSeema leaders : Kadapa Kotireddy ; H.M. Sitarama Reddy ; Harisarvotham Rao
; Varadachari ; Kalluri Subbarao (Rayalaseema Pitamahudu) .
• CoastalAndhra leaders : Kashinathuni Nageswara Rao ; Konda Venkatappayya ;
Pattabhi
University :
• Two centers Waltheru and Anantapur should be developed under the supervision of
Andhra University. Social and cultural harmony should be achieved among Andhras.
Irrigation :
• In order to protect the agricultural and economic interests of Rayalaseema people,
they should be given special facilities in the matter of water drainage for 10 years or
more to
equal them with Coastal districts. Rayalaseema should be given full priority for 10 years in
terms of huge dams to be built in the utilization of Tungabhadra, Krishna and Pennar rivers.
Legislature :
• All the districts should have equal representation in the matter of legislative seats AFAP.
• The university should be continued where it is now ; Capital and High Courts should
be established at separate places in Rayalaseema and Sarkar districts.
• Rayalaseema should be given whatever they want in the above matter.
• The assurances and concessions sought by the representatives of Rayalaseema have
been fully accepted in this agreement.
 • Immediately after the conclusion of the Sri Bagh Agreement, the Andhra
representatives asked Rajagopalachari to propose a resolution for the formation of
Andhra State .
• Rajagopalachari reduced the priority of the establishment of Andhra state by introducing
a resolution to form the states of Andhra, Tamil, Kerala and Karnataka. This resolution
was reported to the English Government. In the month of May 1938, the British
government announced that no new states could be formed in India at present.
• This announcement was a disaster for the Andhra movement. In protest,
Sambamurthy decided to resign from his post as Speaker, but the Congress leadership
did not agree.
• In 1938, Konda Venkatappayya introduced the Andhra Rashtra Resolution in the
Madras Legislative Assembly and the resolution was passed. But SOS not agreed. All
congress
ministers resigned in November 1939.

24th ANDHRA MAHASABHA (1938) – President : Sarvepalli Radhakrishna ; Venue: Madras

• Inaugurated by: Justice Sir [Link] Subbarao
• In this conference, an amendment was made to the resolution of Sribagh agreement
of 1937. It was amended that Madras will be the political capital of Andhra State.
• With this incident, there were movements all over Andhra. Several movements were
held demanding the resignation of Andhra ministers from the Rajagopalachari cabinet.

25TH ANDHRA MAHASABHA (1939) – President : Ananta shayanam Iyengar ; Venue: Guntur
• In this conference, it was decided that if separate Andhra does not come within 6
months, the ministers will resign and taxes will not be Paid .
• In 1939 World War II started. The Andhra state movement has faded into obscurity. So
the Andhras led the Andhra state movement after independence between 1947-53.

26TH ANDHRA MAHASABHA (1941) - President: Sir Sri Vijaya ; Venue : Visakhapatnam
• Tanguturi opposed the view of Governor Eskain that the Andhra capital should be in Madras.
Tanguturi’s stated that if the Congress comes back to power, separate Andhra will be
formed.
• The construction of the project on the Tungabhadra River, and the economic
development of Rayalaseema were unanimously accepted in this conference.
• In this context, Sir Vijaya met Mahatma Gandhi and requested the creation of
separate Andhra. When Cripps came to India, he met him and presented a petition.
• During drought in Rayalaseema, Andhra Mahasabha collected one lakh of rupees
and undertook relief programs in this area.

27TH ANDHRA MAHASABHA (1943) – Venue : Bellary ; President : Sri Sir Vijaya
• Shri Vijaya proposed to stand the members of Andhra Mahasabha in the election.
• In 1946 Shri Vijaya resigned as the President of Andhra [Link] his
resignation,the activity of Andhra Mahasabha came to an end.
• Nehru statement in November 1947, "The Government of India accepted the principle of
 a language-based state on linguistic and cultural grounds”.
• However, Andhra Rashtra was not formed for another seven years.
5) FORMATION PHASE : 1947-1953
Originally, Andhra was mentioned in 1st schedule of Constitution. But due to demand from many
states like Tamilnadu, Karnataka etc.. on the same language basis, all were put aside. So Andhra got
deleted from the draft constitution that was presented on February, 1948.

Dhar Commission (1948)/Linguistic Provinces Commission:

• On June 17, 1948, the Government appointed the Dhar Commission to examine the
formation of linguistic states. President : [Link] (retired Allahabad High Court Judge)
Members : Dr. Pannalal (ICS Officer) ; Jagat Narayanalal (Member of Rajyanga Parishad)
.
• Purpose – Creation of new states and determination of their Boundaries ; What impact
do those states have economically, administratively and politically.
• Dhar Commission came to Madras in the month of September 1948.
• The Andhra Mahasabha submitted a manifesto that a separate Andhra state should
be formed with all the Telugu speaking areas.
• [Link] wanted a separate Rayalaseema with Madras.
• Neelam Sanjiva Reddy asked for the postponement of the separate Andhra state issue.
• The Dhar Commission submitted its report on 10th December 1948.
• Considering the lack of unity among the leaders of Seemandhra, this committee
suggested that there is no need for linguistic states for the sake of national unity.

JVP committee (1948):

• The first INC conference after independence was held in Jaipur. It was presided over
by Pattabhi Sitaramaiah. He constituted a committee with Nehru, Patel and Pattabhi
(JVP).
• This committee was formed to examine the problems arising out of the formation of
linguistic states and the reports of the Dhar Commission. Gave its report in April [Link]
committee recommended the postponement of Linguistic provinces for few years except for
Andhra State.
• This committee suggested that Andhra State can be formed if Madras city is given up.
• There were differences b/w the leaders of the Madras Legislative Assembly regarding the
formation of Andhra State. Prakasam, [Link] on one side and Sanjiva Reddy, Pattabhi
on the other side. This split weakened the Andhra state cause.

Partition Committee (1949):

• Accepting the report of the JVP Committee, the Government of India gave instructions to
the Government of Madras to take steps for the formation of Andhra State. Following
this
Madras COM met on 7 December 1949 under the chairmanship of Kumaraswamy Raja (CM).
• This committee was formed to decide the transfer of assets in the event of the formation
of a separate Andhra state.
o Seemandhra Members of this Committee : Tanguturi Prakasam, Kala Venkatarao,
Bejawada Gopal Reddy, Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy
o Tamil Members : [Link], Bhakta Vatsalam, Madhava menon .
 • This committee announced its report on 4th January 1950. Prakasam Panthulu submitted
his report separately. It was agreed that the new Andhra State should be formed on 26
January 1950 when the Constitution of India came into force.
• The Madras Cabinet felt 26 January 1950 was very close. Considering that, April 1950
would be an auspicious time for the formation of a new state.
• After learning that the report of the committee was not unanimous and [Link] gave a
separate report while the eight members accepted it, the Indian government postponed
the whole matter contrary to its promise to report to a Border committee as there was a
difference of opinion in the committee.
• Pattabhi supported Sanjiva Reddy in the elections to the Andhra Congress Party,
while Prakasam Pantulu supported [Link].
• Sanjiva Reddy won on Ranga with a majority of 5 votes. With this [Link] and
Prakasam broke away from the Congress and formed the Kisan Majdur United Democratic
Front.
• Later KMUDF also split : Praja Socialist party (Prakasam) and Krishikaar Lok party (Ranga) .
Gollapudi Sitarama Shastri's fast : (15 August - 20 September 1951)
• He went on hunger strike for 35 days for the first time for separate Andhra state.
• Nehru said that it is not reasonable to go on a hunger strike about a separate state and
that this matter will be looked into at the appropriate time and sent Vinobha bhave, who
made him call off the Gollapudi protest on September 20, 1951.
• After calling off his fast, he fought hard to keep the Andhra Rashtra Movement alive.
• In the absence of any response from the government, Swami sitaram sastry started
a Satyagraha camp at Bhimavaram on 4 June 1952.

Khosla Committee (1951) :

• Rajagopalachari, who was against the creation of Andhra state from the beginning,
undertook the Krishna-Penna projects (for fresh water to the city of Madras) which
were detrimental to the interests of the Andhras.
• Nehru appointed the Khosla Committee in 1951 as the Andhras opposed the project.
This committee recommended to take up the Nagarjuna Sagar project (Nandi Konda
Project) which would be beneficial to the Andhra region against the Krishna-Penna
project.

PottiSri Ramulu's sacrifice : (19 October - 15 December 1952)

• He joined Gandhi's Sabarmati Ashram. He was known as Andhra Ramulubhai there.
• Worked for Harijans to enter the temple in Mulapeta, Nellore.
• In 1948, Potti Sriramulu went on a hunger strike for 29 days in Wardha, for the upliftment
of Harijans. After this, Nehru announced that one day should be celebrated as ‘Harijan Day’
and allocated one crore rupees for the welfare of Harijans in the central budget.
• Potti Sriramulu in Oct 1952 started fast in Balusu Sambamurthy house with 3 conditions :
1) Central government should immediately announce the formation of Andhra state.
2) Leaders of Andhra state should be united.
3) A decision acceptable to all should be made by making Madras city a Chief
Commissioner State (C-Class State).
 • He died on December 15, 1952 after 58 days of continuing the campaign .
• About Potti Sriramulu's death, the editor of the Madras Mail magazine 'Ahels' said
that Sriramulu had sacrificed himself for the cause of Andhra state like Jesus.
• Potti Sriramulu's death created a turbulent atmosphere in Andhra. Council Members
Theneti Viswanatham, P. Sitaramaiah resigned due to the indifferent attitude of the central
and Madras governments towards the aspirations of the Andhra people.
• On December 19, 1952, Nehru noticed the seriousness of the police firing in Anakapalli
(where 7 citizens were dead in police firings) after the death of Sri Ramulu, and
announced in the Parliament that Andhra State would be given except for the city of
Madras.

Kailasa Nath Wanchoo Commission (February 1953) :

• He was appointed on 7 February 1953 regarding the formation of Andhra State.
• He is the CJ of Rajasthan HC. Submitted its report to the government on 23 March 1953.

Contents of Nehru report :

• Prime Minister Nehru made a statement on March 25, 1953 - "On October 1, 1953,
Andhra State will be formed with undisputed areas, and it was made clear that the Andhra
legislators should decide where the capital should be located in the Andhra region".
• Madras High Court will be applicable to Andhra region until the decision is taken on where
to establish the Andhra High Court. In this new state of Andhra, Srikakulam,
Visakhapatnam, East, West Godavari, Krishna, Guntur, Kurnool, Anantapur, Kadapa,
Chittoor, Nellore District Courts, Adoni, Aluru, Rayadurga Taluks will come under Bellary
District Court.
• Siriguppa, Hospeta, Sanduru, Harpana Halli and Hadagali taluks will join Mysore.
Bellary taluk will join after that.
• The boundaries of Andhra State will be determined by a Boundary Determining
Committee or Committees after surveying the areas bordering the Mysore and Madras
boundaries.
• Andhra State will not have a Legislative Council. In 1953, the Andhra State Legislature will
be formed with members elected to the Madras Assembly.
• [Link] was appointed as a special officer for development of newly formed state
and Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy and Thenneti Viswanatham are members of his advisory
group.
• The Central Government has appointed the Chief Justice of the Hyderabad High Court
L.S Mishra to decide the future of Bellary. It recommended to merge Bellary in Mysore
and Central government accepted it.
• APCC Working Group met in Vijayawada in April 1953 and welcomed the
Union Government's decision to form Andhra State from October 1953.
Capital issue :
• Members of the Madras Legislative Assembly elected from Andhra met in 1953 June under
Prakasam. It was suggested that the capital of Andhra state should be established in
Chittoor
- N.G. Ranga (Krishik Lokparty, Praja-Socialist Party)
• Puchalapalli Sundarayya (Communists) who stated that the capital of Andhra state should
be established in Vijayawada or Guntur.
 • 79 people voted in favor of Kurnool and 63 in favor of Vijayawada for capital.
• Prakasam panthulu did not vote. Another 6 members did not attend the voting.
• After a long discussion the members approved Kurnool as capital by a majority of 26 votes.
• Following the Sri Bagh Agreement, Kurnool became the capital and Guntur to have
High Court of state of Andhra.
• The Bill for the formation of Andhra State was introduced in the Parliament on 10 Aug 1953.
• Andhra State was formed with total 11 districts. (Andhra-7, Rayalaseema-4 districts)
1) Srikakulam 2. West Godavari 3. Vizag 4 .Chittoor 5. Anantapur 6. East Godavari 7. Guntur
8. Kurnool 9. Nellore 10. Kadapa 11. Krishna
• Rayadurgam from erstwhile Bellary was merged into Anantapur district ; Adhoni and
Aluru taluks were merged into Kurnool.
• The Andhra State Bill was approved by the Madras Legislative Assembly, Lok Sabha
,Rajya Sabha and was approved by the President of India on 14 September 1953.
• On 1 October 1953, Nehru inaugurated Andhra State with Kurnool as its capital.
• Andhra State was the first linguistic state formed after Independence.

• First CM – Prakasam panthulu ; First Deputy CM – Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy

• First Governor – [Link] ; First speaker – [Link]
• First Chief Justice - Koka Subbarao
• 1 October 1953 to 15 November 1954 : Tanguturi Prakasam as CM
• 16 November 1954 to 27 March 1955 : President’s rule
• 28 March 1955 to 31 Oct 1956 : Bejawada Gopal Reddy as CM

LEADERS OF ANDHRA MOVEMENT

TANGUTURI PRAKASAM PANTULU (1869-1957):

• Title : Andhrakesari ; Magazines : Swarajya Patrika, Gram Swarajya Weekly , Law times .
• Books: Monetary Systems of the World , Indian Monetary Systems , Naa Jeevita Yatra .
• Established political parties: Kisan Mazur Praja Party , Praja Socialist Party .
• In 1920, upon Gandhi's call, he gave up his legal profession during the NCM.
• In 1928 he participated in 'Simon Commission' Go Back movement in Madras at the call
of Kashinathuni Nageswara Rao. This movement earned him the title of ‘Andhra Kesari’.
• He Led the Salt Satyagraha in Madras.
• In 1946, Panthulu became the Chief Minister of Madras State.
• Wrote the book ‘Chenna nagaramu Andhra nagarame’ .
• Wrote his autobiography 'Na jeevita Yatra' while in jail.
• On October 1, 1953, Prakasam Pantulu served as the first Chief Minister of Andhra State.
• 1954-Establishment of Sri Venkateswara University.
• Ayyaradevara on Prakasam:Prakasam can even fight with Air.
• Pattabhi on Prakasham:Whereever troubles prevail,there lands Prakasham.
KONDA VENKATAPPAYYA (1866-1949):
• Title: Desha Bhakta , Andhra Pithamaha ; News paper – Krishna patrika .
• His writings :: Androdynam ; Sri Venkateswara Sevanandalahari ; Dutch Republic ;
Srusti vicharamu ; Brahmavicharamu ; Autobiography.
• When CR Das resigned as AICC President in 1923,Venkatappayya worked as President
of AICC for rest of the term.
• Worked as ‘Andhra dictator’ in 1930 during Salt Satyagraha in breaking laws

NYAPATI SUBBARAO :
• Hailed as ‘Andhra Bheesma’. One of the founding member of ‘The Hindu’ .
• Reinstated Chintamani paper (Veeresalingam worked as Editor for this paper) .

PATTABHI SITARAMAYYA(1880-1959):
• His Journals : Janma Bhoomi, Native People's Co-operative Journal, Indian Republic.
• His books : Jaatiya Congress , Neta Parishrama , Gandhi and Gandhism, Feathers
and Stones(his daily activities in jail when he was arrested during Quit India
Movement).
• Established Institutions : Andhra Bank ; Krishna District Cooperative Bank ; Andhra
Insurance Company ; Bharat Lakshmi Bank ; Hindustan Ideal Insurance company .
• Fought for INC presidentship (Gandhi suggested) in 1938 with Bose but lost.
• In 1948 he became a member of the Linguistic State Reconstruction Committee (JVP).
• After independence, in 1948, he was elected as the president of the Jaipur Congress.
• Served as Governor of Madhya Pradesh between 1952-1956.

DURGABHAI DESHMUKH (1909-1981):

• Title : Andhra mahila ; Magazines: Andhra Mahila.
• Started “Andhra Mahila Sabha” in 1939 at Madras. It was established in 1968 at Hyderabad.

UNNA LAKSHMINARAYANA(1873-1958):
• His books : Malapalli, Budabukkala Joshyam, Bhava Tarangalu .
• Institutions established: 'Sharadaniketanam' (1922) was established in Guntur for
women Education ; Youngmen's Literary Association , Guntur Widow Asylum .
• In 1913,along with Jonnavithula Gurunatham he potrayed Andhra Map for the first time.
• Worked as secretary for [Link]’s Akhila Bharat Khilafat Swaraj party .

CUTTAMANCHI RAMALINGA REDDY ([Link])

• Title : Aadunika Andhra Vimarsa Pitamaha, Kalaprapurna .
• In 1917 in Mysore, he established an organization called "Prajamitra Mandali" for
the welfare of ‘non-Brahmins’. Inspired by Justice party.
• The first VC of ‘Andhra University’( was established in April 1926). First this university
was established Vijayawada. Later moved to Visakhapatnam.
• Wrote a critical treatise on 'Kalapurnodayam'. “Musalamma maranam" at the age of 19.
• Other Works: Panchami, Vyasa manjari, Nava yamini, Artha shastram, Drama of the East
and west, Switches of University Reforms, Congress in Office, Democracy in Contemporary.
GADICHERLA HARI SARVOTAMA RAO (1883-1960):
• Title : Andhra Tilak ; Andhra lo rajakeeyaniki moola purushudu
• He hailed from Simhadri Puram(Kadapa).
• Texts : History of Abraham Lincoln, Neethi Dharmam, Poura Vidhya, Vayojana Vidya,
Vote, Spiritual Swadeshi Nationalism, Sri Rama Charitra.
• Participated in Vande Mataram movement of 1907 ; worked as editor of Swarajya magazine.
--Wrote a journal ‘Cruel Foreign Tiger’ for which he was jailed 3 years by the British in 1908.
• In 1916, he was elected as the secretary of the "Andhra Home Rule" movement.
• Played a key role in formation of Hindustani Sevadal of 1924 in Kakinda.
• Started newspaper ‘Soundarya valli’ to speak on Women issues.
• Gandhi said ‘The brave Sarvottama Rao’ when he criticised Gandhi.

KASHINATHUNI NAGESWARA RAO (1867-1938):

• Titles : Desoddharaka , Vishwadatha (by Gandhiji), Kala Prapurna
• Establishment of 'Amritanjanam' Company in 1893.
• On 29 September 1908, a magazine called "Andhra Patrika" was established.
• In 1924, he established a magazine called 'Bharati'.
• 'Sribagh' is his residential building in Madras. A meeting was held here in 1937 between
the people of Andhra and Rayalaseema region. This is known as Sri Bagh Pact.

BULUSU SAMBAMURTHY
• Titles : Maharshi ; Organization : Andhra State Sampoorna Swaraj League
• Participated in Salt Satyagraha and was jailed .
• Potti Sriramulu held his fast to death in the house of Bulusu Sambamurthy for the
formation of separate Andhra movement .

TRIPURANENI RAMASWAMY CHAUDHARY (1887-1943):

• Title : Kaviraja.
• Works : Suta Puranam, Bhagavad Gita, Gopalaraya Satakam, Kuppuswamy satakam ,
Doorta Maanava satakam, Kaviraja satakalu.
• Plays : Kurukshetra Sangramam, Shambuka vadha, Kooni, Rana Pratap,
Karampudi Kathanam.
• Known as the "Founder of the Rational Age". Said Bharatam, Bhagavatas are not sacred
texts and were written to keep the Shudras in servitude.
• Opposed animal sacrifices which happen in the name of Thirunallu and Jatara.
• His song ‘Puladandalu Bhakti..’ was written in the context of Salt Satyagraha movement.

‘SARDAR’ GOUTU LACHANNA :

• Played a major role in the formation of the Krishikaar Lok Party (By Gogineni Ganga) .
• Acted as Leader of Opposition in Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly in 1978.
KALA VENKATARAO :
• Worked as General Secretary of Andhra Rashtra Congress ( 1940 - 46.)
• Also served as Revenue Minister in Madras State Government.
• Served as General Secretary of All India Congress between 1949-51.

TENETI VISHWANADHAM : Books : Navajeevanam , Kula varinthalu , Tatva masi

AIYARADEVARA KALESWARA RAO :

• Ayyadevara Kaleswara Rao played a prominent role in the establishment of the
'Vignana Chandrika Granthamandali' in the Granthalayodyam.
• In Vijayawada Mahasabha 1919, Gandhiji's lectures were translated into Telugu by him.
• He led the anti-Simon Commission movement in Vijayawada.
• Visalandhra Mahasabha was formed in Vijayawada in 1949 under his leadership.
• Worked as Speaker of the first Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh State.
His Books: Naa Jeevita Katha, History of the French Revolution, Egypt, USA,
Chinese.

KALLURI SUBBARAO :
• One members of the Constituent Assembly. Britishers described him as ‘Congress Lion’.
• Member of Harijan Sevak community. He was awarded the Padma Shri in 1967.
• Worked as editor for ‘Lokamanya’ paper.

CHANDRA RAJESWARA RAO (1914-1994):

• In 1942 Led peasant struggles against Charlapalli Zamindar (in Krishna district).
• In 1943, he was elected as the Secretary of Andhra State Communist Party.
• Recipient of 'Lenin' Award in 1974.
• In the year 1944-45, as a part of drought relief, the Krishna canals lo Poodikalu teeyinchadu.

TAPI DHARMARAO :
• Title: Andhra Visarada
• Works : New Pali , old Pali, Why are the idols on the temples?, Raalu – Rappalu,
Antecedents of marriage and its birth, Inupa Kacchadalu .
• His Journals : Janavani , Praja tantra , Kagada Revolution, Naa Jeevitam – Navyandram.

SARVEPALLI RADHAKRISHNAN :
• Titles : Sir, Bharat Ratna
• Books : Indian Philosophy, Hindu view of Life, Naa Satyasodhana.
• Served as Vice President between 1952-62. And as President between 1962-67.
ROLE OF NEWSPAPERS IN ANDHRA MOVEMENT
• Charles Philip Brown mentions in his dictionary that Telugu newspapers existed in
Andhra region as early as 1836. Jonnavittula Gurunatham is a member of Young Men's
Literary Association (Guntur). He wrote many articles on the upliftment of Telugu people
in the Hindu magazine and succeeded in influencing people. Telugu newspapers
supported the Andhra movement and worked hard to spread the national movement.
Newspapers like Andhra Patrika, Krishna Patrika, Desabhimaani, Deshamata, Darbaru etc.
supported the separate Andhra movement.
The Hindu Magazine:
• Jonnavittula Gurunatham wrote many articles on the backwardness of the Telugu
people and contributed to the concept of Andhrodyam. Published 6 consecutive articles
in this journal in 1911 in this about the backwardness of Telugus.
• On 15 April 1911 he wrote an article entitled 'Are Telugus backward?’.
• A letter titled 'Vishwamitra' was published in the Hindu on 29th August 1912 suggesting
that if Andhra State is formed, where would the qualified officers come from to work in that
state, they should stay in a big state like Madras.
Krishna Journal (1902)
• Place - Machilipatnam ; Editors: Konda Venkatappayya , Dasu Narayana Rao
• Konda Venkatappayya played a key role in the formation of the Andhra Maha Sabha.
• In the context of the separate Andhra Rashtra resolution, even though Rayalaseema-
Nellore leaders opposed it, he worked hard to win that resolution.
• About Montagu Chelmsford's reforms - kondanu tavvi yelukanu tetcharu.
• 'The cry of Mother India' was published by the magazine – Krishnapatrika.
Andhra Kesari (1904)
• Founder – Chilukuri Veerabhadra Rao ; Title – Charitra chutharasana
• This magazine wrote in its editorial that it was duty of the English rulers to unite the
Telugu people and establish a separate state for them with a Governor and a Legislative
council.
Gosht i Magazine
• On March 24, 1936 (Ugadi day) Goshti Patrika issued a separate Andhra map separating
the Telangana Andhras. Editor – [Link]
Deshabhimani (1887)
• Editor - Devagupta Seshachalapathy Rao ; Only daily newspaper published in British Andhra.
• On February 4, 1910, this journal first expressed the need for a political conference
to discuss the sufferings and problems of the Andhras in the Madras United State.
• In December 1911, when King George V of England came to Delhi as part of his visit to
India, the Desabhimani magazine published a supplement in English to celebrate the
coronation program and expressed its support for a separate Andhra state.
• The magazines that gave great publicity to Andhrodyam were influenced by Seshagiri
Rao's articles - Krishna Patrika, Andhra Patrika, Andhra Kesari.
Swadeshi Mitran
• Editor : Rajaramaniyam
• Supported that the Education should be done in mother tongue in all the secondary schools.
 Andhra Patrika (1908)
• Founded by : Kashinathuni Nageswara Rao In Mumbai(later shifted to madras) .
• Nageswara Rao thought that the Andhra word should be popularized and named
the magazine Andhra Patrika and the publishing house Andhra Granthamala.
• Nageswara Rao published 'Ugadi Sanchika' since 1910 for Andhra Rashtra Sadhana .

LIBRARY MOVEMENT
Libraries Before 1900
• Government libraries were non-existent before 1900.
• East India Company employees and Christian missionaries encouraged the establishment
of libraries. One such library is the Chennai Port Library.
In 1662 : Captain William Whitefield, an employee of the East India Company, established a
library in Chennai for his colleagues. The name of this library is St George's Library, Madras.
• In 1839 : an officer named James Thomas established a library in Rajahmundry.
• Guntur Theosophical Library was established in 1850.
• In 1886 : Adinarayana Murthy, a school teacher in Visakhapatnam, established a library
at Pulivendula without any English influence. It is known as Saraswati Library. This is the
first modern library in Andhra.
• Other Libraries include : Simhachalapati Library – Vizianagaram ; C.V. Library – Ongole ;
Veeresalingam Library (1900) – Rajahmundry ; Srikrishna Devarayandhra Bhasha
Nilayam (1901) – Hyderabad ; Youngmen's Literary Association – Guntur.
• Father of Library Movement in Andhra – Ayyanki Venkata Ramanaiah
• Granthalayodhyam started to eliminate social evils, illiteracy and poverty.
Spread of the movement
• Daily newspapers strengthened the librarian movement .
• Educated people toured the entire Andhra country and awakened the people.
Their influence on Andhra Desha was immense.
• During this time Maharaja Shivaji, Rao Gaikwad of Baroda invited the American
librarian Board and established a library institution on behalf of the government.
• As a result, libraries have sprung up at the state, district, town and village levels and
this organization has attracted the attention of all across the country.
• In 1910, the local government started a library movement in Baroda. The movement
collapsed when government aid stopped. But in Andhra Pradesh, because it is a
movement started by the people, people still discussed about it.
• In 1911, Ayanki Venkata Ramanaiah joined as the secretary of Ramamohan Charitable
Library in Vijayawada and there foundation of Andhra Granthalayayodyam was laid. This
library is the center of Andhra region.
• In the beginning, the activities of the movement were conducted in
Ramamohana Granthalayam Kendra (Central Library).
• 125 libraries were started in Andhradesa by 1913 during the period of Granthalayayodyam.
 Formation of ANDHRA DESHA LIBRARY ASSOCIATION (ADLA):
• On the appeal of Ayyanki Venkataramaniah, a meeting was held on April 10, 1913 under
the auspices of the Ramamohan Charitable Library in Vijayawada.
• These meetings were chaired by Chilakamarthi Lakshmi Narasimha. Chilakamarthi's speech
at the end of his presidential address- "Air is free for all. Water is free for all and
Knowledge also should be free for all".
• 1914 Conference held at Vijayawada formed Andhra Pradesh Library Association (ADLA).
• First President of Andhra Desha Library Association (ADLA)- Mocharla Ramachandra rao.
Methods of Promotion
• After the establishment of the society, activities were started for the promotion of
library movement. Movement leaders and activists used to visit villages and give
speeches.
• The expenses of this first training center were borne by Tanguturi Prakasam Pantulu.
• Hundreds of libraries have been established by youth in rural areas. They used to
sing inspirational national anthems instilling patriotism.
• Andhra Desha Library Association (ADLA) organized Vasavi School for librarians in 1934.
32 students completed the training.
• Another program undertaken by Ayyanki Venkataramaniah for public awareness
was Granthalaya Tirtha Yatralu. Each pilgrimage group consisted of about 12
members.
Libraries that were closed have been rehabilitated. Where there were no libraries,
awareness arose and new libraries were opened.
• A.D.L. A. started a Telugu magazine called "Granthalaya Sarvasvam" in 1915.
• Due to some unavoidable reasons, this magazine was closed down which was later
opened in 1948 under the name Andhra Granthalayam.
• Yathagiri Lakshmi Venkataramana of Kakinada ran a Telugu magazine “Dharma Granthalaya".
Boat Yatra
• 1918 Aiyaradevara Kaleswara Rao undertook a boat trip for the expansion of libraries in w.g.
• Paathuri Nagabhushanam undertook it in Guntur district.
• Magazines that encouraged this campaign : Andhra Patrika, Granthalaya Sarvaswa Patrika.
• Ranga Venkateswarlu and Velaga Venkatappayya founded Sarada Library in a cowshed.
• Konda Venkatappayya moved a resolution in the Madras Legislative Assembly with the
idea of getting help for libraries from the government.
• 20,000 rupees have been allotted by the Government of Madras for libraries.
However, some conditions have been set for their approval.
o Only libraries registered by paying a fee of Rs 50 are eligible for the grant.
o Only those libraries that can spend the money equivalent to the money given
by the government as a grant will get the grant.
o Libraries should buy books approved by the government.
o These libraries are inspected by Education Officers. Everyone should have access
to libraries irrespective of caste and religion.
• Many public libraries do not met these conditions. As a result, the public Libraries have
not been able to get grants as expected.
• ADLA obtains govt. publications free of charge and Gandhian literature at subsidized rates.
 • Putumbaka Sitaramaiah and his friends organized "Aryabala Samaj Granthalayam"
at Pedapalem in Guntur district. It was developed as Sewashram Vani Mandir in
1930.
• Many people became literate due to library movement. Especially women are living a
happy life by reading Bharata and Bhagavata.

FOLK ARTS AND CULTURES

• Andhra is like the birthplace of folk art. World Folklore day – Aug.22
• The century between 1857-1956 was a great juncture for dance in Andhra region. New
ones emerged in some traditions during that period and some traditions gradually
disappeared.
• Jaanapadam means village or the village where people live.
• First South Indian to write Jaanapada Vignana Siddantam – Biruduraju
Ramaraju. KURAVANJI :
• Dances by playing flute , damarukam in Kundalaakaaram .
• Andhras learned to take steps in the field of art through Kuravanji or Koravanji.
• Chenchus , Koyas and Kuravas living in the forests dances in this form.
• They perform at shrines like Srisailam, Tirupati, Simhachalam. They are
Shaivites. YAKSHAGANAM:
• The most ancient folk art form ‘Jakku sabdam’ became Yaksha and the
performance performed by the Jakkulas got the name Yakshaganam.
• Kudipudi Siddendrayogi, Bagavatula Dasharadharamaiah, Lepakshi, Vemanapalli
and Tadipatri Melas have given considerable publicity to Yakshagana.
• Palkurki Somanatha mentions in his Panditaradhya Charitra that Yakshaganas flourished
in the southern part of the country.
• 400 Yakshaganas still exist on palm leaves in Thanjavur Saraswati Mahal.
• Sankeerta Lakshanam book written by Annamacharya has many
Yakshaganas. PUPPETRY :
• Colored puppets are made of thin leather and cast behind a white screen under the light
of the castoroil lamps. The puppeteers follow the movements of these puppets and recite
songs, poems and words from behind the curtain.
• Moving heads is also a distinctive feature of our country's puppets. Mythological
and humorous stories along with elements of social welfare will be displayed.
• Puppet play entertains the people as a collective art due to the combination of art,
play, literature, vocal music and instrumental music.
• Tolubommalata is an art form with the folk characters of juttupoligadu , Ketigadu
and Bangarakka.
• These puppets are made and displayed in Nimmala Kunta in Anantapur
district. PAGATI VESHAMULU:
• Pagati veshagallu used to perform during daytime in the streets. They used to expose
the superstitions, extortionists and bribers of the community in a humorous way.
KURAVA DANCE :
• This dance popular in East Godavari district is similar to Raasaleela.
• Eight men dress up as Krishna and eight women dress up as gopikas.
• Two others stand in the middle dressed as Radhakrishna.
KOLATAM
• Kolatam is the art of song, dance to the rhythm of music.
• One of the variations of Kolata dance is "Kolata Gaudiyala". There are many Kolata kirtans
in Annamayya's kirtans.
• Eight or twelve people participate in Kolatam. Melanayakudu (Guru) is called Pennudi.
• Instruments used in Kolatam – Gajjalu , Kopulu (Sticks)
. MERUVANI DANCE : Famous in Rayalaseema
ALAVU TOKKADAM : Agni Gundam tokkadam in Muharram month
KADGALU
• The swords are called Veerabhadra swords, Chaudamma swords, for the poems they
read on their ilavelpu while holding a sword while carrying Veerabhadra Pellaram in the
fair.
• The Komatas worship Vasavi Kanyaka Parameshwari ; the Kamsals worship Kali, the
Salevas worship Chaudeshwari and the Kurubas worship Veerabhadra.
• In Guntur district , Kotappakonda etc. they are also called Ghatakas
. KANAKA TAPPETLU
• The drum instrument is called Kanaka Tappetlu in Rayalaseema. These are usually used
for fairs, weddings. They go round with drums, sing songs and dance rhythmically.
HARIKATHAS
• A single person amuses the people by performing various types of art while singing
aloud, narrating the story in a dramatic manner, playing the rhythm with Chidatalu, and
dancing rhythmically. Harikatha has a unique feature that can keep the audience
mesmerized for
three hours at a time. Sri Ajjada and Adibatla Narayanadasu were the fathers of Harikatha.
BAAGAVATULU
• They sing the story of Ramdas while holding a big Jaganta in their hands and tying their
legs with Gajjalu and Chidatalu in hands. Dances around a pillar with idols of Sitarama
Lakshmana .It is mostly performed by Yadavs.
• They mostly perform Krishna Lilas and Krishna Bhagavatam. Yadava Bhagavatas dance
is popular in some districts of Rayalaseema.
BURRAKATHA
• Burrakatha is an art form of chorus. In Burrakatha, the narrator stands in the middle
and chants Tandana Tana several times while continuing the story.
• Able to tell tragic stories as well as heroic stories passionately.
• There is not much difference between Burrakatha and Jamukula's story. In this too,
the storyteller is twofold. Instead of Gummetala in Burrakatha, here in Jamukula's
story Kanyakatha is prominent. It is known from history that the stories of
Kakathamma,
Bathukamma and Boddemma were told during the time of Kakatiyas to inspire devotion.
• Nasser, Nittala Brothers, Bhadrakali made Burrakatha popular in the world.
CHEKKA BAJANA
• They hold the stambhas of God and perform bhajans with devotion.
• Groups of about 20 people sing songs, perform facial expressions, and dance with
anklets tied to their legs and clapping the sticks.
RELA DANCE
• This is called Relaata . The women of the Koya tribe play this Relaata.
• It is a traditional tribal
dance. SAADANA SURULU
• In Andhra Desh, they lead a nomadic life, dances in praise of Padma Shalis.
• This show is about magic.
• Performances are held during daylight hours. This can be considered as Pagati
vesham. DHIMSA DANCE
• This dance is a tribal dance performed by the Valmikis , Bugatas, Kotias and khonds of
Araku Valley in Visakha District.
• Tundi, mori, kiridi, tudumu and dappu instruments are played in this
dance. SIDDHI DANCE
• This is a sword dance. On wedding occasions, they wear colorful lungis and dance
with daggers tied around their waists and swords in their hands.
• They are formed in a semi-circle and display various sword fighting styles. Finally, swords
are tied to the tongue and dances flying upwards.
PEACOCK DANCE : Konds in Visakha and Srikakulam district.
GARAGALU
• A dance performed in Goddess Navratras and Ammavari fairs wearing Panchama
Sirasula Nagu and holding a pot on head.
VEERULA KOLUVU
• A worship dance commemorating those who died in the war of palnadu, is held every
year in Karempudi, Macherla and Gujarala.
VEEDI NAATAKALU
• Aayu Pattu started this. All the characters in it introduce themselves on stage
• Kuchipudi Bhagavats were the ones who popularized street dramas the most. It is an
ideal form of Evangelism.
• Lepakshi Krishna play written by Shirshnada Venkataraya Kavi is famous among these.
• The Kridabi Ramam performed during the Kakatiya period was also a street
play. KEELU GURRALAATA
• Keelu horse is made by mixing broken bamboo, fenugreek and paper.
• The roles of queen and king are played and the horses turn and dance in the
center according to the tappet. Men and women participate in this
GANTE BAAGAVATULU
• A dance performed by placing an oil lamp in a ladle (garite) and holding it in the hand.
URUMULU : This dance form is found in Anantapur district.
GORAVAYYALU : Performed in Srisailam Mallanna, Kurnool District Gattu Mallanna festivals.
PULI VESHAM : Folk performances performed during Dussehra and Moharram festivals.
KAPPALA KAAVADI : Kappala Kavadi is one of the rituals performed for rain god in Rayalaseema.
JATTI JAAMU
• Jattijamu is a seasonal art , performed in Chaitra, Vaisakha, Kartika, Margasira.
• Similar to Kolatam, Gubbi aata.
BAYAL AATA : Like street drama, popular in Karnataka, Rayalaseema.
BAALA SANTHU VAARU - They used to ring the bell in the morning and tell fortunes.
JANGAMA KATHALU
• Jangam stories, which were once used so much for patriotism and religious propaganda,
are now used to fill their stomach
• Jangam stories are the predecessor of today's Burrakathas. These are known as
Tandana Katha, Tambura Katha, Marathi Katha, Dakku Katha and Burrakatha.

Vyashti Dances : The dance performed by single person is called Vyashti dance.
1. Namala Singhani Dance:
• The dance was popularized after the name of Namala Singhadu, a highway robber ,
govt arrested Singani and executed him.
• After Singani's death, all the villages affected by Singani held a fair. Thus Singani dance
came to light on the name of Singani.
2. Jyoti Dance:
• Weaver clans, Togata clans, Padmasali house deity Chaudamma.
• Chaudamma Jatra is performed with Jyoti nrutyam .
• It is important to prepare a jyothi outside the village and lift it on one's scalp with
devotion and walk around the village taking various steps to come near the Chaudamma
temple.
• At the time of arrival, many people in the crowd sing songs with clapping of hands
and cymbals and Jyoti dances in the middle of them.
• Sacrifices are slaughtered and raktadarpanam is performed. Along with Jyoti, Bonam is
also offered to Goddess. The same is called Jyotula bonalu.

FOLK ARTISTS
PITCHAKUNTALA PEOPLE
• With a sword in one hand, a drum in the other hand, and wearing a turba and
jewellery their performances are full of romance, heroism and compassion.
• They narrate the stories of hero Katamaraju, Kadga Tikkana etc.
• They live by begging Reddys, Yadavs and
Kammas. BINDLA PEOPLE
• Those who entertain Shaivites are called Bindlas.
• Stories are told during auspicious and inauspicious times.
JAMUKULA PEOPLE
• They are all over Andhra. Very popular in Krishna and Guntur districts of Uttarandhra.
• Ellaku, Pochamma, Ankamma sing the historical stories of Sarangadhara very beautifully.
• Jamadika is the main instrument.
VEERAMUSTI PEOPLE
• They have the names Veerabhata and Bhadrapada. Their instruments are Jeganta, Tappeta.
• They survive by begging from Jangamas and Komatis.
• They are much loved by the Komatis bcoz they sing songs about Sri Kanyaka Parameshwari.
BAVANEELU
• They are called Bindlavaru. Also known as Pambala.
• Jamidika, Bawanikas and Pambalu are their musical
instruments. OGGU PEOPLE
• Famous among the Yadava Bhikshuka singers are the oggus, more recently
• Known as the Birappas. Midderamulu, who passed away recently, was a famous
artist. DAASARI PEOPLE
• Sub-castes of these are: Bhagavata Dasari, Bukkadasari, Chinadasari, pogadasari,
Dande Dasari, Maladasari .
• They live by begging and going from place to place with chants of Vishnu. Their descent
is from Visakhapatnam, Palnadu and Vizianagaram areas.
• Sings the stories of Balanagamma, Chinnamma and
Kakamma. BUDIGA JANGAS
• They go around singing Bhagavatis.

JAANAPADA ARTS AND SINGERS

1. Story of Katamaraja – Kommula varu 7. Mandatha Katha – Bavanilu
2. Story of Mother Goddess – Bavanilu 8. Story of Sarvaipapanna – Saradakandru
3. Mallanna Katha – Beerappalu 9. Story of Sadasivareddy - Saradakandru
4. Story of Pochamma – Bavanilu 10. The story of Kanyaka Parameshwari – Veeramustis
5. Story of Polamma – Bavanilu 11. Stories of Reddys and kapus – Pitchikuntlas
6. Story of Yellamma – Bavanilu 12. Stories about settys – Pambas

ARTISTS AND INSTRUMENTS MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS AND TYPES

1. Sharada Kandru – Saraswati, Kinnera 1. String instrument – Ekatara , Tambura
2. Bavanilu – Jamadika 2. Skin instrument – Dappu , Dolu
3. Budabukkalas – Damarukam 3. Sushira instrument – Boora,Pillanagrovi,Sannai
4. Kommulavaru – Srungam 4. Bronze instrument - Taalam
5. Birappas – Dappu (oggu) 5. War instrument - Dundubhi (big drum)
6. Veeramushti – Tappeta, Jeganta 6. Musical instrument - Veena, nadasvaram
7. Street singers – Tamboora 7. Rhythm instrument - mrudangam
TRIBAL CULTRES
• In 1950, the GoI considered 371 indigenous tribes as Scheduled tribes.
• Adivasi Cultural Research and Training Institute in Hyderabad is concerned with Aboriginals.
• Andhra Pradesh has 33 tribal tribes.
• Author of ‘Adima jatulu Grantha in Andhra Pradesh’ – [Link]
• Christaph Mondars published a book in 1945 called 'The Chenchoos of Hyderabad - The
Reddys of Bison Hills' which greatly contributed to the study of tribals in Andhra
Pradesh.

BANJARAS
• This tribal tribe is also known as Lambadis, Sugalis and Banjaras by different names.
They don’t live at a single place like many other tribal communities.
Social Life :
• Banjaras were traders in medieval times.
• With colonial rule they lost their existence and depended on new occupations.
• Banjaras have six clans – [Link] [Link] [Link] [Link] [Link] [Link] (Tamburi).
• Today the Banjaras come under 3 main divisions Madhuriya , Labhan , Charan .
• Their main occupation is agriculture and animal husbandry. They live in Tanda .
• Tribal system is strong among Banjaras, the person who leads the Tanda is called Nayak.
• The post of Naik is hereditary , Each Tanda has a priest.
• Tanda is named after the chief leader. People think he has superpowers.
Women :
• Garments worn by women are Ghagra (or) Petiya .
• They worship Nagarasi, Asvari, Bhogarasi and Pibbari deities.
• Each of these deities is associated with their own lineage.
• Along with their village deities Mariamma and Durgamma .
• Women have equal participation with men in social affairs.
• They also have some priority in the Panch (5) Elders Sabha.
• The main festivals celebrated by them are Teej festival, Sheethala festival, Diwali, Holi.
Teej Festival
• It falls in the month of Shravana.
• Monsoons wet the dry lands. It is called the festival of regeneration.
• Teej festivals are held for nine days by Banjaras girls.
Sheetala Panduga
• Celebrated in Ashadamasam. It is called the festival of sacrifices.
• Sheetala Mata means mother who protects from measles .
Holi
• Another festival celebrated by the Lambadis is the festival of Holi. Zarif Dhund is the
main festival for boys born that year. This Holi is celebrated with jojyra dances.
• In these celebrations the Banjaras sing songs in praise of the gods Rama,
Lakshmana, Hanuman, Shiva and Parvati.
Diwali
• Banjaras call Diwali as "Kalimas".
• They worship Dhanalakshmi with love and care.
Dance and Music :
• Single dances, all the women join in a circle with their hands behind each other's backs
and perform various steps.
• Musical instruments: Drum, brass plate, taalalu , kanjara, tabla, jammaras.

CHENCHUS
• It can be said that those who live under the tree are the chenchus according to ecology.
• The Chenchus, a hill tribe, traditionally lived in the Nallamalla hills.
• They believe that they have existed since ancient times.
• Their ancestors are called Aadi Chenchulu.
• According to the Puranas, their origin is said to be the marriage of the god Ahobilam
and Chenchita (a girl of the Chenchus).
• The Chenchus are semi-nomadic, mentioned in Manusmriti.
• Subspecies of Chenchus : Koya Chenchus, Konda Chenchus, Chenchu dasarulu,
Yanadi Chenchus , Ura Chenchus .
Social System :
• Chenchus marry within their tribe , no marriages within the same clan.
• There are no significant differences in lineage status among them.
• In every village there is system of three marriage officials namely Raju (from Bhumani
clan), Mantri (from Kumalula clan) and Kolagadu (Daasari or Utthaluri).
• Chenchus has a unilateral descent from a single ancestor. Chenchu society is patriarchal.
Religion :
• Chenchus practice mantras with the help of some experts to control the evils.
• Chenchus are Shaivites and Vaishnavites who worship Mallikharjuna Swamy in Srisailam
and Narasimha Swamy in Ahobilam. They believe that wives of these gods are Chenchu
women.
• Akashamma, Bhumamma and Ammatalli are the main deities of Chenchus.
• It is the belief of the Kondajati Chenchus that Akashadeva is the supreme deity of all deities.
Cultural Life :
• Dance is the oldest of their arts. Dance is the medium of expression of all things.
• Dance traditions are classified into the following categories:
o Hunting dances or imitation dances of nomadic animals.
o Rituals, magic, spells, ecstatic dances.
o Dances revolving around agricultural festivals, seasons.
o Devotional dances - Chenchita dance ( both men and women) , Kondamutchu
aata (in which the men clench their fists and shoulder ; They bend their
knees and dance like the bells) [women cannot participate]
• Tappets are used in dances. Bamboo flutes are decorated with various bells and designs.
• Nagaswara is made with bottle gourd. A guitar-like kinnera is played.
GONDS
• Got that names from Gondwana Gonds who lived in madhya yugam (People who
researched on Gond people : Purer Hyman Dorff , Sethu Madhava Rao , Urmila Pingle) .
• The ancestors of the Gonds were nurtured by Goddess Parvati, while her husband
Sri Sambhu Mahadeva imprisoned them in a cave. Pahandikapar Lingal, a cultural
hero,
eventually frees the Gonds with the help of a deity named "Jangubai", who sympathizes
with the Gonds.
• Gondi is the language of the Gonds ; Occupation – Agriculture, Animal husbandry.
• Every group of ten to twenty villages has inter-gram mandals to settle disputes
between villages. These settle disputes between villages and are called Rayasabhas.
• Raya Panchayat, Gond Traditional Tribal Council Mandals are chaired by 'Mukhiya'.
Religion :
• God is called 'Pen' in Gond language.
• Important festivals and pujas are performed in the months of Bhave (April-May) and
Pus (December-January) to honor the deities.
• They worship village deities (Akipen). Their worship is associated with the legends
of Pahandi Kapar Lingal, an ancient caste deity and cultural hero.
• These are the worshiped deities : Aki Pen – Village Goddess, Nath Aval – gramantalli, Gauri
Pen- Tiger Goddess, Shiva Aval (or) Dasuri Aval – Mother goddess, Polam Rajul – Goddess
of hills and forests
• The first ripe crops, vegetables and fruits are not eaten without offering them to the
village deities. It is called Novan.
• Gonds perform 'Dom Dari' dance during Diwali festival.
Arts and Professions :
• The Gonds have a tradition of many great artistic skills such as tattooing on the
body, making mugs, making pots, making musical instruments and weaving baskets.
• They follows panchangam. Panchangakartas are called Paradhanas
• Paradhanas visit their patrons twice a year and receive a fixed sum of money from them.
• Every Gond family has a Paradhana poet who belongs to the same tribe and clan.
• Paradhans sing about the genealogical history of their patrons.
• Another tribe found in the Gond region is Thoti . Gondi – thoti relationship is like
a employer-employee relationship.

KOLAMS
• Kolams call themselves Kolavars (Kola = bamboo). Their occupation is weaving baskets.
• Telugu people call them Munneru varlu .
• Their ancestors were the priests of the Gonds and hence the Gonds call them priests.
• Before establishing a residence they erect a stone in the name of the village deity
called "Nadiyamma or Barriavva".
• They draw lines in 4 directions of the village by chanting. This line is called Polakamma line.
 • Kolams are divided into 4 types:
o Seven Dayal Kher (Group of 7 Gods/Powers)
o Aaru Dayal Kher (Group of 6 Gods/Powers)
o Five Dayal Kher (Group of 5 Gods/Powers)
o Nalidayal Kher (Group of 4 Gods/Powers)
• Dayal = divine power and kher = ancient village.
• The gotras of the Kolams are also similar to the Gondi system.
• At the time of their marriage, the bridegroom is presented with anklets/gajjes and
bracelets for the [Link] their marriage is called 'Kadiam Pelli'.
• The kolam family is not only a primary figure but also a means of transmission of
cultural heritage. Maila huts were built for pregnant women.
• All the people belonging to the Kolami Gotra being a group is called 'Saga'.
• Any man who sexually molests a kolami women will be forced to go in between in legs
(kalla kinda dooradam). It is a matter of great shame among the tribes.
• During the initiation of a Kolami child, the temple of Uramma, the village deity, is visited.
• Kolamis believe in reincarnation.
• The great god of these tribes is Bhima, calls Bhima as aiyyaka. Goddess Idumala, the wife
of Bhima, is also worshipped.
• They believe that if you keep an idol of Goddess Kusubha at home, you will get wealth.
• On the eighth day of the death of a Kolami person, the final death ceremony 'Moti
dadinapu Secher' is performed for that person.
• Kolamis manage their own caste panchayats.
Participants (Heriditary) in Kula Panchayats : Nayakan - Village headman ; Dayyalak - village
priest ; Mahajan - In charge of village group Dharmaka - One who prepares sacred offerings for
the deities.
Karobari - An assistant to the village headman, a constable who invites villagers to meetings
Gathiyar- He distributes the offering to all the villagers.
Cultural Life :
• The cultural life of Kolami can be seen in their dance and music. Men play the main role
in dances. Male dance is included in all the activities they do. Their dance floor is
decorated with flowers and leaves.
• A variety of muggulu are made at the stage with rice flour.
• All important crops like sorghum and sajjalu are harvested before Diwali. That's why
Diwali is called the ‘Festival of wealth’.
• Kolami songs are similar to Gondi songs.
KONDA REDDYS
• Among the tribes of Andhra Pradesh, many konda reddys are still in the ancient stage
of food gathering. They live in East Godavari and West Godavari districts.
• Kondareds claim themselves as Pandava reddys, Rajareddys and There were also
prohibition on traditional podu farming, cattle grazing in protected forests, cutting of wood
and
collection of forest products.
• This led to revolts – First Rebellion : 1802-03 led by Rambhupathi .
Second Rebellion : Dwara Bandala Chandraiah, Sambaiah, Tammanadora, Ambul .
Third Rebellion : 1920-24 led by Alluri Sitaramaraju .
Social Life :
• Their social system is related to the "Muttadar" system which is very popular in Rampa.
• The land remains as the personal property of the Muttadars and their tenants.
• The post of village head is hereditary. But that leader does not have any special privileges
or powers in that village. This village headman is called Peddakapu or patel in Godavari
region. In Chodavaram area is known as Munseef.
• Duties of Village Head : He conducts all the functions of the village as a priest.
• At the beginning of the agricultural work, during ceremonies sacrifices will be made by him.
• Anniversaries will be held. Gram Panchayat is called Guthi or Panchayat.
• All Kondareddys have the same family name (gotram).
• Kondareddys celebrate Gangamma festival all over Andhra Pradesh.
• People from the Jangam caste are appointed as Gurus , they conduct marriages also.
• In their marriage system the groom gives Ooli to the parents of the bride.
• Extra-marital relations and not marrying a woman are considered crimes.
Religion :
• Their most important festival is Mango festival (Gangadevi Panduga) .
• The first festival they celebrate with all the local people is the mango eating event.
• In the Godavari region, Mutyalamma is considered as the earth goddess.
• "Koota panduga" is done after the harvest. They are : Samakota, Pappukota,
Sorghum, Legumes, Korrakota.
• In Rampah region, harvesting of beans is celebrated as Sankranti festival.
• It is believed that Vejja (sorcerer)protects the villages from diseases and disasters.
Dance :
• These dance forms have not been stabilized, regularized and traditionally performed
on stage. These are not taught by any dance teacher.
• Various dances are performed during weddings and harvest festivals.
• The dance performed during harvesting is more common. Because in it the act of
reaping the crop by hand is seen.
• They dance to a musical instrument called dappu or tudumu. Both men and
women participate. But not paired. All dances are done at night.
• Three or four women gather at one place and start the dance holding mangoes in
their hands. They sing about harvesting of rice , sajjalu , podu farming.
KOYAS
• They mostly live in E.G district. They call themselves "koy thoor " in their
language.
• The Koyas call themselves Doralasattam (group of lords) and Puttadora (moola prabuvulu).
• The language spoken by Koyas is "Koyabhasha" which is called tree or wind language.
• The structure of Koya blood relationship similar to the gonds system.
• Human anatomists say that Koyas and Gonds are one and the same.
Social Life :
• Gutta Koyas or Raju Koyas live on the hills and Gommu Koyas live on the river banks.
• Guttakoyas and Gommu koyas are true koyas
• Pattali caste are traditional singers in Koya clan deities. Pattali and Koyas share
employee employer relationship. Main occupation - Agriculture
• The Koyas of the Mudugatta clan worship the tortoise and the Paradatta clan worship
the goat. So they don't eat meat of those animals.
• The "Adavidunna Nritya" performed by them at the time of marriage is very attractive.
• Koya society is governed by kula panchayat. Each koya village has a Patel with an
assistant called "Pinnapedda". Patel is head of a traditional caste panchayat. Ten and
twelve villages together are called "Samutha", This group is chaired by "Samutu Dora".
• Tamarind seeds are collected and dried and ambali is made, drinks alcohol.
• Their other profession is Josyam telling which is hereditary.
Religion :
• Koyas worship both compassionate deities and wrathful deities.
• There is a temple of Mutyalamma, the evil deity believed to be the cause of
smallpox (Pongu) in every koya village.
• They have animal sacrifice. Goats and bulls are sacrificed every 3 years to appease the gods.
• "Mamili" is another malevolent deity who is said to have offered human sacrifice to
this deity till the 19th century. Wild dogs are also worshipped.
• Koyas believe that they are descendants of Bhima who went hunting in the forest. There
he found his life partner. She is Hidimbi or Idamula Devi.
• Instead of human sacrifices they sacrifice a black monkey.
• Koyas also honor special objects with the name "Velpu". They are made of short lengths
of metal. Their other festivals are: Gangamma, Earth goddess, Katamayya festival.
• Sammakka Saralamma Jatara, the main fair of Koyas ,This fair is held every two years in
Medaram village in the month of February. Mango festival is held in February and
March.
• Vejja (magician) is considered to be the link between man and God.
Cultural Life :
• Circe dance is very common among all the tribes of Andhra Pradesh, The inner
circles consist of women and children. Koyas dance for peace.
• Men dance in front of palm trees. Dances are performed before drinking the kallu.
• Koyas are strongly associated with the Horn dance of the wild boar. This dance has
magical power. There is a life force that imitates cattle. Horn dance is performed on
wedding occasions, birth of children, Bhumi festival, Gangamma festival, Durgamma
festival.
 • Men wear a turban hat made with goat skin , with two horns while performing the
horn dance.
• Mauranath dance is performed mainly by men. It is similar to the peacock dance.
Peacock feather is an added attraction to this dance.

SAVARAS
• Texts mentioned about Savaras : Aitareya Brahmana, Ramayana, Mahabharata, Kadambari.
• In the coin records of the Chodagangus, the Western Gangas and the Pallavas there is
also information about the Savaras. According to Verrier Elwin, the word savara has been
used since ancient times to mean "tribals" of the present day.
• Areas where savaras live: Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, Visakhapatnam
• Gidugu Ramamurthy : researched on Savara language
Social Life :
• They do not have vamsam. Marital relations are prohibited among Birindas.
• The 12 months of the year have different names. They are named under different programs.
• Their sacrificial animal is the Buffalo ,Women are not allowed to see the sacrifice.
• They collect wine from the Jeelugu trees. Gomango = A Rich man
• They make alcohol from Ippa flowers, chividi fruits, banana fruits, tamarind.
• The villages where Savars live are called Gorjams. These are called "Guda" in Telugu.
• The Savars use the name of the village to which they basically belong as their family
name Eg: Dasupuram, Gurunda, Cording, Kodum
• They get their spouse in 4 ways allowed by the society.
o Penkulu : They are marriages by mutual consent through consultation
o Dingdonng Boi, Dandaboi : Running away and marrying an unmarried
o Kinar Sung or Illarikam
o Ulay Boi : Vella ammai ni vallaki itchi marriage, valla ammai ni vellu marriage
• Elopement marriage is the most popular method among all these. Family is patrilineal.
• The names of the children are given on the basis of days in a week.
• It is believed that if a new born baby cries, one of the ancestors is reborn and they are
not satisfied with the name given to the baby.
• If someone in the family dies, a gun is fired at the doorstep. Kudan = Priest
• To appease the deities responsible for the epidemics, all the villagers celebrate two
festivals together. They are –
Pujjudi Gonyo festival : is held when the news of an epidemic spread in neighboring villages. A
small cart is made out of sticks and inside a basket a sword, bow and some idols of the deities
dressed in various forms of colorful clothes are placed. Village women give rice and food while
pulling this cart in village streets. They believe that the god who caused the epidemic will eat them
and go to another village.
Jaukari Durga : During the festival month of Dussehra, Joukari worships and appeases Durga. This
puja is performed to protect their crops from the clutches of wild animals. These festivals are called
Gamang, Desali, Kudas, Bayya.
Religious conditions :
• Savaras believes in two souls. Pure/big, Impure/small - The great soul remains even after
death. Gaur (sacrificial program) is performed to appease the spirits , this is performed
by Iday booy (religious head). In such cases the healer, the sacrificial organiser, the
shaman, who is an angel, will take his own soul away from the body and inform the
devotees of healing methods. (just like kantara)
• Lattur is a program to commemorate the dead.
• According to the Savaras, sacrifices are made in gratitude to the Sun (woman), and
the Moon(man) for the good they have done.
• Their deities are of two kinds – Those that cause harm to them and Those that are
harmless. The biggest deity among them all is the Sun.
Cultural life :
• Everyone sings together even during fairs and festivals. Duets are very rare in tribal India.
• The songs sung by tribals in praise of their ancestors.
• Savara language is like a treasure to folk literature, Experts in painting .

YANADIS
• The original abode of the Yanadis was near Pulicat lake on the east coast.
• The Yanads are a people with ancient origins, and they are popularly known as
Anadula, which means natural children of the earth.
• First book on yanadis by A.C baswell : District Manual of Nellore
• The chenchus that came into the plains are called yanadis and one group of Chenchus are
called as Chenchu Yanadis. Thus the two ancient tribes shared the same culture and had
the same worship, habits and behavior.
• In 1864, H.E Stocks, a British officer, stated that the Yanadis were similar to the Mongolians.
• The food of Yanadis is rice, Fish.
Social Life :
• Yanads are divided into three groups namely Dommala Yanadis (priests), Kapu
Yanadis (agriculturists) and Donga Yanadis (thieves by profession).
• Names often given by yanadis are Chenchayya, Venkayya, Subbayya. These are named
after the gods Chenchudeva, Venkateswara and Subramanya Swamy.
• These names are also given to girls with ``Amma'' attached to them.
• Most of the Yanads live outside the village. They are nomadic creatures.
• Wild Yanadis do not actually marry. But Reddy yanadis will do.
• A woman can have seven marriages one after the other during her lifetime.
• In Nellore and Chittoor districts the literacy rate of Yanadis is high.
• The Yanadis make medicines from medicinal plants and prepare their own medicines
and decoctions from the bark of trees.
Religious Life :
• Tirupati Venkateswara, Srishaila Mallikharjuna, Ahobila Narsimha Swamy are worshipped.
• The Yanadis worship Chenchu Devara who is a combination of compassion and anger.
• The Yanadis consider the earth as mother. Yanadi women perform pooja near snake pits
to cure eye problems.
Culture :
• After finishing the work, Yanadis drinks porridge with his wife and children.
• Yanadis perform dances in different stages of life. They not only love to hunt but also
perform hunting dances. Gobbi dance is performed by Yanadi women during
Sankranti.
• Classification of Dances : Couple dances, group dances, solo dances, hunting dances,
social dances. Yanadi's dance is called "Yanadi Chindu".
• 'Garidi' in Yanadi Chindu Dance is a dance form that challenges the body.
• Yanadis perform Chenchu Lakshmi and Gayopakhyanam.
• Yanadis are one of the 35 tribal tribes in Andhra Pradesh.

YERUKALAS
• They are ancient tribes and their name comes from the word "Yeruka" (to know),
Because the women of these tribes became known as experts in fortune-telling
(Joshyam).
• In the Mahabharata it is mentioned that the Yerukalas were skilled in archery.
• Called in Tamil Nadu – Korava, Karnataka - Korcha , Maharashtra- Kaikaris .
• In Andhra, they are called Erukala or Kora Chawandlu. Yerukala people mean sodi tellers.
Social Life :
• Based on their gotras (clans) they are divided in to 4 parts
1. Satupathi : Satupathi means adorning a Hindu deity with flowers, jewels and clothes.
2. Kavadi : (Kaaridi) A big stick is carried in baskets on both sides of the god and
is carried on the shoulder.
3. Manapadi : This means to sing in praise of God while worshiping in the temple.
4. Mendrigutti : It means to sew pair of sandals to Balaji.
• Some of the subcastes of the Yerukalas marry outside their own caste.
• Two sub-castes, Kavadi and Vuiyala, do not eat together. They do not marry each other.
• Other tribes that originated from this tribal race are Kesmaras ; Patriarchal system.
• Family is important in Yeruka social system. All relationships begin with family
• Yerukala Kula Panchayat has five members. These 5 tribal elders are called "Berumanusom".
• Yerukas can be divided into 3 parts based on traditional occupations.
[Link] Yerukalas [Link] Yerukalas [Link] yerukalas
• Occupation of Beedari Yerukala – Business. They do basket weaving, rope weaving, etc.
• Kunchi Yerukulas : sodi. The main occupation of the Kunchi Yerukalas is pig rearing
• Yerukalas are nomadic creatures, they are also known as Paamula Yerukalu . They do
magic. They are also called Peddathi Gollavaru.
Religion :
• Yerukala people follow Hindu religion. They worship gods of good and evil.
• Yerukalas celebrate various festivals of Hindus as well as festivals of Muslims.
Cultural life :
• The Yerukalas perform the dance of Kuravanji. This dance is more than 300 years old.
Kuravanji is formed from two Tamil words Kuravan (tribal) and Vanji(woman on the hill
who speaks sodi). Famous dancer Rukmini Arundal established Kalakshetra. She performs
it.
• Kuravanji is a unique name of Kuravar tribes. They are called Siddhavars in Kerala, Korams
or Korchas in Karnataka, Kaikaris in Maharashtra and Kattunayakars in Pondicherry.